title: 13-cis-retinoic acid plus interferon alpha-2a: highly active systemic therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemotherapeutic study of cervical squamous cell carcinoma has shown some positive results. Complete plus partial (overall) response rates of 15%-35% (complete response rate, less than 5%) were achieved with the use of a small number of cytotoxic single agents in patients with advanced disease. In addition, overall response rates of 60%-70% (complete response rates, 10%-20%) were achieved with cisplatin-based, multiagent regimens in patients with primary, locally advanced disease. However, the lack of clear evidence that existing chemotherapy can achieve a survival benefit, coupled with the worldwide annual deaths of hundreds of thousands of women from cervical cancer, indicates the urgent need for effective systemic therapy for this disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In view of the preclinical and clinical evidence that supports testing of the novel combination of 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cRA) plus interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma, we conducted a phase II study of this regimen in locally advanced disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with untreated, locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix were treated daily for at least 2 months with oral 13-cRA (1 mg/kg) and subcutaneous recombinant human IFN alpha-2a (6 million units). In 21 patients (81%), the disease was stage II or higher.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients (50%) experienced major responses (tumor regression greater than or equal to 50%) in association with resolution of symptoms; one achieved complete response, and 12 experienced partial response. Seven with partial response are improving further, four are being maintained in partial response, and one responder has relapsed during therapy. The response rate is 58% (11 of 19) in patients with stage IIB or higher disease and 66% (10 of 15) in patients with bulky disease (at least one dimension greater than or equal to 10 cm). Of the 13 non-responders, nine have stable disease and four have had disease progression during therapy. Toxicity was minimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary results indicate that systemic 13-cRA plus IFN alpha-2a is a highly active, well-tolerated therapy for locally advanced cervical cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lippman
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paredes-Espinoza
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Delgadillo-Madrueño
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paredes-Casillas
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holdener
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Krakoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015474:Isotretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012074:Remission Induction; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015474:Isotretinoin