title: Orthodontics as a risk factor for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). II.
abstract: Debate about orthodontic treatment as a risk factor for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) led to this study. This report, the second in a series, concerns findings from a longitudinal study in which 30 new orthodontic patients have been enrolled annually since 1983. The method of Helkimo was used to collect TMD data before initiation of orthodontic treatment, and at annual intervals after debanding. Treatment was by fixed edgewise appliances. Data from a pretreatment and at least one posttreatment Helkimo examination were available for 109 patients. Follow-up data were available for 92 patients in the first year after debanding, with the corresponding sample sizes declining to 56, 33, 19, 11, and 7 for the second through the sixth posttreatment years, respectively. Primary analyses involved comparison of mean scores from the Helkimo 25-point dysfunction index scale. There were no significant differences between mean pretreatment and posttreatment Helkimo scores for any of the various groupings except for small, clinically unimportant improvements seen in the 12 to 24 month subgroup of 55 patients and in the 48 to 60 month subgroup of 11 patients. With average follow-up time of about 2 years for the 109 patients, 90% had Helkimo scores that stayed the same or improved, and 10% had scores that increased or worsened from 2 to 5 Helkimo points. We conclude that the orthodontic treatment experienced by our sample was not an important etiologic factor for TMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kremenak
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Kinser
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Melcher
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ziaja
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Harman
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Ordahl
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Demro
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Menard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000628:therapy; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012690:Serial Extraction / Q000009:adverse effects; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects