title: Automated estimation of epithelial volume in breast cancer sections. A comparison with the image processing steps applied to gynecologic tumors.
abstract: The paper describes an image analysis technique for automated estimation of the epithelial percentage in standard paraffin tissue sections of invasive ductal breast cancers. Two staining procedures are evaluated: Feulgen (pararosanilin) and CAM 5.2-demonstrating the presence of cytokeratin 8 and 18-, both counterstained with naphthol yellow. In the technique, one image is recorded with a filter to visualize where the epithelium lies. This filter is chosen corresponding to the type of staining: it is yellow for Feulgen and blue for anti-cytokeratin CAM 5.2. To visualize where the stroma lies, the same image can be used for anti-cytokeratin CAM 5.2, whereas for Feulgen, a second image has to be recorded from the same microscope field with a blue filter. The image processing steps to determine the total tissue area comprise correction for shading, segmentation of the tissue area, and restoration of the segmented image by removal of small artefacts and closure of small tears in the tissue. The method for determination of the epithelial area consists of the following steps: correction for shading, gaussian blurring, segmentation of nuclei or epithelial cells, and editing of the segmented image by removal of small objects and closure of small spaces between the epithelial nuclei or cells. These image processing steps are compared to those for quantification of the epithelial percentage in gynecologic tumors of epithelial origin. For the Feulgen stain, the method is evaluated on 30 breast cancers of the ductal type (4 grade I, 12 grade II, and 14 grade III).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Schipper
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Smeulders
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Baak
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D004396:Coloring Agents; C007722:Feulgen stain; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D007633:Keratins