title: Mechanism of DNase I hypersensitive site formation within the human globin locus control region.
abstract: The human beta-like globin gene locus contains embryonic, fetal, and adult globin genes that are regulated in a developmentally timed, as well as a tissue-specific, manner. The locus control region (LCR), located 5' of the globin genes, is characterized by four erythroid-specific nuclease-hypersensitive sites within native chromatin. These sites contain the active elements of the LCR. The LCR establishes an active chromatin conformation across the globin locus and enhances globin gene expression in transfected erythroleukemia cells and transgenic mice. We have used 5' DNase I hypersensitive site (HS) 4 as a model to define the minimum elements necessary for site formation. We have identified a 101-base-pair fragment within 5' HS4 that is the active site-forming element. DNase I footprint and gel-mobility shift assays have identified binding sites for transcription factors AP-1/NF-E2, Sp-1, and GATA-1 within the HS-forming element. We conclude that HS formation, the characteristic feature of the LCR in nuclear chromatin, requires interaction between erythroid-specific and ubiquitous nuclear proteins.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lowrey
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bodine
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Nienhuis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002843:Chromatin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D005914:Globins; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I