title: Fate of Bacillus sphaericus 2362 spores following ingestion by nontarget invertebrates.
abstract: Elimination of Bacillus sphaericus spores ingested by midge larvae, snails, and oysters was most rapid among midge larvae. Spores remained in oysters up to 21 days and in snails up to 49 days. Viable spores were recovered in snail and oyster feces for these same periods. There was no indication of actively growing B. sphaericus in the animals. Passage through oyster gut detoxified the B. sphaericus mosquito larval toxin, but there was a 33% retention of toxicity following snail gut passage. Midge larvae reared to adults in spore-containing water carried spores in/on the adult body. This suggests that these animals could carry the bacteria to sites beyond the application area.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Yousten
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Benfield
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Foss
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Genthner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001407:Bacillus / Q000502:physiology*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity; D002683:Chironomidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D012908:Snails / Q000382:microbiology*; D013170:Spores / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; C046134:binB protein, Bacillus sphaericus