title: Nitrosamine-induced cancer: O4-alkylthymine produces sites of DNA hyperflexibility.
abstract: The carcinogenic properties of N-nitroso compounds are associated with their ability to alkylate DNA, in particular to form O6-alkylguanine and O4-alkylthymine. DNA duplexes containing either O6-alkylguanine or O4-alkylthymine were synthesized, and each duplex was ligated to form a set of DNAs of increasing length with the alkylated base out of phase (16 base-pairs apart) or in phase (21 base-pairs apart) with the helical repeat of the DNA. The DNA contained the sequence 5' CAA 3', which is the 61st codon of the K-ras gene, because this codon is a preferred site of mutation for a number of carcinogens including the methylating carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanone (NNK). O4-Methylthymine or O4-ethylthymine replaced thymine in either of the two A.T base-pairs of this codon (normally CAA), and O6-methylguanine replaced the guanine in the G.C pair. All the sequences containing O4-alkylthymine exhibited anomalous, slow, gel migration and ligated to form circles of unusually small diameter. In general, the effect was seen when the alkylated base-pair was out of phase with the helical repeat as well as when it was in phase, suggesting that the alkylated base-pair confers flexibility which is largely isotropic, i.e., has no preferred direction, rather than anisotropic flexibility or bending. However, at pH 8.3 the 21-base-pair set containing O4-alkylT.A had significantly greater anomalous migration than the 16-base-pair set, suggesting that the flexibility produced by this base-pair has a significant anisotropic component and thus resembles true bending.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, U.K.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Georgiadis
authors.forename: Y Z
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Swann
mesh_terms: D000478:Alkylation; D001345:Autoradiography; D001483:Base Sequence; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000633:toxicity*; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D009692:Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D009602:Nitrosamines; D009692:Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes; D004247:DNA