title: Seroprevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 among intravenous drug users and persons in clinics for sexually transmitted diseases.
abstract: Background. The human T-cell lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-I) is associated with adult T-cell leukemia and myelopathy, whereas HTLV-II infection has uncertain clinical consequences. We assessed the seroprevalence of these retroviruses among intravenous drug users and among patients seen at clinics for sexually transmitted diseases (STD clinics).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used serum samples that were collected in eight cities in 1988 and 1989 during surveys of human immunodeficiency virus infection among intravenous drug users entering treatment and persons seen in STD clinics. The serum samples were tested for antibodies to HTLV, and positive specimens were tested further by a synthetic peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to differentiate between HTLV-I and HTLV-II.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 3217 intravenous drug users in 29-drug-treatment centers, the median seroprevalence rates of HTLV varied widely according to city (range, 0.4 percent in Atlanta to 17.6 percent in Los Angeles). Seroprevalence increased sharply with age, to 32 percent in persons over 44 years of age. HTLV infection was more common among blacks (15.5 percent) and Hispanics (10.7 percent) than among whites (4.1 percent), and it was strongly associated with a history of heroin injection (P less than or equal to 0.001). Among 5264 patients in 24 STD clinics, the median rates of HTLV infection were much lower (range, 0.1 percent in Atlanta and Newark to 2.0 percent in Los Angeles). Again, this infection was more common among intravenous drug users (7.6 percent) than among non-drug users (0.7 percent). Eighty-four percent of the seropositive samples from drug-treatment centers and 69 percent of those from STD clinics were due to HTLV-II infection (P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HTLV infections are common among intravenous drug users and are primarily caused by HTLV-II. Among patients seen at STD clinics, HTLV is strongly associated with intravenous drug use, but the retrovirus is also prevalent among non-drug users.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Khabbaz
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Onorato
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hosein
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D015481:HTLV-I Antibodies / Q000032:analysis*; D015490:HTLV-I Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D015482:HTLV-II Antibodies / Q000032:analysis*; D015491:HTLV-II Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D015481:HTLV-I Antibodies; D015482:HTLV-II Antibodies