title: Evaluation of factors influencing ampoule secondary particulate contamination. A strategy for its reduction in small volume parenterals.
abstract: In this paper, we evaluated the influence of some glass ampoules characteristics that are critical as far as secondary particle contamination (visible and sub-visible) of small volume parenterals. Following characteristics were considered: snap-opening system (colour-break scoring and o.p.c.); break-point strength (high and low); dimensional characteristics (three types D1, D2, D3). According to the proper statistical design, 18 different batches of 2 ml ampoules filled with water for injection were manufactured; then sub-visible and visible particulate contamination generated on snap-opening the ampoules were examined. Sub visible particle counting was performed by the light-blockage method and visible particles counting by the membrane-filtration method. With regard to sub-visible particles, statistical analysis showed significant interactions of break-point strength with both ampoule dimensional characteristics and the type of snap-opening system. Break-point strength seems to have the greatest influence on the level of particulate contamination. Differences in ampoule snap-opening systems and dimensional characteristics exert a significant effect on the level of particle contamination only at high break-point strength. With regard to visible particles generated on snapping the ampoules, data are consistent with the findings of sub-visible particulate contamination. Ampoules manufactured according to DIN dimensional characteristics and with an o.p.c. snap-opening system provide the lowest particle burden.
authors.affiliation: Glaxo S.p.A., Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernuzzi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raggi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montanari
mesh_terms: D004340:Drug Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004349:Drug Packaging; D005898:Glass; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions