title: Electrochemiluminescence detection for development of immunoassays and DNA probe assays for clinical diagnostics.
abstract: Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has been developed as a highly sensitive process in which reactive species are generated from stable precursors (i.e., the ECL-active label) at the surface of an electrode. This new technology has many distinct advantages over other detection systems: no radioisotopes are used; detection limits for label are extremely low (200 fmol/L); the dynamic range for label quantification extends over six orders of magnitude; the labels are extremely stable compared with those of most other chemiluminescent systems; the labels, small molecules (approximately 1000 Da), can be used to label haptens or large molecules, and multiple labels can be coupled to proteins or oligonucleotides without affecting immunoreactivity, solubility, or ability to hybridize; because the chemiluminescence is initiated electrochemically, selectivity of bound and unbound fractions can be based on the ability of labeled species to access the electrode surface, so that both separation and nonseparation assays can be set up; and measurement is simple and rapid, requiring only a few seconds. We illustrate ECL in nonseparation immunoassays for digoxin and thyrotropin and in separation immunoassays for carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein. The application of ECL for detection of polymerase chain reaction products is described and exemplified by quantifying the HIV1 gag gene.
authors.affiliation: IGEN, Inc., Rockville, MD 20852.
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kenten
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leland
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kamin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peterman
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Talley
mesh_terms: D015082:2,2'-Dipyridyl / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D056831:Coordination Complexes; D015342:DNA Probes; D004077:Digoxin / Q000032:analysis; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000032:analysis; D015497:HIV-1; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods*; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000032:analysis; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D017975:Ruthenium Compounds
chemical_list: D015082:2,2'-Dipyridyl; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D056831:Coordination Complexes; D015342:DNA Probes; D004077:Digoxin; D015683:Gene Products, gag; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D013972:Thyrotropin; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C061169:p18 gag protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; C547232:tris(2,2-bipyridine)-ruthenium(II); D017975:Ruthenium Compounds