title: Cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer disease: differences in patients with and without extrapyramidal signs.
abstract: We investigated the relationship between extrapyramidal signs (EPSs) in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer disease (AD) and the average rate of decline in different areas of cognition. The presence of tremors, cogwheel rigidity, or bradykinesia were scored as EPS using the California State Department of Health Services AD Diagnostic and Treatment Center Form. Measures of decline were computed by determining patients' average rates of decline on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Of the 81 patients, 24 were determined to have EPS not related to medications. Overall, patients with EPS deteriorated 67% faster on MMSE (4.5 points per year) than did patients with no evidence of EPS (2.7 points per year). Our findings indicate that the clinical presence of EPS is a poor overall prognostic sign in patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Tinklenberg
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yesavage
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales