title: Changes in the bovine teat canal during the nonlactating period and early lactation, as measured by teat canal impressions.
abstract: Changes in dimensions of impressions of the lumen of the teat canals of 13 cows were examined at 17 intervals during the nonlactating period and early lactation. Impressions were made of teats of 2 diagonally opposed quarters of each cow, using dental impression material. Impression length was measured and cross sections of the impressions at the proximal (distal to Furstenburg rosette), distal (proximal to the teat orifice), and middle (midway between the 2), portions of the teat canal were prepared. Cross sections were photographed and enlarged, and circumference and area were determined by use of planimetry. Effects of making repeated impressions during the nonlactating period and early lactation on new infection rates and somatic cell counts were also assessed. Mean length of teat canal impressions decreased between days 0 and 3 of involution and during the prepartum periods. Depending on the level from which they were taken, cross-sectional areas of impressions tended to increase or increased significantly during the period of involution and again in the prepartum period. Significant changes in cross-sectional area were not observed during early lactation. Changes in circumference of proximal, middle, and distal cross sections followed trends similar to area measurements, but were more variable and differences were less statistically significant. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that heightened susceptibility to new infection during mammary involution and the prepartum period may be attributable, in part, to changes in the patency of the teat canal. Making impressions repeatedly throughout the nonlactating period and early lactation did not affect the number of new intramammary infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Oldham
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Eberhart
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bruso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D003760:Dental Impression Materials; D003761:Dental Impression Technique / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
chemical_list: D003760:Dental Impression Materials