title: The amelioration of myopia using biofeedback of accommodation: a review.
abstract: The purpose of this review is to give an account of the issues raised by reports that myopia can be treated by operant conditioning or biological feedback. Devices are available that provide auditory feedback of accommodative state such that variation in tone frequency provides a means by which the patient can monitor his or her ability to induce changes in accommodation response, the task thus being to change the pitch of the tone in a direction corresponding to a more distant far point. The aim of a training programme is to reinforce and establish control over the accommodative response by a process akin to operant conditioning and subsequently to transfer the skill to normal visual environments such that a manifest reduction in myopia becomes apparent. Although there are reports that the technique can induce a reduction in myopia by up to 3 D the findings are of limited value owing to the lack of objective data, for example pre- and post-training cycloplegic refraction. The pre- and post-training measures of subjective letter acuity used by many studies are, with repeated trials, particularly vulnerable to individual differences in the ability to learn how to discriminate and interpret blurred images. The review concludes that more comprehensive clinical trials are needed before accommodation biofeedback can qualify as an established method of clinical treatment of myopia. The trials should be designed to encompass the following issues: the characteristics of a feasible physiological model linking accommodation and myopia development; the rationale with regard to patient selection; the technical performance of the optometer employed; the characteristics of the control group used; the criteria for assessment of myopic change; the transfer of training to performance in normal visual environments; the economic viability of the programme of training and equipment; and the skill, training and knowledge of the clinician implementing the training programme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vision Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gilmartin
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winn
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D006801:Humans; D009216:Myopia / Q000628:therapy*