title: Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is secreted exclusively by prostatic epithelial cells, and its serum concentration is increased in men with prostatic disease, including cancer. We evaluated its usefulness in the detection and staging of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured serum PSA concentrations in 1653 healthy men 50 or more years old. Those with PSA values greater than or equal to 4.0 micrograms per liter then underwent rectal examination and prostatic ultrasonography. Ultrasound-directed prostatic needle biopsies were performed in the men with abnormal findings on rectal examination, ultrasonography, or both. The results were compared with those in 300 consecutively studied men 50 or more years old who underwent ultrasound-directed biopsy because of symptoms or abnormal findings on rectal examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum PSA levels ranged from 4.0 to 9.9 micrograms per liter in 6.5 percent of the 1653 men (107). Nineteen of the 85 men in this group (22 percent) who had prostatic biopsies had prostate cancer. Serum PSA levels were 10.0 micrograms per liter or higher in 1.8 percent of the 1653 men (30). Eighteen of the 27 men in this group (67 percent) who had prostatic biopsies had cancer. If rectal examination alone had been used to screen the men who had biopsies, 12 of the 37 cancers (32 percent) would have been missed. If ultrasonography alone had been used to screen these men, 16 of the 37 cancers (43 percent) would have been missed. Serum PSA measurement had the lowest error rate of the tests, and PSA measurement plus rectal examination had the lowest error rate of the two-test combinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of measurement of the serum PSA concentration and rectal examination, with ultrasonography performed in patients with abnormal findings, provides a better method of detecting prostate cancer than rectal examination alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Catalona
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Ratliff
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dodds
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Coplen
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Petros
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Andriole
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D001706:Biopsy; D004848:Epithelium / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010173:Palpation; D011467:Prostate / Q000276:immunology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen