title: Early and late arrhythmias after the Fontan operation: predisposing factors and clinical consequences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the incidence, predisposing factors, and clinical significance of arrhythmias early and late after the Fontan operation for congenital heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 104 consecutive patients undergoing Fontan repair from 1975 to 1988 were studied retrospectively. Hospital records were reviewed for perioperative arrhythmia. Clinical information and annual electrocardiograms were available for all 78 hospital survivors during a follow up of up to 13 years (mean 3.7 years). Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring was performed in 67 patients (81%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients (10.6%) developed a perioperative tachycardia (eight, atrial flutter; three, His bundle tachycardia). Multivariate analysis showed that raised preoperative mean pulmonary artery pressure and low aortic saturation were significant risk factors for the development of atrial flutter (r2 = 0.32, p = 0.0001) but not for His bundle tachycardia. Despite intensive medical treatment 10 of these 11 patients died. At the last visit 72 (92%) of the 78 patients were in sinus rhythm on their standard 12 lead electrocardiogram. Junctional rhythm was present in three patients, two patients had atrial flutter, and one had a paced rhythm. Ambulatory monitoring did not show important bradycardia or ventricular arrhythmias. Actuarial survival free of supraventricular arrhythmia was 82% at eight years after operation. Multivariate analysis identified older age, increased right atrial size, and raised mean preoperative pulmonary artery pressure as risk factors for arrhythmia during intermediate follow-up (r2 = 0.46, p less than 0.001). Late tachycardias, in contrast to those occurring in the perioperative period, were not associated with an increased mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Except for his bundle tachycardia in the perioperative period, early and late arrhythmias after a Fontan operation seem to be a consequence of adverse preoperative and postoperative haemodynamic function. The perioperative outcome is therefore poor even when the patient can be restored to sinus rhythm. Medical and surgical modifications to improve the haemodynamic disturbances associated with arrhythmias are therefore indicated.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, London.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gewillig
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Wyse
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: de Leval
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Deanfield
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006327:Heart Block / Q000209:etiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors