title: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as adjunct therapy in relapsed Hodgkin disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical and economic effects of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as adjunct therapy in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, phase III clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients (twelve of whom were controls) treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 12 patients treated with GM-CSF, when compared with placebo recipients, had shorter periods of neutropenia (median duration of an absolute neutrophil count of less than 1000 cells/mm3, 16 days compared with 27 days; P = 0.02), shorter periods of platelet-transfusion dependency (median duration, 13.5 days compared with 21 days; P = 0.03), and shorter hospitalizations (median hospital stay, 32 days compared with 40.5 days; P = 0.004). Other clinical outcomes, such as frequency and severity of toxicities, development of pneumonia or infection, in-hospital death, and response rate were similar in the two groups. Actuarial long-term disease-free survival was 64% for patients treated with GM-CSF and 58% for patients who received placebo after 32 months of follow-up (P = 0.15). The group treated with GM-CSF had lower total charges after infusion of autologous marrow than the placebo group (median in-hospital charges, $39,800 compared with $62,500; P = 0.005) because of lower post-infusion charges for room and board, antibiotic therapy, transfusions, laboratory tests, and physical therapy visits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of GM-CSF was associated with acceleration of myeloid and platelet recovery and was cost effective in the treatment of patients with relapsed Hodgkin disease who received intensive chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012008:Recurrence; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor