title: Pulmonary status of habitual cocaine smokers.
abstract: We determined the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung dysfunction in a large sample of habitual smokers of freebase cocaine ("crack") alone and in combination with tobacco and/or marijuana. In addition, we compared these findings with those in an age- and race-matched sample of nonusers of crack who did or did not smoke tobacco and/or marijuana. A detailed respiratory and drug use questionnaire and a battery of lung function tests were administered to (1) a convenience sample of 202 habitual smokers of cocaine (cases) who denied intravenous drug abuse and (2) a reference sample of 99 nonusers of cocaine (control subjects). The cocaine smokers (85% black) included the following: 68 never-smokers of marijuana, of whom 43 currently smoked tobacco and 25 did not, and 134 ever-smokers of marijuana (42 current and 92 former), of whom 92 currently smoked tobacco and 42 did not. The control subjects (96% black) included the following: 69 never-smokers of marijuana, of whom 26 currently smoked tobacco and 43 did not, and 30 ever-smokers of marijuana (18 current and 12 former), of whom 21 currently smoked tobacco and 9 did not. Cases smoked an average of 6.5 g cocaine per week for a mean of 53 months. The median time of the most recent use of crack prior to study was 19 days (range less than 1 to 180 days). After controlling for the use of other smoked substances, frequent crack use was associated with: (1) a high prevalence of at least occasional occurrences of acute cardiorespiratory symptoms within 1 to 12 h after smoking cocaine (cough productive of black sputum [43.7%], hemoptysis [5.7%], chest pain [38.5%], usually worse with deep breathing, and cardiac palpitations [52.6%]) and (2) a mild but significant impairment in the diffusing capacity of the lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90024-1690.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Tashkin
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Khalsa
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gorelick
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Coulson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D006801:Humans; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D012907:Smoking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine