title: Electronic pacing of incapacitated head and neck structures.
abstract: Paralysis in the head and neck can affect any motor or mixed cranial nerves and the cervical roots. Most conspicuous deficits, however, involve the larynx and the face. The capacity for denervated striated muscle to undergo reinnervation, and the presence of remaining sources of information, have allowed coordinated rehabilitation of incapacitated cervical neuromuscular systems. The object of further related research should focus on the long-term efficacy of the reinnervated muscle machinery and the potential complexities of electronic integration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Disorders, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broniatowski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grundfest-Broniatowski
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nosé
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003491:Cybernetics; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D010243:Paralysis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000534:rehabilitation*