title: Clinical and neurophysiological development of Unverricht-Lundborg disease in four Swedish siblings.
abstract: Four siblings aged 12-18 years with progressive myoclonus epilepsy demonstrated a subclinical stage at the age of 9-11 years, with visual blackouts and polyspike electroencephalographic (EEG) activity on photic stimulation, an early myoclonic stage at the age of 12-15 years, with increasing segmental, stimulus-sensitive myoclonus, occasional nocturnal buildup myoclonic "cascade" seizures, slowing of EEG alpha-activity, episodic 4-6 Hz bilateral sharp waves and polyspikes with myoclonias on photic stimulation, and a disabling myoclonic stage at the age of 16-18 years, with periodic generalized myoclonias, nocturnal myoclonic "cascade" seizures, ataxia, dysarthria, mental changes, intermittent wheelchair dependency, and continuous EEG slow waves with polyspikes and intense myoclonias on photic stimulation. One of the siblings died at the age of 18 years with no apparent cause of death. Treatment with antiepileptic drugs other than valproate may have contributed but none of the siblings were ever treated with phenytoin. Extensive clinical and laboratory investigations revealed no abnormalities and excluded other known possible causes of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. The diagnosis was consistent with Unverricht-Lundborg disease and rested on typical age of onset, clinical signs, EEG, and evoked response abnormalities. Buildup myoclonic seizures are typical in advanced stages of Unverricht-Lundborg disease. We have labeled these myoclonic "cascade" seizures. A typical seizure was studied with video-EEG and cardiorespiratory monitoring. Characteristics revealed were onset with continuous arrhythmic myoclonic jerks followed by intense rhythmic myoclonus with increasing muscle tone that successively reduced the amplitude of the jerks. The EEG during the whole seizure showed intense polyspike activity. Obstructive apnea was seen at the peak of the seizure. There were no cardiac dysrhythmias. Consciousness was normal or only slightly impaired. Postictal drowsiness was not observed. Myoclonic "cascade" seizures are easily confused with generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics II, University of Gothenburgh, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kyllerman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sommerfelt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hedström
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wennergren
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holmgren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001785:Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; D002648:Child; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation; D004831:Epilepsies, Myoclonic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014743:Videotape Recording