title: Piezogenic papules of the feet in healthy children and their possible relation with connective tissue disorders.
abstract: Piezogenic papules (PP) are pressure-induced lesions that appear on the heels while bearing weight, due to herniation of fat tissue into the dermis. They are present in the majority of adults. Because of the poor quality of connective tissue in hereditary disorders of connective tissue, such as the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, it has been suggested that PP would be larger in number and diameter in this group of disorders. If papules are present, they might be painful as well. In view of this hypothesis 322 healthy pupils aged 4 to 13 years from a Dutch primary school were examined in order to study the prevalence and characteristics of piezogenic papules and signs of connective tissue disorders (Ehlers-Danlos) such as hypermobility and skin fragility. Of the 322 children investigated, 72% had one or more PP, the average number being five, with a mean diameter of 3.3 mm. The mean papule diameter increased with age and body weight. None of the papules were painful. Hypermobile joints occurred in 4.3% of the children. Mean body weight was the same in hypermobile and nonhypermobile children of the same age. The numbers of PP were equal in both groups, as was the number of children with and without PP. None of the children showed skin fragility. Our conclusion is that PP are present in the majority of healthy children, and are never painful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: van Straaten
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: van Langen
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Oorthuys
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oosting
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004535:Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular