title: Interaction between advancing ice fronts and erythrocytes. Mechanism of erythrocyte destruction upon freezing and influence of cryoprotective agents.
abstract: It can be shown theoretically and experimentally that in purely aqueous suspension, cells (as well as microsolutes) are excluded by advancing freezing fronts. This puts the cells under considerable osmotic stress and may be considered to be the major source of cell destruction upon freezing. It is also shown theoretically and experimentally that in aqueous suspensions, admixed with appropriate concentrations of a cryoprotectant (e.g., glycerol), cells are engulfed by advancing freezing fronts: Under such conditions, cells do not undergo any osmotic stress and remain undamaged when frozen. The influence of various common cryoprotectants is discussed, as is the reason why penetrating as well as nonpenetrating agents can be equally effective cryoprotective agents. The reason why leukocytes require lower cryoprotectant concentrations than erythrocytes is also elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Van Oss
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Giese
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004905:Erythrocyte Aging / Q000187:drug effects*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005990:Glycerol / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009995:Osmosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D005990:Glycerol