title: Comparison of the effects of cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide and carbon dioxide in health volunteers.
abstract: Twenty-six healthy volunteers received either 25 micrograms of cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) or a mixture of 35% carbon dioxide in oxygen (CO2). DSM-III-R criteria including anxiety, apprehension and/or fear of at least moderate intensity were used to determine the occurrence of a panic attack. Results for the entire sample revealed that CCK-4 produced significantly more intense symptoms than CO2, but not a significantly greater number of symptoms. The incidence of DSM-III-R panic attacks was similar with both substances; 21% (3/14) for CO2 and 17% (2/12) for CCK-4. This study indicates that CCK-4 is at least as potent as CO2 in producing panic symptoms in healthy volunteers and is a useful challenge paradigm for comparative research of pharmacologic agents which possess distinct neurobiologic properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, St. Mary's Hospital Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koszycki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bradwejn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bourin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010200:Panic / Q000187:drug effects*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013758:Tetragastrin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013758:Tetragastrin; D002245:Carbon Dioxide