title: A multivariate analysis of cardiac growth in human embryos: endocardial cushions and ventricular myocardium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In view of the controversy about the morphological significance of the endocardial cushion tissue and ventricular myocardium during cardiac development, the aim was to carry out quantitative studies of these structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endocardial cushion tissue and ventricular myocardium were quantified by point count planimetry. The relative growth of the volume of these structures, and also the embryonic crown-rump length, was studied by multivariate allometry (principal components analysis) with the covariance matrix calculated from natural logarithms of the data.
  
  
  METHODS
  27 serially sectioned human embryos were studied, ranging from stage 15 to stage 23 (Paris collection).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative growth of endocardial cushion tissue, ventricular myocardium, and crown-rump length was discontinuous during the postsomitic period. The first component in principal components analysis measures overall size and, in the present analysis, accounts for 88.6% of the total variance. The growth vector isometry hypothesis was checked with the chi 2 test. This showed that differences in growth between cardiac structures and crown-rump length were allometric (p less than 0.01). Endocardial cushion tissue volume and crown-rump length grew with negative allometry during the second month of gestation, while ventricular myocardium volume grew with positive allometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results agree with those researchers who consider that endocardial cushion tissue functions only in causing initial cardiac fusion and partitioning, with little influence on the formation of definitive cardiac structures.
authors.affiliation: State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Department of Anatomy, Brazil.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mandarim-de-Lacerda
mesh_terms: D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis