title: Type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor in human breast carcinomas.
abstract: We have investigated the occurrence of type-1 inhibitor of plasminogen activators (PAI-1) in human breast tumors. PAI-1 levels, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were significantly higher in malignant breast carcinomas (n = 178) than in benign breast tumors (n = 25). The levels of PAI-1 were found to be correlated with those of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA). The presence of PAI-1 in tumor extracts was also demonstrated by immunoblotting analysis. Immunohistochemical investigations by the use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies showed that PAI-1 was mostly localized in the tumor islands, associated with the tumor cells; in addition, it was present in vessel walls and in normal duct epithelia, but absent from the stroma. Analysis of RNA extracted from tumors by polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of PAI-1 mRNA. We conclude that PAI-1 is present in human breast carcinoma cells, and that it is--at least partially-- produced locally, either by the cancer cells or by other cells in the tumors. We have previously demonstrated that a high level of u-PA in human breast carcinomas is associated with poor prognosis. These results, combined with our present findings, present 2 possibilities: either the cancer cells need PAI-1 in order to utilize the u-PA-mediated pathway of plasminogen activation for invasion and metastasis; or PAI-1 represents a defense mechanism against tumor invasion.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Arhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Andreasen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015849:Plasminogen Inactivators / Q000032:analysis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D015849:Plasminogen Inactivators; D012333:RNA, Messenger