title: Diurnal changes in psychophysiological variables of school girls: comparison with regard to age and teacher's appreciation of learning.
abstract: Ninety-five nonresident girls of a private school volunteered for the study with the teachers' help as well as parental consent. Ages were approximately 8, 9, and 10 years. They were synchronized with diurnal activity from 0730 to 2100 h and nocturnal rest. Fatigue, drowsiness, and attention were self-rated using visual analogue scales; oral temperature was self-measured and a letter cancellation test was performed. Each of these variables was measured at school at 0900, 1100, 1400, and 1600 h on Mondays, Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays for two consecutive weeks in 1987 (March 30-April 11) and again in 1989 (March 13-25) when the youngest group had become 10 years old. According to conventional teacher evaluation of learning (learning performance) within each group, three subgroups were formed: top third, middle third, and bottom third. Time series (more than 50,000 data) were analyzed according to several statistical methods, but mainly chronograms with ANOVA. Similar diurnal changes in oral temperature were validated for each group and subgroups. The occurrence of a diurnal change in self-rated variables (fatigue and drowsiness) and score in letter cancellation was age related: no detection in the 8-year-old group (and subgroups) and validation (p less than 0.002) in 9- and 10-year-old groups (and respective subgroups). A good learning performance was associated with a reduced drowsiness in school girls of 9 and 10 years. Age-related, time-of-day differences in drowsiness (when detected) as well as learning performance effect were not associated with observed duration of sleep. Validated changes in self-rated fatigue were close to that of drowsiness. At 0900 h, girls of 9 and 10 years were more tired when belonging to the bottom third than top third subgroup. Whatever the time of day, self-rated attention was greater in the top than in the bottom third for these girls. Differences related to learning performance were validated in each grade. However, best scores were recorded for the bottom third in the 8-year-old group, while best scores were provided by top third subgroups in 10-year-old girls. It seems that in girls around 8 years of age, critical changes can be detected with regard to the (ontogenic?) occurrence of time-of-day differences in a set of psychophysiologic variables as well as influential effects of learning performance on the same variables. Reported finding are compatible with the hypothesis of circadian oscillators working at the level of the cortex of the human brain.
authors.affiliation: Fondation A. de Rothschild, Paris, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guérin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boulenguiez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reinberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Costanzo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guran
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Touitou
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001288:Attention; D001831:Body Temperature; D002648:Child; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005221:Fatigue; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011603:Psychophysiology; D012894:Sleep Stages; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D013663:Teaching