title: Biological applications of photoelectron imaging: a practical perspective.
abstract: Photoelectron imaging is finding a promising niche in the study of biological specimens. The features of photoelectron imaging that contribute to its uniqueness for this application are described. Image formation and the major contrast mechanisms of photoelectron microscopy, material contrast and topographical contrast are reviewed and illustrated with examples of photoelectron images of cultured cells and of DNA. General considerations in sample choice and preparation are also presented. Strategies for photoelectron labeling are discussed including the use of immunogold labeling, silver enhancement and cesium-based photocathodes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Birrell
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hedberg
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Habliston
authors.forename: O H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Griffith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002586:Cesium; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004247:DNA / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000032:analysis / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007633:Keratins / Q000032:analysis / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008870:Microtubules / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D005353:Fibronectins; D002586:Cesium; D007633:Keratins; D004247:DNA