title: Antiviral and pharmacokinetic properties of C2 symmetric inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease.
abstract: Specific processing of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gag and gag-pol polyprotein gene products by the HIV protease is essential for the production of mature, infections progeny virions. Inhibitors of HIV protease block this maturation and thus prohibit the spread of HIV in vitro. Previously, we reported a series of novel, symmetric inhibitors of HIV protease designed to match the C2 symmetric structure of the active site of the enzyme. In response to the poor aqueous solubility of those lead compounds, we designed a series of analogs with substantially improved (greater than 10(4) fold) solubility. These inhibitors showed anti-HIV activity in H9 and MT4 cells at 0.05 to 10 microM, and in most cases, they were noncytotoxic at concentrations in excess of 100 microM. Further examination of one inhibitor (A-77003) revealed broad-spectrum activity against both HIV types 1 and 2, including azidothymidine-resistant HIV, in a variety of transformed and primary human cell lines. After administration of the inhibitors to rats, short half-lives and, with two notable exceptions, moderate oral bioavailability were observed. Additional pharmacokinetic studies in dogs and monkeys revealed the potential utility of A-77003 as an intravenous anti-HIV agent.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Products, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kempf
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Knigge
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Norbeck
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Kohlbrenner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Codacovi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vasavanonda
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: X C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001682:Biological Availability; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D015488:HIV Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D006207:Half-Life; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013402:Sugar Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D015488:HIV Antigens; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D013402:Sugar Alcohols; C065300:A 74704; C073672:A 75925; D016333:HIV Protease; D014633:Valine