title: An evaluation of various treatments to increase sperm penetration capacity for potential use in an in vitro fertilization program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To select in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients with a low sperm penetration assay (SPA) value and to determine if the penetration rate, fertilization rate, and the pregnancy rate (PR) can be improved in these patients by treating sperm with refrigeration, calcium ionophore A23187, prostaglandin E1, prostaglandin E2, or heparin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consists of three parts: identification of patients with poor SPA values, analysis of treatments to improve the SPA value, and evaluation of the treatments to improve fertilization and PRs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data indicate that treatment of sperm with refrigeration can improve fertilization and PRs during IVF in selected patients previously shown to have an improved SPA value with the treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three points are emphasized: (1) the treatments analyzed in this study can improve SPA values in some of the patients with low sperm penetration capacity; (2) of the treatments studied, sperm refrigeration resulted in the largest improvement in sperm penetration capacity; and (3) sperm refrigeration can increase fertilization and PRs during IVF in this select group of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Carrell
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Urry
mesh_terms: D000177:Acrosome / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*