title: Long-term local effects of intraosseous infusion on tibial bone marrow in the weanling pig model.
abstract: The weanling pig model was used to determine the long-term local effects, if any, on tibial bone marrow after intraosseous (IO) infusion of resuscitation fluid and drugs at standard dosages. One of six IO treatments (two normal saline boluses [20 mL/kg]; bolus sodium bicarbonate [1 mEq/kg]; 10% sodium bicarbonate infusion at a maintenance rate for 1 hour; bolus 1:10,000 epinephrine [0.01 mg/kg]; 1:10,000 epinephrine solution infusion, 1 microgram/kg/min for 1 hour; or dopamine infusion, 10 micrograms/kg/min for 1 hour) was randomly administered via the left tibia to 18 pigs at 4 weeks of age. The animals were subsequently followed for 3 months, after which marrow from the same space and peripheral blood were examined. Marrow from the right tibia of each animal served as control; untreated historic controls were also used for comparison. Examination of the marrow revealed normal cell differentials in all limbs in all groups. Overall cellularity was somewhat decreased in the experimental limbs of the normal saline bolus group when compared with same-animal control limbs, perhaps due to the pressure effect from rapid injection. Peripheral blood counts and differentials in these and all other animals were normal. The authors conclude that IO administration of commonly used resuscitative medications does not result in significant adverse effects in the tibial bone marrow in this model.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505.
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Pender
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Woodall
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Tubbs
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells; D001842:Bone and Bones; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004298:Dopamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013552:Swine; D013977:Tibia
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D004298:Dopamine; D004837:Epinephrine