title: Imaging of thrombi with tissue-type plasminogen activator rendered enzymatically inactive and conjugated to a residualizing label.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contemporary cardiovascular practice relies increasingly on thrombolysis as a therapeutic modality. Its optimal use requires prompt, noninvasive delineation of thrombotic occlusion in arterial beds and rapid detection of reocclusion after initially successful thrombolysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have been developing an approach to noninvasively image thrombi in which plasminogen-activating properties of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) are attenuated by treatment with D-Phe-L-Pro-L-Arg-chloromethyl ketone (PPACK) and have shown that the inactive t-PA avidly and promptly binds to clots in vitro. In the present study, we conjugated this material to a residualizing label, radioiodinated dilactitol tyramine (*I-DLT), and characterized the potential use of the inactivated, conjugated t-PA as a radiopharmaceutical for imaging thrombi in vivo. The approach developed requires not only avid binding of the tracer to thrombi but also rapid clearance from plasma and a lack of prompt release of radiolabeled degradation products from the liver. The rapid clearance of unaltered or PPACK-treated t-PA was not influenced by conjugation to *I-DLT, but the release of radioiodinated degradation products into plasma after injection of *I-DLT-conjugated t-PA was markedly less than release of degradation products of directly radioiodinated t-PA. When 131I-DLT-PPACK-t-PA was infused for 15 minutes intravenously after a bolus injection of 20% in dogs with coronary, pulmonary, or carotid artery thrombi, clearance was rapid. Mean +/- SEM thrombus-to-blood ratios of radioactivity were high, ranging from 37 +/- 9:1 and 2.8 +/- 0.6:1 with carotid thrombi formed concomitantly or approximately 30 minutes before infusion of tracer, respectively, to 35:1 for concomitantly formed coronary thrombi, 42 +/- 7:1 and 8.1 +/- 0.8:1 for concomitantly formed and preformed pulmonary thrombi, respectively, and 18:1 for a preformed femoral artery thrombus. Thrombi were detectable by planar gamma scintigraphy even though image quality was affected adversely by low concentrations of radioactivity that in aggregate composed a relatively large amount of radioactivity in underlying and overlying tissues. This limitation was overcome by tomographic imaging, which was used to detect both femoral and pulmonary thrombi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of enzymatically inactivated t-PA coupled to a residualizing label permits rapid detection and localization of thrombi in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ord
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hasapes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daugherty
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Sobel
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000378:metabolism; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D011817:Rabbits / Q000378:metabolism; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism; D014439:Tyramine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; C049133:dilactitol tyramine; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; C040308:phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone; D014439:Tyramine