title: Topographic maps of human motor cortex in normal and pathological conditions: mirror movements, amputations and spinal cord injuries.
abstract: We studied motor evoked potentials to transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with unilateral upper limb amputations, complete T10-T12 spinal cord transection, and congenital mirror movements and in controls. Different muscles in the trunk and upper and lower extremities were evaluated at rest. In controls, muscles could be activated with stimulation of regions several centimeters wide. These areas overlapped extensively when muscles studied were from the same limb and shifted positions abruptly when muscles were from different limbs. Distal muscles were easier to activate than proximal muscles and normally evidenced exclusively a contralateral representation. Congenital defects in motor control in patients with mirror movements resulted in marked derangement of the map of outputs of distal hand muscles with enlarged and ipsilateral representations. Peripheral lesions, either acquired (amputations) or congenital (congenital absence of a limb), resulted in plastic reorganization of motor outputs targeting muscles immediately proximal to the stump. Central nervous system lesions (i.e., spinal cord injury producing paraplegia) also resulted in enlargement of the map of outputs targeting muscles proximal to the lesion. These results indicate that magnetic stimulation is a useful non-invasive tool for exploring plastic changes in human motor pathways following different types of injury.
authors.affiliation: Human Cortical Physiology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bandinelli
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Topka
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fuhr
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000672:Amputation Stumps / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*