title: The use of transcranial ultrasonography to predict stroke in sickle cell disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke, especially cerebral infarction, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with sickle cell disease. Primary prevention of stroke by transfusion therapy may be feasible if there is a way to identify the patients at greatest risk. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography can measure flow velocity in the large intracranial arteries. The narrowing of these arteries, which leads to cerebral infarction, is characterized by an increased velocity of flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, we prospectively measured the velocity of cerebral blood flow in children and young adults being followed because of sickle cell disease. The results were classified as either normal or abnormal on the basis of the highest velocity of flow in the middle cerebral artery. Abnormal velocity was defined as a flow greater than or equal to 170 cm per second, a definition determined by post hoc analysis to maximize the predictive success of the test. The end point was a clinically apparent first cerebral infarction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred eighty-three transcranial ultrasound examinations were performed in 190 patients with sickle cell disease (age at entry, 3 to 18 years). After an average follow-up of 29 months, cerebral infarction was diagnosed in seven patients. In 23 patients the results of the ultrasound examinations were abnormal, and in 167 patients they were normal. The clinical and hematologic characteristics of the two groups were similar, but six of the seven strokes occurred among the 23 patients with abnormal ultrasound results (P less than 0.00001 by Fisher's exact test). In this group, the relative risk of stroke was 44 (95 percent confidence interval, 5.5 to 346).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcranial ultrasonography can identify the children with sickle cell disease who are at highest risk for cerebral infarction. Periodic ultrasound examinations and the selective use of transfusion therapy could make the primary prevention of stroke an achievable goal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: McKie
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carl
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McKie
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Litaker
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004453:Echoencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk