title: Fluorescent probes as tools to assess the receptor for the urokinase-type plasminogen activator on tumor cells.
abstract: Flow cytofluorometric protocols (FACScan) are described for the rapid and quantitative real-time analysis of binding of FITC-pro-u-PA to cell surface receptors (u-PAR) on living, resting, and also on PMA-stimulated human monocytic U937 cells. Binding of pro-u-PA was visualized by CLSM. This fairly new technique is superior over conventional fluorescence microscopy and is an alternative to electron microscopic approaches. Both flow cytofluorometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy allow the analysis quantitatively and with high-sensitivity binding of FITC-pro-u-PA to single suspended or adherent cells. By CLSM u-PA/u-PAR were found to be located in heterogeneously distributed discrete patches at the cell surface on U937 and not inside the cell. This is in agreement with previous studies by Hansen et al, who applied radioiodinated u-PA and electron microscopy to locate u-PAR on microvilli of fixed U937 cells. By flow cytofluorometry, it was possible to quantify the time-dependent and temperature-dependent binding of FITC-pro-u-PA to living single U937. Apparent saturation of u-PAR was achieved at 5 nM FITC-pro-u-PA for both nonstimulated and PMA-stimulated U937 cells. Half saturation of u-PAR was also determined. Nonstimulated U937 was 0.7 nM, and PMA-stimulated U937 was 1.1 nM of FITC-pro-u-PA. This increase in half-saturation concentration in PMA-stimulated cells is paralleled by a steep increase in binding sites (3.6-fold). The use of fluoresceinated reference beads is recommended to verify changes in affinity and binding sites. Using CLSM or flow cytofluorometry, it is also possible to study the structure relationship of u-PA/u-PAR in the presence of competitive binding analogues or inhibitors. Fluorescence techniques will also permit the identification of u-PAR-positive cells in blood, ascitic fluid, or biopsies obtained from cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Frauenklinik der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chucholowski
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hellmann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goretzki
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jänicke
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Günzler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Graeff
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D010450:Endopeptidases; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007834:Lasers; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D000939:Epitopes; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C524898:PLAUR protein, human; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; C073348:urokinase-type plasminogen activator (17-34); D010450:Endopeptidases; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; C058921:endoproteinase Asp-N; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate