title: Bicycle-associated head injuries and deaths in the United States from 1984 through 1988. How many are preventable?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the potential benefits from more widespread bicycle safety helmet use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of death certificates and emergency department injury data for 1984 through 1988. Categorization of deaths and injuries as related to bicycling and head injury. Using relative risks of 3.85 and 6.67 derived from a case-control study and varying helmet usage from 10% to 100%, population attributable risk was calculated to estimate preventable deaths and injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Entire United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Numbers of US residents coded as dying from bicycle-related head injuries, numbers of persons presenting to emergency departments for bicycle-related head injuries, and numbers of attributable bicycle-related deaths and head injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1984 through 1988, bicycling accounted for 2985 head injury deaths (62% of all bicycling deaths) and 905,752 head injuries (32% of persons with bicycling injuries treated at an emergency department). Forty-one percent of head injury deaths and 76% of head injuries occurred among children less than 15 years of age. Universal use of helmets by all bicyclists could have prevented as many as 2500 deaths and 757,000 head injuries, ie, one death every day and one head injury every 4 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effective community-based education programs and legislated approaches for increasing bicycle safety helmet usage have been developed and await only the resources and commitment to reduce these unnecessary deaths and injuries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Injury Control, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga 30333.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sacks
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holmgreen
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sosin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology