title: P.r.n. medications in child psychiatric patients: a pilot placebo-controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The administration p.r.n. (as needed) of sedative medications is a widespread practice in the management of acute dyscontrol of child psychiatric inpatients. Its efficacy, however, has never been tested in a controlled clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one male inpatients, aged 5-13 years, participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the p.r.n. use of diphenhydramine, a sedative antihistaminic often used in child psychiatry wards. The patients' DSM-III-R diagnoses were conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity, and major depression. Each patient in acute dyscontrol blindly received either oral or intramuscular doses of diphenhydramine 25-50 mg (N = 9) or placebo (N = 12). The Conners Abbreviated 10-Item Teacher Rating Scale and the Clinical Global Impressions scale were completed before and 0.5, 1, and 2 hours after the dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant time effects, but no difference due to drug. The intramuscular route tended to be more effective than the oral, regardless of whether active drug or placebo was given.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that if p.r.n. administrations are effective, this is a placebo effect. Likewise, intramuscular administrations are more effective because of a route effect ("the needle") and not because of a specific pharmacologic activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vitiello
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elia
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: McLeer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Behar
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010919:Placebos; D004155:Diphenhydramine