title: Impairment of counterregulatory hormone responses to hypoglycemia in pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Intensive insulin therapy directed at elimination of hyperglycemia is advocated during pregnancy in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Because such treatment is complicated by frequent hypoglycemic episodes, we evaluated maternal and fetal responses in nine intensively treated pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus during an insulin-induced, gradual, controlled fall in plasma glucose levels. In contrast to values in nonpregnant control women, reductions in glucose to 44 +/- 2 mg/dl in pregnant diabetic patients failed to elicit an increase in glucagon levels. Epinephrine release during hypoglycemia was also markedly suppressed in the pregnant diabetic subjects (106 +/- 32 vs 327 +/- 52 pg/ml in controls, p less than 0.001). Furthermore, the plasma glucose level at which epinephrine and growth hormone were released was 5 to 10 mg/dl lower in the pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (p less than 0.05). The basal fetal heart rate remained unchanged and continued to manifest accelerations during the hypoglycemic state. We conclude that the high frequency of hypoglycemia in intensively treated pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus may be due in part to impaired counterregulatory hormonal responses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Reece
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caprio
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amiel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: DeGennaro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laudano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Addabbo
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sherwin
authors.forename: W V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Tamborlane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001034:Apgar Score; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood*; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D013006:Growth Hormone; D005934:Glucagon; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine