title: Shifting paradigms of international health.
abstract: The evolution of international health is showing increasing symptoms of decline. The paradigms of world health crystallized into a clear system of international health relations in the post-war period (1945-1960), based upon the tenet to preserve and promote peace, culminating in the establishment and effectiveness of the World Health Organization (WHO). The last decades have witnessed the emergence of Primary Health Care (PHC) and the subsequent objective of "Health for All" (HFA) as the guiding principles of the field. By the 1990s, however, the strategic weakness of these paradigms has become apparent, yet no realistic substitute is in sight. Unless a serious and urgent attempt is undertaken at reformulating its basic conceptual tenets, the field of international health, and with it WHO, is risking a major decline and could ultimately pass into obscurity and oblivion.
authors.affiliation: Asia 1 Department, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Pannenborg
mesh_terms: D005544:Forecasting; D014943:Global Health; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006285:Health Planning / Q000639:trends; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D010686:Philosophy, Medical; D014944:World Health Organization / Q000458:organization & administration