title: The effects of patterned urge-response toileting (PURT) on urinary incontinence among nursing home residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test an individualized form of habit training for urinary incontinence (UI) among long-stay cognitively and/or physically impaired elderly nursing home residents over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomization of subjects occurred by nursing home unit. Baseline wet checks were done hourly for one 24-hour period at 3-week intervals over 12 weeks followed by 72 hours of continuous electronic monitoring to establish precise voiding patterns for each subject. The 12-week intervention period was administered by indigenous staff after they attended a 4-hour UI educational program. Subjects were followed an additional 12 weeks to determine the extent of maintenance of the intervention among staff and subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four non-profit nursing homes; west, mid-west, east coast.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consent was obtained from 154 (71%) who met primary inclusion criteria. Forty-one failed the secondary inclusion criteria leaving 113 who entered the 37-week study. Eighty-eight completed the study (experimental = 51, control = 37); all were physically and/or mentally impaired, averaged age 85, and had either urge or urge/stress UI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  UI was significantly decreased during the 3-month period (P less than 0.001). Eighty-six percent showed improvement over baseline while one-third improved 25% or more over their baseline UI rate. The control group's UI increased during the same period of time. The volume of UI among the experimental group also decreased (P less than 0.005) while the control group's UI volume increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The training program was effective in reducing UI though compliance among nursing staff averaged only 70% of the prescribed toileting times. The success of this approach is similar to other recently described behavioral programs but achieved the reduction using only regular nursing staff. This individualized approach supports the recent regulatory thrust to individualize care to promote and maintain functional abilities and autonomy.
authors.affiliation: Community Health Care Systems Department, School of Nursing, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Colling
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ouslander
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hadley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eisch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016743:Mental Competency; D009735:Nursing Homes; D014039:Toilet Training; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014563:Urodynamics