title: Evidence for the association of unexplained pulmonary hypertension in children with the major histocompatibility complex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A link between primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) and autoimmune disorders has been postulated. To investigate this relation, we performed immunofluorescent antinuclear antibody tests (ANA) and serological human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, B, C, DR, and DQ typing on two groups of Caucasian children with unexplained pulmonary hypertension (PHT) and their parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1 consisted of 17 children with PPH including two patients with familial PPH and three patients with trivial congenital pulmonary to systemic communications. Group 2 consisted of 13 children with advanced PHT and anatomically large congenital pulmonary to systemic communications (PHT + shunt). Both groups had comparably severe pulmonary vascular disease documented by cardiac catheterization. The following statistically significant data (p less than 0.05) were obtained when the study groups were compared with those published for normal controls. Although positive ANAs and varying titers of autoantibodies were found in both groups of children and mothers (not fathers), +ANAs were only significant for the maternal groups. The PPH (group 1) children had increased frequencies of HLA-DR3, DRw52, and DQw2 and decreased DR5, whereas the group 2 (PHT + shunt) children (also their parents) had no statistically significant alterations in any of the DR or DQ alleles. The PPH mothers had decreased DQw3, an allele in linkage disequilibrium with DR5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These immunogenetic data suggest that childhood PPH appears to be associated with the major histocompatibility complex alleles HLA-DR3, DRw52, and DQw2. This newly found correlation of juvenile PPH with these alleles adds this disease to the DR3+ group of autoimmune diseases. Further studies are needed to determine whether there is also an immunological or autoimmune component in some children with PHT + shunt lesions because this group lacked an HLA association.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Barst
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Flaster
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fotino
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Morse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000032:analysis; D000937:Antigen-Antibody Reactions; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis; D015551:Autoimmunity; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D007125:Immunogenetics; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex; D008297:Male; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D001323:Autoantibodies; D006680:HLA Antigens