title: Hydrocephalus in infancy and childhood.
abstract: Hydrocephalus is marked by the excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles. The disorder is characterized by an imbalance in the production and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid. Congenital hydrocephalus is usually the result of an intrauterine infection or maldevelopment of the aqueduct of Sylvius. Acquired hydrocephalus can be caused by infection, neoplasm or hemorrhage. In infants, hydrocephalus usually presents as progressive head enlargement. The presenting symptoms in children are irritability, headache, nausea, vomiting and lethargy. Diagnosis is made with ultrasonography, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. The majority of patients are treated with cerebrospinal fluid shunt procedures, most commonly the placement of ventriculoperitoneal or lumboperitoneal shunts. The outcome of hydrocephalus is determined by the etiology, the presence or absence of associated anomalies, and the timeliness of diagnosis and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D007223:Infant; D011379:Prognosis