title: Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and transforming activity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in rat tracheal epithelial cells.
abstract: The cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and transforming activity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were studied by the assays of colony-forming efficiency (CFE), micronucleus formation (MN), and cell transformation in rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells both in vitro and in vivo. Liver S9, primary hepatocytes and RTE cells from normal and Aroclor-1254 induced rats were compared for bioactivation of NNK using Salmonella mutagenesis as the endpoint. Results from the in vitro experiments indicated that low concentrations of NNK (0.01-25 micrograms/ml) caused from 15% to greater than 100% increases in CFE of RTE cells. At high concentrations (100-200 micrograms/ml), NNK was significantly toxic to RTE cells. NNK treatment in vitro (50-200 micrograms/ml) increased MN frequency as much as 3-fold above background and significantly increased the transformation frequency (TF) in 4/5 (50 micrograms/ml) and 6/8 (100 micrograms/ml) experiments. The in vivo exposure of rats to NNK (150-450 mg/kg, given i.p.) resulted in a 60-85% reduction in CFE and a 3-5-fold increase in MN formation in RTE cells. In vivo treatment with cumulative doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg of NNK produced significant increases in TF of tracheal cells from 3/3 and 2/3 rats, respectively. Without activation, NNK was not mutagenic in Salmonella TA1535. The bioactivation of NNK to a mutagenic metabolite was achieved by incubation of NNK with liver S9 fraction from Aroclor-1254 induced rats or primary hepatocytes from both untreated and Aroclor-1254 pretreated rats. RTE cells did not produce sufficient quantities of mutagenic NNK metabolites to be detected by the Salmonella assay.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nettesheim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000633:toxicity*; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D051381:Rats; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000737:chemistry; D014132:Trachea / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D009153:Mutagens; D009602:Nitrosamines; D012906:Smoke; C016583:4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone