title: Breath-holding spells in childhood.
abstract: Childhood breath-holding spells are a common and frightening phenomenon occurring in healthy, otherwise normal children. They have been well recognized for several hundred years. There appear to be two clinical forms: the cyanotic type and the pallid type, referring to the color change exhibited by the child during the episode. Prior research concerning the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in breath-holding spells has implicated an autonomic nervous system dysregulation. Cerebral anoxia is the ultimate factor responsible for the loss of consciousness observed in the severe forms of breath-holding spells. The clinical and epidemiologic aspects of breath-holding spells are herein summarized. The pertinent respiratory and neural physiologic interactions involved are delineated, as well as practical treatment approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: DiMario
mesh_terms: D001049:Apnea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012119:Respiration