title: Clinical immunology: past, present and future challenges and prospects.
abstract: Over the past four decades, immunology has undergone a revolution changing from a largely phenomenological science into a deeply analytical and technical field. Questions concerning the primary cell involved in cell-mediated immunity, the mechanisms responsible for antibody diversity as well as the molecules used by the network of immunological cells to communicate with one another that could barely be asked in the 1950s, have been definitely answered. A major contributor to this revolution in immunological knowledge has been the scientist focussing on patient-oriented clinical immunology, a form of clinical research requiring the presence of the patient or materials freshly derived from the patient. This type of research has led to the discovery of new diseases, the definition of new infectious agents causing disease and the delineation of functional defects using applied variables on mononuclear cells removed from the patient. Moreover, this type of research is absolutely required to test hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of disease in humans and to provide the scientific basis for the development of new approaches to therapy. As I look to the future, there are great threats to patient-oriented clinical research. The road ahead seems long and daunting. Nevertheless, I am encouraged that the patient-oriented clinical research scientist in the future will make major contributions to the use of the immune system in preventing human disease, in the development of immunological methods for diagnosis, and in the use of immune intervention to provide a new perspective for the prevention of allograft rejection, and for the treatment of neoplastic, immunodeficiency, and autoimmune disease.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 10892.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Waldmann
mesh_terms: D000486:Allergy and Immunology / Q000193:education / Q000639:trends; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D012108:Research Personnel