title: A transcriptional hierarchy involved in mammalian cell-type specification.
abstract: Although transcriptional hierarchies have been extensively studied in invertebrates, their involvement in mammalian cell-type specification is poorly understood. Here we report a hepatocyte transcriptional cascade suggested by the expression patterns of hepatic transcription factors in dedifferentiated hepatomas and hepatocyte: fibroblast hybrids in which the liver phenotype was extinguished. These results indicated that the homeoprotein hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF-1 alpha), and HNF-4, a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily, were regulated coordinately or in a hierarchy by a higher-order locus, independently of other hepatic transactivators. HNF-4 was implicated as an essential positive regulator of HNF-1 alpha, as deletion of an HNF-4 binding site in the HNF-1 alpha promoter abolished promoter activity, and HNF-4 potently transactivated the HNF-1 alpha promoter in cotransfection assays. Moreover, genetic complementation of dedifferentiated hepatomas with HNF-4 complementary DNA rescued expression of endogenous HNF-1 alpha messenger RNA and DNA-binding activity. Our studies therefore define an HNF-4----HNF-1 alpha (4----1 alpha) transcriptional hierarchy operative in differentiated hepatocytes but selectively inhibited by an extinguishing locus and somatic mutations which antagonize the liver phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5425.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Conley
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sladek
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Darnell
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Crabtree
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D002460:Cell Line; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D051538:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha; D051539:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology*; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D009928:Organ Specificity; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate / Q000494:pharmacology; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051538:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; C496488:Hnf1a protein, mouse; C496496:Hnf1b protein, mouse; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D010750:Phosphoproteins; C501970:Tcfl4 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D051539:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate