title: In vivo and in vitro toxicity of fractionated fish lipids, with particular regard to their content of chlorinated organic compounds.
abstract: Six different lipid matrices (the intact lipid (IL), four lipid fractions with different polarity, and the free fatty acids (FFAs) obtained by hydrolysis of the triacylglycerol (TAG) containing fraction) were obtained from salmon (Salmo salar) and eel (Anguilla anguilla), each collected at a contaminated and a comparatively uncontaminated catch site along the coast of Scandinavia. The lipid matrices were studied in toxicological test systems representing various biological functions of different organ systems from several species and trophic levels. The results were evaluated with particular respect to the concentrations of extractable organically bound chlorine (EOC1) in the matrices tested. In some test systems, the specimens with a higher EOC1 concentration appeared to be more toxic. For example, the TAG containing fraction (F2) from Idefjord eel, having a higher EOC1 content than F2 from Oslofjord eel, reduced the number and hatchability of eggs laid by zebrafish. Both IL and F2 of Idefjord eel increased mortality and reduced the oxygen/nitrogen-ratio in blue mussels. Non-polar compounds (F1) from Bothnian Sea salmon induced 7-ethoxyresurofin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in rainbow trout hepatocytes, whereas F1 from Senja salmon did not. F1 from Bothnian Sea salmon also reduced the number of T-cells in foetal mouse thymus analagen in vitro compared with the cell number in anlagen exposed to F1 from Senja salmon. A positive correlation between EOC1 concentration and test response was found for EROD activity in rainbow trout hepatocytes and for ATP-leakage in Erlich ascites tumour cells when testing the phospolipid containing fraction (F4). However, in most test systems the fish oils, irrespective of EOC1 content, were of low toxicity, and the observed effects need to be verified in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Håkansson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sundin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunström
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dencker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engwall
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ewald
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilek
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honkasalo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004524:Eels / Q000378:metabolism*; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009153:Mutagens; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D012474:Salmon / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils; D008055:Lipids; D009153:Mutagens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002713:Chlorine; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1