title: Total ligation of the left renal vein in the dog: an inappropriate model for varicocele.
abstract: Induction of varicocele was attempted by ligation of the left renal vein (LRV) in male dogs (Group I). Before the operation and in the 4-month post-operative period, sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology of Group I (n = 8) dogs were compared to sham operated animals (Group II, n = 5). Furthermore, haemodynamics as well as testicular and vascular morphology were studied. In Group I, changes in diameter and consistency of the spermatic cord were temporary. Semen quality was reduced significantly during the second month after ligation of the LRV, but improved thereafter. Haemodynamic studies revealed that LRV blood pressure was increased significantly in Group I dogs. An extensive venous collateral network replaced the occluded LRV. Retrograde blood flow in the left testicular vein (LTV) was observed only in the proximal part of the LTV of Group I dogs. In Group II dogs numerous pairs of sufficient valves prevented reflux into the LTV. Histological examination revealed that spermatogenesis was not impaired and that the left pampiniform plexus had not changed. The number of Leydig cells was decreased slightly in Group I dogs. Sufficient valves in the LTV prevented formation of a permanent varicocele.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Laven
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wensing
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Wolvekamp
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Teerds
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000473:pathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D010690:Phlebography; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000601:surgery; D012661:Semen; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014646:Varicocele / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology