title: Needle sharing in The Netherlands: an ethnographic analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Needle sharing has been reported to be the main cause of the rapid spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among injecting drug users. Risk behaviors such as needle sharing are, however, the end result of complicated interaction patterns in drug user networks, which have their specific rules and rituals, and larger social structures and official drug policy.
  
  
  METHODS
  To study these interaction patterns we examined the drug administration rituals of heroin addicts in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Intensive ethnographic descriptions were collected by participant observation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In less than 10% of the observed self-injections unsafe syringes were used. In 68% of the self-injections new, sterile syringes were used. Needle sharing as a planned sequence was not observed. Sharing was determined primarily by the availability of syringes, experience with the injecting ritual, and drug craving. In all observed needle-sharing events, subjects were aware of the risks involved and undertook efforts to clean the injection equipment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to psychological approaches aimed at reducing individual "risk behavior," these findings suggest that HIV prevention can be made more effective if active drug injectors are organized to help themselves and their peers prevent high-risk exchange situations.
authors.affiliation: EUR Addiction Research Institute (IVO), Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Grund
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Adriaans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002562:Ceremonial Behavior; D005007:Ethnology / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1; D015438:Health Behavior; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009339:Needles / Q000600:supply & distribution; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010379:Peer Group; D012307:Risk Factors; D012380:Role; D012951:Socialization