title: Improvement in contractile recovery of isolated rat heart after cardioplegic ischaemic arrest with endogenous phosphocreatine: involvement of antiperoxidative effect?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to attempt to get further insight into the mechanism of the cardioprotective action of phosphocreatine (PCr).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three experimental protocols were used: (1) The effect was examined of exogenous PCr (10 mmol.litre-1) on myocardial oxidative damage produced by H2O2 perfusion (90 mumol.litre-1) of isolated rat heart. (2) Isolated rat hearts were subjected to 35 min cardioplegic ischaemia followed by reperfusion. A control group was studied along with two PCr groups, one corrected for Ca2+ to compensate its binding with PCr (1.4 mmol.litre-1 CaCl2 in St Thomas's Hospital cardioplegic solution), and the other not (1.2 mmol.litre-1). (3) The effect was studied of PCr alone and in combination with the antioxidant tocopherol phosphate (0.1 mumol.litre-1) on contractile and metabolic recovery of isolated rat heart reperfused after 40 min cardioplegic ischaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were performed on hearts of 84 male Wistar rats, weighing 250-300 g.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) Oxidative stress resulted in irreversible contracture and impairment of sarcolemmal integrity revealed by using the transmembrane tracer ionic lanthanum. These effects coincided with the decrease of developed pressure from 116 (SEM 3) to 38(3) mm Hg and rate-pressure product from 498(13) to 165(16) mm Hg.s-1. The Ca2+ binding property of PCr was estimated experimentally and the stability constant of the complex CaPCr was found to be 35.4(0.7) mmol; from this the Ca2+ bound by PCr was calculated to be 14% in the experimental conditions used. Ca2+ concentration in K-H buffer containing PCr was increased to compensate its binding with PCr. PCr prevented H2O2 induced contracture, preserved sarcolemmal integrity, and attenuated H2O2 induced decrease in developed pressure and rate-pressure product [73(6) mm Hg and 340(28) mm H.s-1, respectively, p less than 0.05 compared with control]. (2) PCr reduced the diastolic pressure [29(10) v 68(10) mm Hg in control group at 30 min of reperfusion, p less than 0.05] and enhanced the developed pressure [81(10) v 46(10) mm Hg in controls, p less than 0.05] and rate-pressure product [325(44) v 158(40) mm Hg.s-1 in controls, p less than 0.05]. When CaCl2 was increased to 1.4 mmol.litre-1 the protective effect of PCr was not abolished. (3) PCr resulted in improvement of developed pressure [49(7) v 18(5) mm Hg in controls at 40 min of reperfusion, p less than 0.05] and rate-pressure product [184(27) v 71(20) mm Hg.s-1 in controls, p less than 0.05]. The degree of contractile recovery in the tocopherol group was almost the same as in the PCr group. Combined addition of PCr and tocopherol further increased the developed pressure and rate-pressure product to 72(4) mm Hg and 284(23) mm Hg.s-1, respectively. Similarly, PCr and tocopherol in combination provided substantial inhibition of creatine kinase release into perfusate, at 3.8(0.4) v 10.9(2.5) IU in controls, p less than 0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCr decreases the vulnerability of myocardium to oxidative stress and ischaemic damage. These effects cannot be explained by PCr induced shifts in Ca2+ concentration. Protective effects of PCr and tocopherol are quantitatively additive, most probably due to their different mechanisms of action, and tocopherol may be effective in extending the ability of PCr to stabilise cell membrane structure.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bioenergetics, USSR Cardiology Research Centre, Moscow.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Conorev
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Sharov
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Saks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010477:Perfusion; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D014810:Vitamin E; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002118:Calcium