title: Measles herd immunity. The association of attack rates with immunization rates in preschool children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between incidence of measles and immunization coverage among preschool-age children.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ecological study in which measles incidence was compared with immunization coverage among census tracts. The independent effects of race and population density were controlled for.
  
  
  METHODS
  A recent measles outbreak in Milwaukee, Wis. Immunization coverage data were estimated from a retrospective, school-based survey of Milwaukee grade school students.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand eleven persons (less than or equal to 17 years) who had confirmed measles from September 1989 through June 1990.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confirmed measles cases grouped by census tract, corresponding census tract preoutbreak immunization coverage, racial breakdown, and population density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Census tracts stratified into four levels, with mean immunization rates of 50.4%, 60.2%, 69.9%, and 81.0%, had respective median attack rates of 11.6, 5.0, 1.7, and 0.0 cases per 1000 persons (P less than .01). The association between immunization coverage and measles attack rate remained significant even after controlling for race and population density.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modest improvements in low levels of immunization coverage among 2-year-olds confer substantial protection against measles outbreaks. Coverage of 80% or less may be sufficient to prevent sustained measles outbreaks in an urban community.
authors.affiliation: Milwaukee Health Department, WI 53202.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Schlenker
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Baughman
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hadler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D015994:Incidence; D008457:Measles / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008458:Measles Vaccine; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; D009108:Mumps Vaccine; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012411:Rubella Vaccine; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D008458:Measles Vaccine; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; D009108:Mumps Vaccine; D012411:Rubella Vaccine