title: Bowel and bladder control of children with myelomeningocele: a Nordic study.
abstract: The urinary and bowel control was studied of 527 children with myelomeningocele aged between four and 18 years. Information was obtained from medical records and by parent questionnaire. 44 had normal urinary control, 50 had a urinary diversion and the remaining 433 had neuropathic bladder without urinary diversion, of whom 31 per cent expressed their bladder manually and 40 per cent used clean intermittent catheterisation (CIC). 60 per cent needed assistance emptying their bladder. Children using CIC were more continent and needed less help, but were more often treated with antibiotics. Of the 527 children, 412 had disturbed bowel control. 212 evacuated their bowels manually, of whom 90 per cent needed assistance. Parents judged urinary incontinence to be very stressful for 37 per cent of the children and faecal incontinence for 33 per cent. The authors conclude that social urinary continence should be defined as the ability to keep dry for three hours or more.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lagergren
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lagerkvist
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hagelsteen
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Börjeson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muttilainen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taudorf
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012917:Social Adjustment; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014546:Urinary Catheterization; D014547:Urinary Diversion / Q000523:psychology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation