title: The secondary middle turbinate.
abstract: During functional endoscopic sinus surgery, the ethmoidal infundibulum and bulla are accessed through the middle meatus. This paper describes a secondary middle turbinate which arises from the lateral wall of the middle meatus, posterosuperior to the infundibulum and points superiorly within the meatus. A secondary middle turbinate was identified bilaterally in 6 out of 400 coronal CT scans of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The secondary middle turbinate did not obstruct the osteomeatal complex in any of our patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khanobthamchai
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hawke
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bingham
mesh_terms: D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010173:Palpation; D011859:Radiography; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014420:Turbinates / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging