title: Pediatric bacterial meningitis: is prior antibiotic therapy associated with an altered clinical presentation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical features of children treated with oral antibiotics before the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis differ from those who receive no antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  University medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred fifty-eight children 24 months old or younger with bacterial meningitis hospitalized during a 12-year period. Eighty-three children were treated with oral antibiotics before the diagnosis of meningitis, and 175 children were not.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  The emergency department chart and hospital records were reviewed for presenting demographic, historical, physical examination, and laboratory features. Clinical features of pretreated and untreated patients were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreated children demonstrated less frequent temperature of 38.3 C or higher, altered mental status and a longer duration of symptoms before diagnosis, with more frequent vomiting; ear, nose, and throat infections; and physician visits in the week before detection of meningitis (P less than .05 for all comparisons). There was no difference in incidence of upper respiratory symptoms, seizures, nuchal rigidity, Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs, focal neurologic signs, mortality, and length of hospitalization between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical features of children who have taken antibiotics before the detection of meningitis differ significantly from those who have not undergone antibiotic therapy. Physicians should be aware of these differences when evaluating young children on antibiotics for the possibility of meningitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, California.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Rothrock
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wren
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Letai
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Daniel-Underwood
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pillar
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents