title: Complications of endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in infants and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the frequency of complications of endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric tertiary multidisciplinary ICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred sixty-nine serial patients, of whom 500 were endotracheally intubated and 431 were mechanically ventilated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily clinical observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age, diagnosis, endotracheal tube size, type of ventilator and humidification, duration of intubation and mechanical ventilation, ventilatory settings, and complications (accidental extubation, tissue damage, endobronchial intubation, postintubation stridor, endotracheal tube blockage, pulmonary airleak, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pulmonary atelectasis) were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median patient age was 10 months (25th and 75th quartiles: 1 month and 15 yrs). The median duration of endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation was 4 days and 2 days, respectively. A total of 186 complications were recorded in 119 (24%) patients. No deaths were due to intubation or ventilation. The overall frequency of accidental extubation was 3.2% of patients at a rate of 1.26 extubations/100 intubation days. In nonventilated, unsedated patients with croup or epiglottitis, the frequency of accidental extubation was 23% at a rate of 11.83 extubations/100 intubation days. Lung atelectasis occurred in 7.8%, airleak in 6.8%, and infection in 2.3% of patients. Other complications included tissue damage (3.4%), endobronchial intubation (2.4%), postintubation stridor (2.4%), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (2.3%), and endobronchial tube blockage (0.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complications were related to the duration of intubation and mechanical ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tibballs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*