title: Treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. A randomized trial comparing pyrimethamine plus clindamycin to pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine. The California Collaborative Treatment Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare pyrimethamine plus clindamycin (PC) to pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine (PS) as a treatment for toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, unblinded phase II, multicenter trial with provision for crossover for failure or intolerance of the assigned regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four patients with presumptive TE were entered. Thirteen were excluded when they were found to have another diagnosis, and 12 were excluded because they did not meet entry criteria. The baseline characteristics in the remaining 26 patients randomized to PC and 33 randomized to PS were comparable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were treated for 6 weeks with pyrimethamine and folinic acid plus either sulfadiazine or clindamycin. Clindamycin was given intravenously during the first 3 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a trend toward greater survival in patients randomized to PS (hazard ratio, 3.25; 95% CI, 0.63 to 16.8; P = 0.13), but most study deaths were not directly related to TE. In contrast, patients randomized to PC appeared more likely to achieve complete clinical (odds ratio, 0.67; CI, 0.2 to 1.97; P greater than 0.2) and radiologic responses (odds ratio, 0.28; CI, 0.08 to 0.96; P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis revealed drug effects to be largely independent of other variables. Similar efficacy of the treatments was also suggested by a hazard analysis of resolution of abnormal mental status, fever, and headache. Skin rash was the most common adverse event in both treatment arms. Because of toxicity, six patients randomized to PC and 11 patients randomized to PS had to switch to the alternate treatment, but only three were unable to complete therapy after crossover.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of several end points of efficacy, taken together, suggest that the relative efficacy of PC approximately equals that of PS. PC appears to be an acceptable alternative in patients unable to tolerate PS.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, California.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dannemann
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCutchan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Israelski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antoniskis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leport
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Luft
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nussbaum
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clumeck
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morlat
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D000328:Adult; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011859:Radiography; D013411:Sulfadiazine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016781:Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D013411:Sulfadiazine; D002981:Clindamycin; D011739:Pyrimethamine