title: Dissection of the protein kinase cascade by which nerve growth factor activates MAP kinases.
abstract: Mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases (MAPKs) are a family of protein-serine/threonine kinases activated as an early intracellular response to a variety of hormones and growth factors. They are unique in requiring both serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation to become active and are the only examples of protein-serine/threonine kinases activated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes differentiation of phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells, which respond by conversion within hours from a chromaffin-like to a sympathetic neuron-like phenotype. NGF stimulation of PC12 cells increases the activity of two protein kinases by greater than 20-fold within minutes, both strikingly similar to MAPKs. They are inactivated by either protein-tyrosine phosphatases or the protein-serine/threonine phosphatase termed protein phosphatase 2A (ref. 8), they activate protein S6 kinase-II (refs 9, 10), and they phosphorylate identical threonine residues on myelin basic protein (our unpublished results) to those phosphorylated by other MAPKs. Immunological data indicate that these protein kinases, termed peak-I and peak-II (Fig. 1a) are probably ERK2 and ERK1, respectively, two widely expressed MAPK isoforms. Here we identify the 'MAP kinase kinases' (MAPKKs) in PC12 cells which are activated by NGF and report that MAPKKs are dependent on serine/threonine phosphorylation for activity and promote phosphorylation of serine/threonine and tyrosine residues on MAPKs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006649:Histocompatibility Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D010673:Pheochromocytoma; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010768:Phosphoserine / Q000378:metabolism; D010769:Phosphothreonine / Q000378:metabolism; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D020917:Receptor, trkA; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000502:physiology*; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D006649:Histocompatibility Antigens; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor; D010769:Phosphothreonine; D010768:Phosphoserine; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D011494:Protein Kinases; D020917:Receptor, trkA; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases