title: Direct determination of codeine, norcodeine, morphine and normorphine with their corresponding O-glucuronide conjugates by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
abstract: A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the detection, separation and measurement of codeine and its metabolites norcodeine, morphine and normorphine, with their glucuronide conjugates. The glucuronidase Escherichia coli type VIIA hydrolyses codeine-6-glucuronide completely and is used for the construction of the calibration curves of codeine-6-glucuronide. Enzymic hydrolysis of codeine-6-glucuronide depends on the specific activity of the glucuronidase applied. Examples are shown of a volunteer who is able to form morphine from codeine and one who is unable to do so.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Academic Hospital Nijmegen Sint Radboud, Netherlands.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Verwey-van Wissen
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Koopman-Kimenai
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Vree
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003061:Codeine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D009020:Morphine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D005965:Glucuronates; D009022:Morphine Derivatives; C010414:norcodeine; D009020:Morphine; C061773:codeine-6-glucuronide; D003061:Codeine; C010616:normorphine