title: Rapid in-line blood warming using microwave energy: preliminary studies.
abstract: The management of massive blood loss resulting from trauma or surgery necessitates rapid transfusion capability. Hypothermia secondary to shock, transfusion, and prolonged surgical procedures significantly increases morbidity and mortality in these patients. Transfusion at high flow rates frequently exceeds the warming capacity of conventional blood-warming devices, whose inherent resistance also limits the maximal flow rates. Microwave ovens are capable of blood warming, but have been associated with unacceptable hemolysis. We have investigated the possibility of using microwave energy to provide rapid in-line blood warming. Fresh blood from 10 human subjects was warmed from an average of 18 degrees C to temperatures ranging from 37 to 39 degrees C at flow rates from 250 to 500 mL/min. Laboratory analysis of free plasma hemoglobin, haptoglobin, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and electrolytes showed no difference between heated and control samples. LDH was elevated in those samples warmed repeatedly, but remained within the normal range. These data indicate the potential for further investigation utilizing properly controlled microwave energy for in-line blood and fluid warming.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Schwaitzberg
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Grabowy
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cleveland
mesh_terms: D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000379:methods*; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000628:therapy*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008872:Microwaves; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors