title: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis isolated in the UK from sputa.
abstract: Four hundred and thirty-one Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1272 Haemophilus influenzae and 305 Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis were isolated from sputa and identified in 28 UK laboratories during a ten week period in 1990. Disc diffusion susceptibility testing was performed in each centre using identical methods. Species-specific susceptibility breakpoints applied to data for six antimicrobial agents were determined from the distribution of isolates according to zone diameters of inhibition measured in participating laboratories and were correlated with minimum inhibitory concentration data obtained with 302 isolates sent to the coordinating centre. Inter-laboratory reproducibility was estimated by comparing peripheral and coordinating centre results for these 302 isolates and by distributing five reference strains to all laboratories for testing. Reduced susceptibility to ampicillin and amoxycillin-clavulanate was detected in less than 3% of S. pneumoniae, but 8.1% were resistant to tetracycline and 6.5% to erythromycin. Resistance to ampicillin due to production of beta-lactamase occurred in 9.4% of H. influenzae; another 5.2% were resistant to ampicillin and amoxycillin-clavulanate but were beta-lactamase-negative. 4.5% were resistant to tetracycline and most (86.6%) had MICs greater than or equal to 1 mg/L of erythromycin. Zone diameters around ampicillin discs were greater than or equal to 10 mm smaller than those around amoxycillin-clavulanate discs for 241 (79%) of M. catarrhalis. Although only 193/241 had been reported to be beta-lactamase positive by participating laboratories, data obtained at the coordinating centre confirmed that greater than or equal to 10 mm and less than or equal to 3 mm zone size differences correlated with beta-lactamase-positive and -negative isolates respectively. No M. catarrhalis were resistant to amoxycillin-clavulanate and less than 4% were resistant to either tetracycline or erythromycin. The prevalence of resistance to cefaclor was highest among H. influenzae (5.2%) and lowest among S. pneumoniae (0.9%). Only seven of 2008 isolates (two to three per species) were resistant to cefixime. The data suggest that the prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin must be taken into consideration when treating respiratory infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, London Hospital Medical College, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McVey
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kassim
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000668:Ampicillin Resistance; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007769:Lactams; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013753:Tetracycline Resistance; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007769:Lactams