title: Biological correlates of panic disorder with agoraphobia: practice perspectives for nurses.
abstract: The literature on panic disorder is summarized with regard to epidemiological, environmental, cultural, psychological, family, and genetic factors. Laboratory provocation of anxiety is reviewed with emphasis on the noradrenergic model of panic from a biological perspective. Positron emission tomography results involving brain asymmetries in lactate-sensitive panic patients are discussed, as are the psychopharmacological agents currently effective in the treatment of panic disorder. It is suggested that psychiatric nurses base their clinical practice on a holistic understanding of treatment implications as they relate to an individual's broader functioning. Areas for future nursing research are also identified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Laraia
mesh_terms: D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing / Q000628:therapy; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing / Q000379:methods; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs