title: Diagnosis and management of sacral agenesis.
abstract: Herein, the diagnosis and management of 14 cases with sacral agenesis experienced in the last 15 years were reviewed. Age at first presentation tended to be older than that of meningomyelocele patients. All the children displayed partial sacral agenesis or hemisacrum. Occult spinal dysraphism was found in 8. Frequent association of genitourinary and anorectal anomalies required important alterations in the management. Vesicoureteral reflux was found in 8 patients but most of them were treated conservatively. Thirteen children underwent urodynamic evaluation on more than 1 occasion and 12 displayed neurogenic bladder dysfunction (upper motor type 6, lower motor type 5, upper and lower type 1). However, the diagnosis of bladder dysfunction was not final. Clean intermittent catheterization was most frequently assigned but it was difficult in some cases with urethral abnormalities. Overall, 5 children required surgical intervention for their urinary tract, 4 of whom needed multiple procedures. As a result, half the children achieved continence and 1 child, who awaited reconstructive surgery, had slightly elevated serum creatinine. In summary, early diagnosis, complete neurourological evaluation and adequate management with careful follow-up monitoring risk factors to the upper urinary tract are mandatory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gotoh
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shinno
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watarai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koyanagi
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D012447:Sacrum / Q000002:abnormalities*; D016136:Spina Bifida Occulta / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D014546:Urinary Catheterization; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology