title: Persistence in three-species food chain models with group defense.
abstract: Gause-type models of a three-species food web with group defense are analyzed. Persistence criteria are derived for both the case of no mutual interference and the case when there is mutual interference of predators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Freedman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004463:Ecology; D008433:Mathematics; D008954:Models, Biological; D011235:Predatory Behavior