title: Accuracy of patient encounter and billing information in ambulatory care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined the degree of accuracy of billing data in an academically affiliated family practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The progress notes from 1253 consecutive visits were independently reviewed by two family physicians, and the diagnoses, use of procedures, and level of service were determined for each visit. Discrepancies between the reviewers were resolved by consensus. These data were compared with the data on the corresponding billing form that had been completed by the care providers (ie, physicians on the faculty, physicians in training, family nurse practitioners, and nurses).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was poor agreement between the billing form and progress note on level of service and number of diagnoses (kappa = 0.37 and kappa = 0.28, respectively). The progress note usually indicated that a higher level of service should have been billed for a visit than actually was billed. Underreporting of the number of diagnoses was substantial; the billing forms listed only 69% of the diagnoses identified in the progress notes. In 60% of visits, each diagnosis on the billing form had a matching diagnosis in the progress note. This could be improved to 78% of visits if broad categories of disease were used. Residents were similar to faculty in the accuracy of reported level of service and types of diagnoses, but were more likely to underreport the number of diagnoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ambulatory care data from computerized billing files may not be sufficiently accurate for proper reimbursement of physician services or for use in research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, NC.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Horner
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Purvis
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Lawler
mesh_terms: D000043:Abstracting and Indexing / Q000592:standards; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000555:Ambulatory Care Information Systems / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005375:Financial Audit; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina; D009819:Office Visits; D010045:Outpatients / Q000145:classification; D010350:Patient Credit and Collection / Q000592:standards*; D011216:Practice Management, Medical / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results