title: The effect of pre-incisional infiltration of tonsils with bupivacaine on the pain following tonsillectomy under general anesthesia.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that blockade of nociceptive input with bupivacaine during tonsillectomy can decrease pain beyond the immediate postoperative period. Fourteen patients between the ages of 6 and 18 years scheduled for tonsillectomy (with or without adenoidectomy) were randomly divided into two groups. The patients of both groups received 0.006 mg/kg atropine and anesthesia was induced by inhalation of halothane. Atracurium 0.5 mg/kg was used for myorelaxation. After oral intubation anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane plus nitrous oxide 67% in oxygen. In the bupivacaine group, 5 min before incision the tonsillar fossae were infiltrated with 0.25% bupivacaine with epinephrine (1 : 200,000). In the control group, the tonsillar fossae were infiltrated with normal saline with epinephrine (1 : 200,000). All patients received morphine 0.07 mg/kg (in the recovery room) and oral elixir with codeine 0.05 mg/kg plus acetaminophen 5 mg/kg every 4 h. Pain assessments were made using the visual analog (100 mm scale) self-rating method. Two types of pain were assessed: constant incisional pain and pain caused by drinking 100 ml of water. In the bupivacaine group, the constant pain score on the second day after surgery was 19 +/- 6 compared to 74 +/- 8 in the saline group (P less than 0.0002). By the 4-5th day after surgery almost no constant pain occurred in the bupivacaine group, but the pain score remained at the 40-60 level in the saline group. The difference in pain intensity on swallowing between the bupivacaine and saline groups was present even on the 10th postoperative day (1 +/- 1 vs. 14 +/- 5, P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UAB Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294 U.S.A. Department of Anesthesiology, UAB Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294 U.S.A. Department of Biostatistics, UAB Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294 U.S.A.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jebeles
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Juan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.forename: Edwin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kissin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000294:innervation; D014068:Tonsillectomy
chemical_list: D002045:Bupivacaine