title: Contrasts between symptoms of summer depression and winter depression.
abstract: Epidemiological studies and studies of clinical populations suggest that there are primarily two opposite patterns of seasonally recurring depressions: summer depression and winter depression. In addition, there is preliminary evidence that the two seasonal types of depression may have opposite types of vegetative symptoms. In the present study, we prospectively monitored symptoms of depression in 30 patients with recurrent summer depression and 30 sex-matched patients with recurrent winter depression and compared the symptom profiles of the two groups. Consistent with predictions based on the earlier reports, we found that winter depressives were more likely to have atypical vegetative symptoms, with increased appetite, carbohydrate craving, weight gain and hypersomnia, and that summer depressives were more likely to have endogenous vegetative symptoms, with decreased appetite and insomnia. A cluster analysis performed on the patients' symptom profiles without reference to season of occurrence of their episodes separated 78% of the summer depressives and winter depressives from each other on the basis of their symptoms (chi 2 = 19.29, P less than 0.001).
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychobiology Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wehr
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Giesen
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Joseph-Vanderpool
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasper
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D012621:Seasons; D012894:Sleep Stages; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates