title: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia: remediation of a stubborn deficit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Schizophrenic patients typically perform poorly on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which is a putative index of prefrontal functioning. The authors attempted to remediate the deficits of schizophrenic patients on this measure by giving detailed instructions and monetary reinforcement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six inpatients with chronic schizophrenia and 20 control subjects with other psychiatric illnesses were given the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test under four conditions that varied in monetary reinforcement and level of instructions. The schizophrenic patients were given the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and three information processing measures (the Continuous Performance Test, Span of Apprehension, and Pin Test).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schizophrenic patients performed worse than psychiatric control subjects across most conditions. Monetary reinforcement had little effect on performance, but detailed instructions significantly improved the scores for both groups. When instructions were withdrawn and monetary reinforcement was maintained, both groups continued to show improved performance over baseline. Symptoms were not significantly associated with Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance. One measure (the Pin Test) correlated significantly with performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest the importance of combining motivational with instructional factors for training psychiatric patients in problem solving.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Research Center, Camarillo State Hospital 93011.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Satz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganzell
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Vaclav
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D009042:Motivation; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011340:Problem Solving; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012201:Reward; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013663:Teaching