title: Thyroid dysfunction: managing the ocular complications of Graves' disease.
abstract: The pathophysiology of Graves' orbitopathy has yet to be illucidated, but much can be done to reverse the potentially blinding effects of this debilitating ocular disease. Although only 5 to 10% of patients suffer severe ocular complications, many have significant signs and symptoms requiring ophthalmic medical and surgical intervention. Numerous systemic and topical therapies exist for all aspects of the ocular effects of hyperthyroidism, but clear clinical indications or advantages are lacking. Surgical therapies for residual abnormalities have solidified under recent clinical guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Letterman Army Medical Center, Presidio of San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Fries
mesh_terms: D005123:Eye / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male