title: Stress and differential alterations in immune system functions: conclusions from social stress studies in animals.
abstract: Psychosocial factors are implicated in the development, in the course of, and in the recovery from disease. The immune system may be a mediator of the disease. Studies with animal models using social interactions in rodents suggest that short- and long-term social stress does not invariably suppress immune system functions. The magnitude and direction of changes in diverse compartments of the immune system are highly correlated to the social position of the animal. Furthermore, genetic, developmental, and adult experience may predetermine the animal's coping strategy both in terms of behaviour and neuroendocrinology, and hence in immunology as well. It is argued that disease processes should be considered as a function of baseline immunological state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Physiology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bohus
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Koolhaas
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: De Ruiter
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heijnen
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D012919:Social Behavior; D012930:Social Dominance; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000276:immunology*