title: Demonstration of physical dependence following chronic continuous methadone delivery via osmotic minipumps in pregnant rats.
abstract: The effects of a 14-day (gestation days 7-20) chronic methadone (6.3-9.0 mg/kg/day) infusion via osmotic minipumps were studied on the induction of physical dependence in both pregnant and nonpregnant female rats. Following continued methadone exposure, an acute injection of naloxone (2.0 mg/kg, SC) produced the following symptoms of withdrawal in both pregnant and nonpregnant methadone-exposed rats: increased frequency of head shakes, teeth-chattering and face-rubbing episodes, as well as the induction of burrowing, diarrhea, facial tremor, squeaking and vaginal sniffing. Increased fetal movement in the maternal abdomen was also observed in the pregnant rats. In the saline-exposed pregnant controls, naloxone failed to induce a significant effect. In addition, brain and plasma methadone levels during the various stages of pregnancy (gestation days 8-20) were determined. The methadone levels in plasma were initially variable (gestation days 8-12) but became more constant (approximately 50 ng/ml) from gestation day 14 to 20. Methadone brain levels also followed a similar pattern, except that the brain methadone content was at least 20-fold greater than plasma concentrations at any given time. Thus, relative to the high brain levels, the present data suggest that acute changes in methadone plasma concentration may not be a good index of pharmacological effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Darmani
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Saady
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Schnoll
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012016:Reference Values; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009270:Naloxone; D008691:Methadone