title: Pharmacokinetic properties and antihypertensive efficacy of once-daily diltiazem.
abstract: The pharmacokinetic and clinical characteristics of a once-daily formulation of diltiazem are described. In a 20 subject, 5 day, steady-state pharmacokinetic study, 120 and 240 mg of once-daily diltiazem were bioequivalent on a dose-adjusted basis and were bioequivalent to a conventional reference product administered four times daily. The conventional formulation showed marked diurnal variation in its pharmacokinetics. Plasma concentrations following its administration at 2100 and 0300 h were significantly lower than following administration at 0900 and 1500 h. One hundred forty-four hypertensive patients completed a 16 week placebo-controlled, dose-titrated study examining the effects of once-daily diltiazem at doses of 120, 240, and 360 mg. Blood pressure was measured manually and (in 121 patients) by ambulatory evaluation. Following dose titration, diltiazem given once daily reduced blood pressure with significant effects present at 24 h following drug administration. Ambulatory blood pressures were lower than those measured manually and data from the manual measurements demonstrated a placebo effect suggested to result primarily from investigator bias. The placebo-adjusted reduction in blood pressure 24 h following a dose of diltiazem was approximately 5 mm Hg and was comparable for manual (supine and standing) and ambulatory measurements. Diltiazem was well tolerated. The only significant findings were of tiredness/dizziness (9 patients of 144) or oedema (also 9 of 144). The incidence of headache was not different than placebo. On both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic grounds, the results indicate that diltiazem can be formulated in a manner suitable for once-daily antihypertensive use.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biopharmaceutics, Athlone, Ireland.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Devane
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Geoghegan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004110:Diltiazem