title: Immunoregulation in man.
abstract: The process during which a B lymphocyte, after ligation of the antigen receptor, differentiates into a high-rate antibody-secreting plasma cell is under strict regulatory control of T lymphocytes and their soluble products. For most so-called T-cell-dependent (protein) antigens, antigen-specific CD4-positive T cells or T-cell factors participate in the transition of resting into activated B cell. Terminal B-cell differentiation, including immunoglobulin class switch, is regulated by a variety of (antigen non-specific) cytokines which act in a highly coordinated fashion. The other major class of naturally occurring antigens, the so-called T-cell independent (polysaccharide) antigens, apparently can induce B-cell activation in the absence of antigen-specific CD4-positive T cells. Terminal B-cell differentiation, however, also depends on the action of cytokines, although the relative contribution of individual cytokines remains to be determined. Downregulation of both T-cell-dependent and T-cell independent antigens is mediated by specific suppressor T cells. Next to this "internal control" by regulatory T cells, it is important to realize that components of the (neuro-)endocrine system (such as the endorphins and the family of insulin-like growth factors) and the complement system also exert important immunoregulatory functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Children and Youth, Het Wilhelmina Kinderziekenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Rijkers
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Zegers
mesh_terms: D000955:Antigens, T-Independent / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000955:Antigens, T-Independent; D016207:Cytokines