title: Motor blocks in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Freezing episodes and related phenomena (as a general term, motor blocks [MBs]) are poorly understood, particularly disabling, and a therapeutically frustrating problem in Parkinson's disease (PD). Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of MBs, as well as risk factors to develop MBs, have never been fully addressed. Herein, we report our database survey on 990 PD patients, of whom 318 (32%) had MBs. The majority of MBs were linked to gait. Start hesitation occurred in 86%, blocking on turning in 45%, and blocking in narrow spaces in 25% of patients. Initial parkinsonian symptoms in the upper body and tremor as the initial motor symptom were less likely to be associated with the presence of MBs (odds ratios [OR] 0.6 and 0.7, respectively), while initial symptoms affecting gait or trunk had higher association with MBs (OR = 1.58). Longer disease duration, higher Hoehn and Yahr stage, and longer duration of levodopa treatment are all significantly associated with the presence of MBs. We observed significant association between the existence of MBs and levodopa-induced dyskinesias to suggest similar pathophysiology. We propose that MBs in PD are abnormal retrieval or execution of complex motor tasks that can occur as a result of disease progression or as short- or long-term side effects of levodopa treatment.
authors.affiliation: Neurological Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giladi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Przedborski
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flaster
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guillory
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kostic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fahn
mesh_terms: D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007980:Levodopa