title: Frequency of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a pediatric intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in pediatric ICUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric ICU in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children admitted to a pediatric ICU over a 55-wk period.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upper GI bleeding was considered to be present if there was an episode of hematemesis or if any amount of blood was seen in drainage from a nasogastric tube. Sixty-three (6.4%) upper GI bleeds were detected among 984 patients: 5.2% in 698 patients who did not receive upper GI bleeding prophylaxis, and 9.4% in 286 patients who did receive some prophylaxis. Density was defined as the number of events/1000 days.patient. The mean density was 10.8 GI bleeding episodes/1000 days.patient in a pediatric ICU. A multivariate analysis detected four independent risk factors or risk markers for upper GI bleeding: high Pediatric Risk of Mortality score, coagulopathy, pneumonia, and multitrauma. Age, sex, hepatic and respiratory failures were identified as confounding variables. An upper GI bleeding episode was defined as being clinically important if hypotension, death, or transfusion occurred within 24 hrs after the bleeding. There were four clinically important GI bleeding episodes. All were caused, at least in part, by a coagulopathy. The GI bleeding was associated with a need for transfusion in four children, and with hypotension in two.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of upper GI bleeding is substantial, but the rate of occurrence of clinically important upper GI bleeding is low, even in a pediatric ICU where most patients do not receive any prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, PQ, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lacroix
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nadeau
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laberge
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gauthier
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lapierre
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Farrell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers