title: Changing attitudes and opinions regarding asbestos and cancer 1934-1965.
abstract: Literature published in the years 1934-1965 was reviewed to determine attitudes and opinions of scientists as to whether asbestos is a cause of cancer. In Germany, the issue was decided in 1943 when the government decreed that lung cancer, when associated with asbestosis (of any degree), was an occupational disease. In the United States, however, there was no consensus on the issue until 1964. Opinions of scientists over a 22 year period are shown and the contributions of various cultural, social, economic and political factors to these opinions are discussed. A lack of experimental and epidemiological evidence played a major role in delaying a consensus. Other important factors included a rejection of science conducted outside of the U.S. during this period, particularly a rejection of German scientific thought during and after WWII, and a rejection of clinical evidence in favor of epidemiological investigations. Individual writers rarely changed their minds on the subject of asbestos as a cause of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Enterline
mesh_terms: D001194:Asbestos / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001195:Asbestosis / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history*; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history*; D011643:Publishing; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D001194:Asbestos