title: Validity of a disposable end-tidal CO2 detector in verifying endotracheal tube placement in infants and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the validity of a disposable, colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detector in verifying endotracheal tube (ETT) placement in infants and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The detector was studied prospectively in 151 intubations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operating room, ICU, and emergency department of a children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-seven children undergoing endotracheal intubation for anesthesia (52), respiratory support (76), or CPR (23).
  
  
  METHODS
  After endotracheal intubation, tube position was verified, the detector was attached, and readings were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The detector correctly identified tube position (trachea, 124; esophagus, four) in all 120 patients who were not in cardiac arrest (P less than .01). In the cardiac arrest setting, all six esophageal intubations were correctly identified, but two of the 17 tracheal intubations were incorrectly interpreted as esophageal intubations (P less than .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detector accurately identifies ETT position in children with spontaneous circulation who weigh more than 2 kg. During CPR, a positive test correctly indicates that the ETT is in the airway, but a negative result (suggesting esophageal placement) requires an alternate means of confirming ETT position.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bhende
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Saville
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000295:instrumentation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide