title: Determination of total non-sulphonated aromatic amines in tartrazine, sunset yellow FCF and allura red by reduction and derivatization followed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
abstract: Free and bound non-sulphonated aromatic amines (NSAA) are determined in the food colours tartrazine, sunset yellow FCF and allura red. After reduction of the bound amines with sodium dithionite, the NSAA are extracted into chloroform, then transferred to aqueous acid solution, diazotized with sodium nitrite and coupled with 2-naphthol-3,6-disulphonic acid, disodium salt (R-salt). Reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography and an absorbance detector at 512 nm are used to analyse the coloured derivatives. Samples of dyes were spiked with known amounts of aniline, 1-naphthylamine, 2- and 4-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminoazobenzene, benzidine, p-cresidine or 4-nitro-p-cresidine bound to R-salt. Recoveries averaged 90% in tartrazine, 65% in sunset yellow FCF and 71% in allura red. Detection limits ranged between 2 and 32 ng/g. A survey of 24 commercial samples revealed levels up to 520 micrograms/g total NSAA. The majority of NSAA are bound to the coupling compound during the manufacturing process and less than 7% remain as free amines in the dye.
authors.affiliation: Food Research Division, Health & Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013645:Tartrazine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; C005915:Allura Red AC Dye; C005842:6-hydroxy-5-((p- sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid disodium salt; D013645:Tartrazine