title: The use of low-dose intranasal midazolam to treat panic disorder: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug therapy of panic disorder, despite the intermittent nature of the panic attack, requires daily administration of antidepressants, which are often not tolerated, or benzodiazepines, which can result in physical dependence and withdrawal. The use of rapidly acting, low-dose intranasal midazolam to prevent incipient panic suggested itself to us as a novel alternative treatment strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a 6-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover-design pilot study of the safety and efficacy of p.r.n. low-dose intranasal midazolam in five patients diagnosed with DSM-III-R panic disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One to two drops of midazolam (approximately 0.25 to 0.5 mg) was well tolerated and highly effective in preventing incipient panic attacks and in reducing the overall weekly frequency of attacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intermittent intranasal midazolam shows promise as a novel alternative treatment for panic, but a controlled study of its efficacy and safety (including abuse potential) must be conducted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schweizer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clary
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Dever
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mandos
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D008874:Midazolam