title: Synergistic inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro by two-drug and three-drug combinations of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, phosphonoformate, and 2',3'-dideoxythymidine.
abstract: The effects of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), phosphonoformate (PFA), and 2',3'-dideoxythymidine (ddT) and their combination on human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) replication were studied by measuring the HIV-1 p24 antigen expression and reverse transcriptase (RT) release in HIV-1-infected MT4 cells in vitro. RT activity was also measured in a cell-free system by using poly(rA)-oligo(dT) as the primer-template, and cell growth inhibition was measured in noninfected MT4 cells. The interactions of these two- and three-drug combinations were evaluated by the combination index (CI) method and isobologram techniques. The 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) of AZT, PFA, and ddT were 0.014 to 0.005, 9.4 to 8.8, and 8.4 to 2.5 microM, respectively, for p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and 0.005 to 0.0034, 1.43 to 1.37, and 2.87 to 2.83 microM, respectively, for RT activity in vitro; for RT activity in the cell-free system, the EC50s were 0.00019 to 0.00024, 0.012 to 0.02, and 0.00074 to 0.0005 microM, for AZT-5'-triphosphate, PFA, and ddT-5'-triphosphate, respectively. AZT in combination with PFA (1:200) or ddT (1:5) as well as the combination of these three drugs (1:200:5) synergistically inhibited HIV-1 replication and RT activity in the cell-free system over a wide range of drug concentrations, with the CIs ranging from 0.5 to 0.09, in which CIs of less than 1, 1, and greater than 1 indicate synergism, additive effect, and antagonism, respectively. Three- and two-drug combinations of AZT, PFA, and ddT showed similar degrees of synergism against HIV-1 replication in p24 assays and RT release assays, whereas the combination of AZT and ddT was found to be the most selective in terms of its anti-HIV-1 effect versus cytotoxicity. Dose reduction indices calculated from both HIV-1 replication inhibition, as measured by p24 ELISA and by RT activity in the cell-free system, indicated that two- and three-drug combinations at high effect levels and the selected combination ratios allow 2- to 240-fold dose reduction over the single drug alone in terms of their anti-HIV-1 effects. The three-drug combination showed the highest dose reduction index. These finding suggest that increased efficacy and reduced toxicity may be achieved in AIDS therapy by using AZT, PFA, and ddT in two- or three-drug combinations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: X B
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Q Y
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ruprecht
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zeidler
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Polsky
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chou
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002474:Cell-Free System; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D017245:Foscarnet; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D010746:Phosphonoacetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; C019336:2',3'-dideoxythymidine; D017245:Foscarnet; D015215:Zidovudine; D010746:Phosphonoacetic Acid