title: Pain during burn dressing change in children: relationship to burn area, depth and analgesic regimens.
abstract: To determine the level of pain that acutely burned children experience, we obtained pain scores before, during and after burn dressing change (BDC). Pain scores were higher during the BDC, consistent with severe pain during this procedure. A positive correlation between pain scores and the body surface area (BSA) burned suggests that pain increases with the size of the burn. Contrary to widely held beliefs, comparison of mean pain scores and the percent of 3rd degree burn revealed that the larger the area of full-thickness injury, the greater the pain. Regardless of wide variations in patient characteristics, fixed doses of oral narcotics were usually prescribed for pain. Patients with BSA greater than 70% experienced severe pain during BDC despite the type, dose or route of opioids. These findings suggest the need for (a) education to correct the myth that 'third-degree burns don't hurt'; (b) revision of analgesic prescribing patterns in the burned child; and (c) research to determine the mechanisms (e.g., tolerance or deafferentation) underlying the opioid-resistant nature of pain after large burns.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Shriners Burns Institute. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MAU.S.A. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MAU.S.A.
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Atchison
authors.forename: Patricia F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Osgood
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Stanislaw K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Szyfelbein
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000293:Adolescent; D001458:Bandages; D002056:Burns / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement
chemical_list: D000082:Acetaminophen; D009020:Morphine; D010098:Oxycodone