Potential health effects of greenhouse effect and ozone layer depletion in Australia.
OBJECTIVE
To identify potential health effects of the greenhouse effect and ozone layer depletion in Australia.


METHODS
Data were derived from a number of sources: (i) published articles accessed from relevant databases in the disciplines of health, public health and climatology over the past 20 years; (ii) published conference proceedings, review monographs and government reports covering the topic; (iii) a survey of experts in public health and climatology/geography (150 individuals were surveyed in the first phase with a 63% response rate); and (iv) a consensus conference in which 22 invited experts reviewed the results of the literature review and survey and a second conference in which 18 senior members of the health bureaucracy and public health profession considered the implications of the findings.


METHODS
Over 200 published articles or monographs were reviewed. Criteria for selection were whether the papers contributed information to the objectives of the review.


METHODS
Because of the nature of the problem under investigation, predictions based on reasonable scientific assumptions were the major content of the review rather than conclusions based on scientific research.


RESULTS
The major predicted health effects of long-term climatic change in Australia are skin and eye damage from increased ultraviolet radiation exposure, increased incidence of some respiratory diseases, vector-borne and water-borne diseases, and the social and physical effects of natural hazards and social and economic restructuring. The most vulnerable groups include the aged, the very young, the chronically ill, those living in poorly designed neighbourhoods and those working in outdoor occupations or heavy industry.


CONCLUSIONS
The potential effects on health of long-term climatic change cover the broad spectrum of public health concerns. Detailed predictions of likely problems in specific geographic areas are not yet possible, but progressive development of such predictive capability is a high priority. Doctors will have an increasingly important role in monitoring local health status and participating in disease prevention and surveillance programmes.
Ewan
C
C
University of Wollongong, NSW.
Bryant
E A
EA
Calvert
G D
GD
Marthick
J
J
Condon-Paoloni
D
D
D000818:Animals; D001272:Atmosphere; D001315:Australia; D002980:Climate; D004190:Disasters; D004199:Disease Vectors; D004782:Environmental Health; D006262:Health; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008685:Meteorological Concepts; D010126:Ozone; D011634:Public Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects
D010126:Ozone