title: Cardiac pacing in unilateral left superior vena cava: evaluation by digital angiography.
abstract: In a patient with complete heart block and chronic lymphocytic leukemia a pacemaker lead could not be introduced from either the right or left subclavian vein. Digital subtraction angiography excluded a neoplastic mediastinal mass, demonstrated a unilateral left superior vena cava and defined the best route for lead insertion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, General Hospital, Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: G Q
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Villani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piepoli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quaretti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dieci
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D006327:Heart Block / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging