title: Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in filtered drinking water supplies.
abstract: Giardia and Cryptosporidium levels were determined by using a combined immunofluorescence test for filtered drinking water samples collected from 66 surface water treatment plants in 14 states and 1 Canadian province. Giardia cysts were detected in 17% of the 83 filtered water effluents. Cryptosporidium oocysts, were observed in 27% of the drinking water samples. Overall, cysts or oocysts were found in 39% of the treated effluent samples. Despite the frequent detection of parasites in drinking water, microscopic observations of the cysts and oocysts suggested that most of the organisms were nonviable. Compliance with the filtration criteria outlined by the Surface Water Treatment Rule of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency did not ensure that treated water was free of cysts and oocysts. The average plant effluent turbidity for sites which were parasite positive was 0.19 nephelometric turbidity units. Of sites that were positive for Giardia or Cryptosporidium spp., 78% would have been able to meet the turbidity regulations of the Surface Water Temperature Rule. Evaluation of the data by using a risk assessment model developed for Giardia spp. showed that 24% of the utilities examined would not meet a 1/10,000 annual risk of Giardia infection. For cold water conditions (0.5 degree C), 46% of the plants would not achieve the 1/10,000 risk level.
authors.affiliation: American Water Works Service Company, Inc., Belleville, Illinois 62220.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: LeChevallier
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D005374:Filtration; D005872:Giardia / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D010316:Particle Size; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply