title: Neuropsychological correlates of hypertension: review and methodologic considerations.
abstract: Essential hypertension is a chronic disorder having many potential physical and behavioral sequelae. This article evaluates the impact of hypertension on neuropsychological test performance. First, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that examine the neuropsychological correlates of hypertension are reviewed. In general, hypertensives are found to perform more poorly than normotensives, particularly on tests of memory, attention, and abstract reasoning, and less consistently on tests of perception, constructional ability, mental flexibility, and psychomotor speed. Next, the influence of variables that may moderate relationships between hypertension and neuropsychological performance--such as age, education, and medication usage--are examined. Finally, potential mechanisms, both physiological and psychological, underlying associations between hypertension and neuropsychological performance are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Waldstein
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Manuck
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Muldoon
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics