title: Microbial barrier properties of hen egg shells.
abstract: Scanning electron micrographs of shell surfaces revealed a highly fissured outer layer with few open pores on brown eggs but many on white eggs. Total removal of the cuticle with solvents was difficult but partial removal with surface etching was possible using concentrated nitric acid. Staining methods to estimate the number of pores were unsatisfactory but it was possible to detect and count pores on micrographs, as pore mouths were usually associated with depressions and cuticle disruptions. Additionally, porosity could be estimated by measuring the distance between pores along fractured edges of samples. Egg shell contents were replaced with nutrient agar and incubated in Escherichia coli broth. Colonies were subsequently isolated from the agar, indicating that the barrier properties of shells and membranes had been compromised. Experiments with isolated inner shell membranes showed that these posed no significant barrier to E. coli. The exposure of whole intact eggs to E. coli broth followed by seep filtration and microbiological analysis of egg contents, indicated that bacteria had entered the eggs. The degree of infection was correlated with the pole of the egg in contact with the E. coli broth and was attributed to the increased porosity of the blunt pole of the egg compared with that of the apex. Similar experiments immersing eggs into broth inoculated with a Salmonella strain resulted in contamination of the egg contents with this organism.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Applied Biology, University of York, Heslington, Great Britain.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haigh
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Betts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004531:Eggs / Q000382:microbiology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D005285:Fermentation; D005516:Food Microbiology; D007785:Lactose / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012475:Salmonella / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007785:Lactose