title: Dural sinuses in the camel and their extracranial venous connections.
abstract: The dural sinuses of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) and their connections with veins of the head and neck were described and, whenever possible, were compared with other domestic animals emphasizing species differences. Information obtained from gross dissection of embalmed camel heads was correlated with latex injected vascular casts, as well as venographs. Although the disposition of the dural sinuses, in general, was similar to those of other domestic animals, they were somewhat complex in the camel. An important venous flow mechanism which functions in the thermoregulation of the brain in the camel was described. The venous drainage of the nasal cavity and its surrounding areas had five connections with the ophthalmic plexus and the cavernous sinus: (1) the infraorbital vein----ophthalmic plexus; (2) the medial superior palpebral vein----ophthalmic plexus; (3) the medial inferior palpebral vein----ophthalmic plexus; (4) the angularis oculi----frontal----supraorbital----dorsal external ophthalmic----emissary vein of the foramen orbitorotundum----cavernous sinus; and (5) the deep facial vein----ventral external ophthalmic----emissary vein of the foramen orbitorotundum----cavernous sinus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire (I.A.V.), Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zguigal
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Ghoshal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002162:Camelus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003392:Cranial Sinuses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006257:Head / Q000098:blood supply*; D009333:Neck / Q000098:blood supply*; D014680:Veins