title: Survey of cardiac pacing in Canada.
abstract: The status of cardiac pacing in Canada in 1989 was determined from data provided by 62 of 128 physicians surveyed (48% response) and four major manufacturer/distributors. A questionnaire designed for the IXth World Symposium on Cardiac Pacing was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were five implant hospitals per million population, 65% community based and 35% university affiliated; 63% of implanters were surgeons. There were 279 new implants and 46 replacement procedures per million population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sinus node disorders accounted for 44.6% of implants, atrioventricular block 43.2% (fixed 24.4%, intermittent 12.0%, incomplete 6.8%), tachycardias 2.9%, drug-induced bradycardia 3.1%, and other (including automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators) 6.2%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single chamber units were implanted in 78.6% of patients, and dual chamber in 22.7%, and 19.5% of the total were rate-adaptive. Unipolar leads were used in 57.1% of atrial and 53.2% of ventricular insertions; 40.4% of atrial and 5.8% of ventricular leads were active fixation. The pervenous sheath introducer technique was used in 64.9% of lead insertions. PERIOPERATIVE: Major complications occurred in 2.6% of single and 6.8% of dual chamber primary implants, but mortality was less than 0.1%; 8.4% of replacements were unanticipated; there was no known death from malfunction. Mean hospital stay was 2.7 days for primary implants and 1.4 days for replacement/revisions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparison with prior surveys (1979, 1981, 1985) reveals: increased physician response to the survey questionnaire; relatively stable electrocardiographic indications for implant; a modest increase of new implants per million; continued decrease in replacements; an increase in dual chamber and rate-adaptive pacing; and increased use of active fixation and bipolar electrodes in both atrium and ventricle.
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000628:therapy; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*