title: Admissions for suspected snake bite to the Perth adult teaching hospitals, 1979 to 1988.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the epidemiology of snake bite in Perth, and the likelihood of envenomation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information from case notes was retrospectively analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emergency medicine, teaching hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to the three adult teaching hospitals in Perth for suspected snake bite from 1979 to 1988.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systemic envenomation, was accepted as present if there were definite symptoms, signs or laboratory evidence (vomiting, abdominal pain, ptosis, convulsions, difficulty with breathing or swallowing, coagulopathy, haemolysis, rhabdomyolysis or renal failure).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-nine patients were definitely bitten, with 53 envenomed, including three snake handlers. Thirty others may have been envenomed. Nearly half (44%) of the 82 patients with witnessed snake bite were envenomed. The dugite (Pseudonaja affinis) caused most cases of envenomation, most often producing coagulopathy only. The remainder were probably due to bites by the tiger snake (Notechis after occidentalis) and gwardar (Pseudonaja nuchalis), with one by a sea snake. The Commonwealth Serum Laboratories Snake Venom Detection Kit (VDK) enabled identification of the genus in 36% of definite cases of snake bite, and in 51% of cases of envenomation. It may occasionally produce false-positive results. The VDK is of greatest value in establishing the genus of snake in envenomed patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that a mixture of brown and tiger snake antivenom be used to treat patients envenomed by an unidentified snake in the Perth metropolitan area. This does not apply to patients bitten elsewhere in Western Australia or transferred to Perth from country regions where other snakes are more prevalent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Fremantle Hospital, WA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Jelinek
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000997:Antivenins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D004546:Elapid Venoms