Three-dimensional imaging of the musculoskeletal system: an overview.
The clinical applications of three-dimensional computed tomography (3-D CT) reconstruction continue to expand rapidly. Recently, the field of three-dimensional magnetic resonance (3-D MR) reconstruction has also been developing. Three dimensional imaging offers a new approach to the analysis of complex anatomic relationships. The spatial configuration of an object can be directly displayed without observers requiring mental integration of a series of two-dimensional images. The easily interpretable images of 3-D CT have proven to be useful for surgical planning. Three-dimensional CT displays have used widely in the preoperative planning of craniofacial surgery, dysplastic hips in children, and complex fractures of skeletal systems. However, 3-D MR displays are technically more difficult than those of CT scans, and 3-D MR displays of the musculaskeletal system are still in a developing stage. Recently, we explored the feasibility of 3-D MR displays. This article provides an overview of those areas of the musculoskeletal system where the use of 3-D MR has proven valuable. The current techniques and ongoing applications are also presented. We believe that this exciting development will expand our ability to visualize pathologic anatomy in the near future.
Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco.
W P
WP
Chan
P
P
Lang
P U
PU
Chieng
P A
PA
Davison
S C
SC
Huang
H K
HK
Genant
D000465:Algorithms; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003116:Color; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*