title: Further validation of FETAX: evaluation of the developmental toxicity of five known mammalian teratogens and non-teratogens.
abstract: The developmental toxicity of five compounds was evaluated with the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus (FETAX). Late Xenopus laevis blastulae were exposed to 5-azacytidine, methotrexate, pseudoephedrine, aspartame, and amaranth for 96 h. Three separate static-renewal assays were conducted for each compound. Based on Teratogenic Index [LC50/EC50 (malformation)] values, types and severity of induced malformations, and embryo growth, 5-azacytidine and methotrexate tested as having strong teratogenic potential. Pseudoephedrine scored as having moderate teratogenic potential, but amaranth and aspartame had little or no teratogenic potential. Results support the use of FETAX for the screening of developmental toxicants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bantle
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fort
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rayburn
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: DeYoung
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bush
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000548:Amaranth Dye / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001218:Aspartame / Q000633:toxicity; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000633:toxicity; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000187:drug effects*; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000633:toxicity; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000633:toxicity; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens; D000548:Amaranth Dye; D004809:Ephedrine; D001374:Azacitidine; D008727:Methotrexate; D001218:Aspartame