title: Modern human origins in Australasia: replacement or evolution?
abstract: The controversies surrounding the origins of modern humans have spawned two competing hypotheses, namely Replacement and Multiregional Evolution. The first suggests that modern Homo sapiens evolved first in Africa, as late as 140 ka, and subsequently inhabited the balance of the Old World. Conversely, the second hypothesis posits that modern humans evolved principally from local populations of archaic hominids indigenous to the major regions of the Old World. The hominid mandibular remains (ca. 1 Ma) from Sangiran, central Java, Indonesia, were studied in order to test these hypotheses. Non-metric comparisons were performed between these fossils and aboriginal H. sapiens from Africa and Australia. The Replacement model would be supported by a unique Afro-Australian grouping while Multiregional Evolution would be suggested by a Sangiran-Australasian group which would exclude the modern Africans. These data support the Multiregional Evolution hypothesis in that a plurality (eight) of the seventeen non-metric features link Sangiran to modern Australians, while only three exclusively group the humans from Africa and Australia. These results are suggestive of morphological continuity, which implies the presence of a genetic continuum in Australasia dating back at least one million years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-0720.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005580:Fossils; D015186:Hominidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007630:Kenya; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology*