title: Cigarette smoking and employment status.
abstract: The smoking habits and health knowledge of the unemployed and the full-time workers were investigated in a cross-sectional study of over 10,000 men and women throughout Scotland. For both sexes (age range 40-59 years), the proportion of current smokers and ever smokers was found to be considerably higher among the unemployed. Only a small part of the difference could be explained by standardisation for social class. The unemployed smokers had began to smoke at an earlier age, with significantly more smoking whilst still at school. Amongst current smokers, the unemployed males reported smoking fewer cigarettes a day, whereas unemployed women smoked more than their full-time counterparts. The reported levels were confirmed by the biochemical measures of smoking; serum thiocyanate and expired air carbon monoxide levels. In contrast to their differences in smoking habit, the two groups were very similar in their knowledge of the hazards of smoking. Smoking habits among the unemployed reflect a complex interaction of financial and both current and previous social factors. Such relationships present a particular challenge to health promotion campaigns.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, U.K.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Crombie
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Tunstall-Pedoe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000592:standards*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012923:Social Class; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*