title: Effects of amphotericin B and fluconazole on the extracellular and intracellular growth of Candida albicans.
abstract: The effects of amphotericin B and fluconazole on the extracellular and intracellular growth of Candida albicans were studied. With respect to the extracellular growth of C. albicans, antifungal activity was measured in terms of MICs and minimal fungicidal concentrations as well as by determination of the concentration that effectively killed (greater than 99.9%) C. albicans in the absence or presence (amphotericin B only) of serum. Amphotericin B was highly active in terms of killing, even at an increased inoculum size. In the presence of serum, amphotericin B activity was substantially reduced. For fluconazole, activity was restricted to inhibition of fungal growth, even after the inoculum size was reduced. With respect to the intracellular growth of C. albicans, antifungal activity was measured by using monolayers of murine peritoneal macrophages infected with C. albicans and was measured in terms of inhibition of germ tube formation as well as effective killing (greater than 99%) of C. albicans. Amphotericin B was highly active against C. albicans. At an increased ratio of infection, amphotericin B activity was slightly reduced. Fluconazole had no antifungal activity. Neither a reduction in the ratio of infection nor exposure of C. albicans to fluconazole prior to macrophage ingestion resulted in activity against intracellular C. albicans by fluconazole. Previous exposure of C. albicans to amphotericin B resulted in increased intracellular activity of amphotericin B. The intracellular antifungal activity of the combination of fluconazole with amphotericin B was less than that of amphotericin B alone. Amphotericin B showed fungicidal activity against C. albicans growing both extracellularly and intracellularly, whereas fluconazole inhibited growth only of extracellular C. albicans. A slight antagonistic effect between fluconazole and amphotericin B was found with respect to intracellular as well as extracellular C. albicans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Therapy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: van Etten
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: van de Rhee
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: van Kampen
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Bakker-Woudenberg
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D003470:Culture Media; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole