title: Maxillofacial considerations in orthotopic liver transplantation.
abstract: Orthotopic liver transplantation is now a widely used treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease. Lifelong pharmacologic immunosuppression renders these patients susceptible to many infections. The purpose of this article is to provide guidelines for treating the patient with end-stage liver disease, both before and after transplantation. In addition, we shall discuss some of the medical implications associated with end-stage liver disease and their clinical presentations and appropriate presurgical management. Adverse side effects of long-term immunosuppression and their effect on the oral and maxillofacial region shall also be discussed. Last, a brief discussion of FK506, the latest immunosuppressant, will be presented together with the implications of its use on our surgical treatment of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Presbyterian University Hospital.
authors.forename: V B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Ziccardi
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Abubaker
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sotereanos
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Patterson
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000150:complications; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003524:Cyclosporins / Q000009:adverse effects; D005885:Gingival Hyperplasia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D011517:Prothrombin Time; D016559:Tacrolimus
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003524:Cyclosporins; D016559:Tacrolimus