title: Intravascular coagulation necrosis of the skin associated with cryofibrinogenemia, diabetes mellitus, and cardiolipin autoantibodies.
abstract: Intravascular coagulation necrosis of the skin is rare and appears as hemorrhagic infiltrates that may develop ulcerating necrosis, mainly on the acral areas. The face, arms, and legs were severely involved in our patient. In this patient intravascular coagulation necrosis was associated with cryofibrinogenemia, diabetes mellitus, and IgM cardiolipin autoantibodies. In addition, rheumatoid factor, elevated polyclonal IgA, and haptoglobin were present as risk factors for the vasculopathy. Skin biopsy specimens showed plugging of dermal venules by thrombi formed of fibrin and erythrocytes. Immunohistologic staining revealed a strong positive reaction for fibrinogen, with some positivity for C3, C4, IgG, IgA, and IgM. Erythrocyte extravasation occurred in late lesions without being accompanied by perivascular leukocytic infiltrates. Detailed clinical examination failed to identify an underlying malignancy. Treatment with heparin and prednisolone produced only a brief remission. However, the combination of chlorambucil (7 mg/day orally) with low-dose oral prednisolone (10 mg/day) for several weeks controlled the disease and greatly reduced the cryofibrinogen. No relapse occurred after discontinuation of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Steglitz, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Zouboulis
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gollnick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Orfanos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001768:Blister / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002308:Cardiolipins / Q000276:immunology*; D003450:Cryoglobulins / Q000032:analysis*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000276:immunology; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis*; D015241:Fibrinogens, Abnormal; D006801:Humans; D009336:Necrosis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D002308:Cardiolipins; D003450:Cryoglobulins; D015241:Fibrinogens, Abnormal; C041874:cryofibrinogen; D005340:Fibrinogen