title: Immunomodulatory action of levamisole--II. Enhancement of concanavalin A response by levamisole is associated with an oxidation degradation product of levamisole formed during lymphocyte culture.
abstract: Previously we determined that levamisole (LMS), when stored for a period of time, breaks down to three degradation products at neutral and alkaline pH. At low concentrations (10(-6) M), Product 1 inhibits the lymphocyte response to concanavalin A (Con A). Product 2 enhances the response and Product 3 has no effect. At higher concentrations (10(-5) M) all three products inhibit the response. To determine if these products are formed in culture media under culture conditions (e.g. in RPMI-1640 bicarbonate buffered medium, 37 degrees C, pH 7.0-7.5, during a 72 h culture period), we added freshly prepared LMS solutions to culture media with and without lymphocytes present and maintained the pH at 7.0, 7.25 or 7.5 by varying the amount of CO2 present. Periodically over a 72 h period, aliquots of the media were removed and analyzed for the presence of LMS and the three degradation products. Within 4 h, two of the degradation product began to form in culture media with or without lymphocytes present. Product No. 1, 3-(2-mercaptoethyl)-5-phenylimidazolidine-2-one or dl-2-oxy-3-(2-mercaptoethyl)-5-phenylimidazolidine (OMPI), which inhibits the lymphocyte response to concanavalin A (Con A) at concentrations above 0.4 micrograms/ml, was formed at pH 7.0, 7.25 and 7.5, but the compound did not reach inhibitory concentrations in the lymphocyte cultures during the 72 h culture period. Product No. 2, 6-phenyl-2,3-dihydroimidazo (2,1-b) thiazole, which enhances the Con A response between concentrations of 0.5 and 10 micrograms/ml, was detected at concentrations between 2.5 and 3.5 micrograms/ml at pH 7.25 and 7.5. Product 2 was not detected in cultures at pH 7.0 and subsequently when we cultured lymphocytes with freshly prepared LMS and maintained the pH at 7.0, no significant enhancement of the Con A response was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-4525.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Heidrick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000276:immunology; D003470:Culture Media; D004355:Drug Stability; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007978:Levamisole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012015:Reference Standards; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D012996:Solutions; D003208:Concanavalin A; D007978:Levamisole