title: Neurokinin and NMDA antagonists (but not a kainic acid antagonist) are antinociceptive in the mouse formalin model.
abstract: While much evidence implicates substance P (SP), an endogenous neurokinin (NK), as a primary sensory transmitter of acute pain in mammalian spinal cord, its role in continuous (tonic) pain is less clear. Although glutamate is co-localized with SP in dorsal root ganglion neurons, its role in nociceptive processing is uncertain. While antagonists of NKs and excitatory amino acids (EAAs) have been found to be antinociceptive in some acute assays, they have not been tested against tonic pain. We hypothesize that: (1) NKs and EAAs contribute to signaling of tonic chemogenic nociception; and (2) interaction between NK and EAA systems is important in determining the perceived intensity of a continuous noxious stimulus. We therefore evaluated two NK antagonists ([D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9] SP (DPDT-SP, 0.26-6.6 nmoles, non-specific) and [D-Pro4, D-Trp7,9,10,Phe11]-SP(4-11) (DPDTP-octa, 1.6-12.3 nmoles, somewhat NK-1 selective], as well as DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (DL-AP5, NMDA antagonist, 0.05-1 nmole) and urethane (a kainic acid (KA) antagonist at 2.5 mumoles) for antinociceptive activity in the mouse formalin model. Administered intrathecally (i.t.), DL-AP5 and both NK antagonists were significantly antinociceptive while urethane (2.5 mumoles) and naloxone (2.7 nmoles) were inactive. A50 values for mean % analgesia, nmoles/mouse i.t. (95% CLs) were: DPDT-SP, 1.1 (0.79-1.6); DPDTP-octa, 3.9 (2.4-6.1); DL-AP5, 0.29 (0.16-0.71). The antinociception associated with 1.3 nmoles of DPDT-SP was not reversed by co-administering 2.7 nmoles of naloxone. Co-administration of 0.1 nmoles of DL-AP5 with either 1.3 nmoles of DPDT-SP or 3.3 nmoles of DPDTP-octa did not lead to additive antinociception.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, 295 Animal Science Building, St. Paul, MN 55108 U.S.A. Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140 U.S.A.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Alice A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D013373:Substance P / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014520:Urethane / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D005557:Formaldehyde; D013373:Substance P; D009270:Naloxone; D014520:Urethane; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; C032132:substance P, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)-; C069400:substance P (4-11), Pro(4)-Trp-(7,9,10)-Phe(11)-; D007608:Kainic Acid