title: Identification of contact allergens in C.I. Solvent Red 23 (commercial Sudan III) by chemical analysis and animal testing.
abstract: C.I. Solvent Red 23, commercial Sudan III, is widely used in cosmetic products. Chemical analyses and guinea pig sensitization tests were carried out to identify its contact allergens. In the Magnusson & Kligman guinea pig maximization test, C.I. Solvent Red 23 showed 20% positive reactions. By conducting chemical analyses with HPLC and GLC, 2-naphthol (82 ppm), azobenzene (48 ppm), Sudan I (570 ppm) and many unknown impurities, as well as the main constituent pigment Sudan III (87%), were found. The chemical structure of one unknown impurity was identified as an isomer of Sudan III. We found that purified Sudan III showed no positive reaction, while the isomer elicited 30% positive reactions, in the same guinea pig test. Furthermore, cross-sensitization with p-phenylenediamine was investigated using the guinea pig test. Animals sensitized with p-phenylenediamine also showed positive elicitation reactions with purified Sudan III. From these results, the contact allergenicity of C.I. Solvent Red 23 is considered to be due to impurities, including the isomer of Sudan III, 1-(o-phenylazophenylazo)-2-naphthol. Positive reactions to Sudan III previously demonstrated in hairdressers are due to cross-sensitivity with p-phenylenediamine.
authors.affiliation: Kao Corporation Biological Science Laboratories, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kanbe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuzukawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D003429:Cross Reactions / Q000276:immunology; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000209:etiology*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000276:immunology; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D001391:Azo Compounds; D010655:Phenylenediamines; C033006:sudan III; C029728:4-phenylenediamine