title: Measurement of cardiac dimensions with two-dimensional echocardiography in the living horse.
abstract: Two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) was performed on 22 unsedated Thoroughbred and part Thoroughbred horses weighing between 411 and 650 kg to establish normal reference values for 2DE measurements. Animals stood during examinations performed with a 3.5 MHz mechanical sector transducer using various transducer positions and tomographic planes. Right ventricular diameter (RVD), ventricular septal thickness (VSTh), aortic diameter (AoD), area of the chordal lumen of the left ventricle (CTA), left ventricular diameter (LVD) and left atrial diameter (LAD) were determined at ventricular end-diastole (Ed) and/or end-systole (Es). Fractional shortening (FS) of the left ventricle and end-systolic left atrial to aortic ratio (LAD-Es:AoD-Es) also were calculated. Echocardiographic data were related to body weight by linear regression analysis. Intra-observer variability was checked in five horses by measuring each parameter during each of 10 consecutive cardiac cycles. The 2DE data were compared with M-mode values in published reports. In the 18 horses whose weight did not exceed 551 kg, repeatable recordings of good quality were obtained, and 2DE measurements could be made using intra-cardiac reference points. Increasing body weight proved to impose substantial limitations on measurements taken with the available machine and transducer. This problem might be overcome by using probes of lower frequency or equipment with higher quality image display at greater depth. The following parameters correlated significantly to body weight: VSTh-Es (r = 0.69; P less than 0.01). AoD-Es (r = 0.64; P less than 0.01) and CTA-Es (r = 0.84; P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Science, Langford, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Voros
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gibbs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001835:Body Weight; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000662:veterinary*; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015588:Observer Variation; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012850:Sinus of Valsalva / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging