title: Cognitive spatial-motor processes. 7. The making of movements at an angle from a stimulus direction: studies of motor cortical activity at the single cell and population levels.
abstract: Two rhesus monkeys were trained to move a handle on a two-dimensional (2-D) working surface either towards a visual stimulus ("direct" task) or in a direction orthogonal and counterclockwise (CCW) from the stimulus ("transformation" task), depending on whether the stimulus appeared dim or bright, respectively. Thus the direction of the stimulus (S, in polar coordinates) and the direction of the movement (M) were the same in the direct task but differed in the transformation task, such that M = S + 90 degrees CCW. The task (i.e. brightness) condition (k = 2, i.e. direct or transformation) and the direction of the stimulus (m = 8, i.e. 8 equally spaced directions on a circle) resulted in 16 combinations (k x m = 16 "classes") that were varied from trial to trial in a randomized block design. In 8 of these combinations the direction of the stimulus was the same for both tasks, whereas the direction of the movement was the same in the remaining 8 cases. The electrical signs of cell activity (N = 394 cells) in the arm area of the motor cortex (contralateral to the performing arm) were recorded extracellularly. The neural activity was analyzed at the single cell and neuronal population levels, and a modeling of the time course of single activity during the transformation task was carried out. We found the following. (a) Individual cells were active in both tasks; no cells were found that were active exclusively in only one of the two tasks. The patterns of single cell activity in the transformation task frequently differed from those observed in the direct task when the stimulus or the movement were the same. More specifically, cells could not be consistently classified as "movement"-or "stimulus"-related for frequently the activity of a particular cell would seem "movement-related" for a particular stimulus-movement combination, "stimulus-related" for another combination, or unrelated to either movement or stimulus for still another combination. Thus no real insight could be gained from such an analysis of single cell activity. (e) In a different analysis, we explored the idea that a changing directional signal could be detected in the time course of single cell activity during the reaction time. For that purpose we modeled the time course of single activity observed in the transformation task as a linear, weighted combination of influences from the direct task, taking the time patterns of cell activity during the stimulus, intermediate and movement directions in the direct task as estimates of the postulated directional influences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Philip Bard Laboratories of Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lurito
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Georgakopoulos
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D004576:Electromyography; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009043:Motor Activity; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time