title: Restricted utilization of germ-line VH3 genes and short diverse third complementarity-determining regions (CDR3) in human fetal B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangements.
abstract: Twenty-one independent immunoglobulin heavy chain VH3DJH rearrangements were cloned and sequenced from livers of human fetuses at 7, 13 and 18 weeks of gestation. The VH elements expressed were not somatically mutated. Eight out of the estimated 30 VH3 elements were utilized with a preference for five of them. One of these VH3 sequences, designated FL13-28, represented a thus-far unknown VH3 gene segment. From the six functional JH elements the JH3 and JH4 segments were utilized preferentially and from the estimated 30 D segments the DQ52 element and the Dxp family were found to rearrange frequently. D elements were utilized both in normal and inverted orientation, as single copies or in D to D fusions. Addition of N nucleotides, removal of nucleotides from the coding sequences and utilization of DIR elements (D genes with irregular recombination signals) further expanded the third complementarity-determining region (CDR3) diversity. One fourth of the fetal CDR3 regions lacked N regions. Due to utilization of DQ52, the relative absence of N regions and extensive exonuclease activity operating on the D elements, the fetal CDR3 regions were significantly shorter than those found in adult B lymphocytes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunobiology and Genetics, University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Raaphorst
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Timmers
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kenter
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Van Tol
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vossen
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Schuurman
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000276:immunology*; D015321:Gene Rearrangement; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin; D006801:Humans; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region