title: Prognostic importance of social and economic resources among medically treated patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the hypothesis that diminished social and economic resources impact adversely on cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inception cohort study of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization from 1974 through 1980 and followed up through 1989.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care university medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive sample of 1965 medically treated patients with stenosis 75% or greater of at least one major coronary artery. Five hundred patients were not enrolled due to logistic problems; 33 refused; 64 had missing data on key medical variables. The final study population included 1368 patients, 82% male, with a median age of 52 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survival time until cardiovascular death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent of all known baseline invasive and noninvasive medical prognostic factors, patients with annual household incomes of $40,000 or more had an unadjusted 5-year survival of 0.91, compared with 0.76 in patients with incomes of $10,000 or less (Cox model adjusted hazard ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.57 to 2.32; P = .002). Similarly, unmarried patients without a confidant had an unadjusted 5-year survival rate of 0.50, compared with 0.82 in patients who were married, had a confidant, or both (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.84 to 6.20; P less than .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low levels of social and economic resources identify an important high-risk group among medically treated patients with coronary artery disease, independent of important medical prognostic factors. Additional study will be required to see if interventions to increase these resources improve prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barefoot
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Haney
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Pryor
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hlatky
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Siegler
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Mark
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis