title: The effect of local heat and cold therapy on the intraarticular and skin surface temperature of the knee.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of local application of ice chips, ligno-paraffin, short-wave diathermy, and nitrogen-cold air on skin and intraarticular temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two healthy subjects were divided into 4 treatment groups. A temperature probe was inserted into the knee joint cavity and another placed on the overlying skin, and changes in temperature over 3 hours, by treatment group, were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean skin surface temperature dropped from 27.9 degrees C to 11.5 degrees C after application of ice chips, and from 28.8 degrees C to 13.8 degrees C after application of cold air. The mean intraarticular temperature decreased from 31.9 degrees C to 22.5 degrees C and from 32.9 degrees C to 28.8 degrees C, respectively, after these 2 treatments. Shortwave diathermy increased skin temperature by 2.4 degrees C; intraarticular temperature was increased only 1.4 degrees C by short-wave diathermy. Treatment with ligno-paraffin increased the skin surface temperature 8.9 degrees C; the temperature in the joint cavity was increased 3.5 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of short-wave diathermy and superficial heat packs in the treatment of patients with arthritis may potentially cause harm by increasing intraarticular temperature. This may have major implications regarding treatment policy for patients with arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Medisch Spectrum Twente, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Oosterveld
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rasker
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Overmars
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D017679:Cryotherapy; D003972:Diathermy; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena