title: Monophasic action potential duration during programmed electrical stimulation.
abstract: To examine changes in monophasic action potential duration (APD) with a pacing protocol similar to that used during electrophysiological testing, action potentials were recorded in vivo from the left ventricular apical endocardium of 12 normal mongrel dogs. The atrioventricular node was ablated and the dogs paced from the anterior right ventricle at a baseline cycle length of 1000 ms between interventions. Mean steady-state APD (APDss) was 266 +/- 7 ms at a pacing cycle length (PCL) of 1000 ms. Two pacing protocols were used. The first consisted of a sudden acceleration in pacing from a cycle length of 1000 ms to one between 300 and 600 ms. The second consisted of an 8-beat train at a cycle length of 400 ms followed by a premature beat at a coupling interval of 280 ms followed by a pause. The inter-train pause varied between 1 second and 32 seconds. With a sudden acceleration in pacing rate, steady-state values for APD at the faster PCLs were significantly smaller than APDss at 1000 ms with a change to cycle lengths of 600 ms (247 +/- 29 ms), 500 ms (229 +/- 21 ms), 400 ms (220 +/- 17 ms), and 300 ms (203 +/- 31 ms; P less than 0.01 for all comparisons). The time constant of the change in APD was shorter at a PCL of 300 ms (14.9 +/- 0.8 s) than 600 ms (20.3 +/- 4.7 s; P less than 0.05). With drive train pacing and incorporating an inter-train pause, the percent drop in steady-state APD compared to APD for the first train ranged from 10.1% with a 1-second inter-train pause to 2.1% with a 32-second pause. The difference in APD between the first drive train and drive trains after at least 3 minutes of pacing when APD had stabilized was not significant for an inter-train pause exceeding 8 seconds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) with a sudden acceleration in pacing rate, endocardial APD in vivo decreases exponentially. The faster the new rate, the shorter the new steady-state APD and the shorter the time constant. (2) When pacing using an 8-beat drive train and an inter-train pause, there is a decremental shortening in APD for pause lengths shorter than 16 seconds. Thus, while performing programmed stimulation using a pause, a conditioning period of at least 2 minutes should be used prior to diastole scanning to allow APD to achieve a steady state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanaan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Childs
authors.forename: Y Z
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kadish
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D005117:Cardiac Complexes, Premature / Q000503:physiopathology; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D009991:Oscillometry; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000502:physiology