title: Vaginal douching among women of reproductive age in the United States: 1988.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vaginal douching has been associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in several epidemiologic studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the extent to which douching is practiced and to describe the population subgroups in which it is most prevalent, we analyzed data from the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth, which is based on a nationally representative sample of 8450 United States women between the ages of 15 and 44 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven percent of the sample reported douching; 18% douched at least once a week. The variable most strongly and consistently associated with douching was race: two thirds of Black women, but only one third of White women, reported douching. The practice was least frequent among 15- to 19-year-olds (31%) and most frequent among 20- to 24-year-olds (41%). Douching was more common among women who lived in poverty (50%) than among those who did not (28%). Seventy percent of Black women living in poverty reported douching. Women with less than a high school education were almost four times more likely to report douching as those with 16 or more years of schooling (56% vs 16%). Women with only 1 partner and those with 10 or more partners were less likely to douche than others. Sixteen percent of women who reported douching, compared with 10% of those who did not, also reported a history of PID.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Douching may be a modifiable risk factor for PID, it should be a high priority for future etiologic research.
authors.affiliation: Division of STD/HIV Prevention (E-44), Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333.
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Aral
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Mosher
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cates
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003625:Data Collection; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008393:Marriage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011203:Poverty; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012648:Self Care / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014621:Vagina; D044465:White People