title: Neurotransmitter organization of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal and its projection to the avian ciliary ganglion.
abstract: Two morphologically distinct types of preganglionic endings are observed in the avian ciliary ganglion: boutonal and cap-like. Boutonal endings synapse on ciliary ganglion neurons (called choroidal neurons) innervating choroidal blood vessels, while cap-like endings synapse on ciliary ganglion neurons (called ciliary neurons) controlling the lens and pupil. Some of both types of preganglionic endings contain the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and/or leucine-enkephalin (LENK). Although both types of preganglionic terminals are also known to be cholinergic, there has been no direct evidence that SP and LENK are found in cholinergic endings in the ciliary ganglion. The present studies in pigeons, which involved the use of single- and double-label immunohistochemical techniques, were undertaken to examine this issue, as well as to (1) determine the relative percentages of the boutonal and cap-like endings that contain SP, LENK, or both SP and LENK; and (2) determine if the two different types of terminals in the ciliary ganglion arise from different subdivisions of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal (EW). Single- and double-label immunohistochemical studies revealed that all neurons of EW, regardless of whether they contained immunohistochemically detectible amounts of SP or LENK, are cholinergic. In the medial subdivision of EW (EWM), which was found to contain approximately 700 neurons, 20.2% of these neurons were observed to contain both SP and LENK, while 11.6% were observed to contain SP only and 10.7% were observed to contain LENK only. In contrast, in lateral EW (EWL), which was found to contain approximately 500 neurons, 16.2% of the neurons were observed to contain both SP and LENK, while 19.2% of the neurons were observed to contain SP only and 12.6% were observed to contain LENK only. Retrograde-labeling studies involving horseradish peroxidase injections into the ciliary ganglion revealed that EW was the sole source of input to the ciliary ganglion and all, or nearly all, neurons in EW innervate the ciliary ganglion. Immunohistochemical labeling of the ciliary ganglion neurons with an antiserum against choline acetyltransferase revealed that approximately 900 choroidal neurons and approximately 600 ciliary neurons are present in the ganglion, all of which receive cholinergic preganglionic endings. Of the choroidal neurons, 94% receive butonal terminals containing both SP and LENK, while only 2% receive SP+ only boutonal endings and 2% receive LENK+ only butonal endings. Of the ciliary neurons, 25% receive cap-like endings containing both SP and LENK, 30% receive cap-like endings containing only SP and 3% receive cap-like endings containing only LENK.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reiner
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Erichsen
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cabot
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Evinger
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Karten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D002829:Choroid / Q000294:innervation; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism*; D010856:Columbidae; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine / Q000378:metabolism; D005726:Ganglia, Parasympathetic / Q000378:metabolism*; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D009802:Oculomotor Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013373:Substance P / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D013373:Substance P; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase