Predictors of tooth-lead level with special reference to traffic. A study of lead-exposure in children.
Possible predictors of the lead burden of children were investigated in a low-exposure area. A total of 1302 school children in the first form within the municipality of Aarhus, Denmark, donated deciduous teeth for determination of the lead concentration in the circumpulpal dentin. The families were interviewed on possible sources of lead. Present and former addresses of residences and day-care institutions were obtained, and the traffic intensity was estimated at each of these addresses. Children with a high lead burden resided significantly more often in heavily-travelled streets than children with a low burden, but only during their first 3 years of life. The increased risk for a high lead burden was related to the traffic intensity in a dose-response manner. Further, children with a high lead burden more often exhibited pica, their mothers smoked more during pregnancy, and their fathers were more likely to work at a garage or shipyard. In a logistic multivariate regression, such parental occupation increased the risk for a high lead burden 1.5-fold (ORadj; P = 0.03), whereas tobacco and traffic each were of borderline significance (ORadj = 1.4, P = 0.08).
Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense University, Denmark.
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Lyngbye
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Hansen
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Grandjean
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D009790:Occupations; D010290:Parents; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000737:chemistry*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
D000393:Air Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D007854:Lead