title: In vivo correlation of myocardial metabolism, perfusion, and mechanical function during increased cardiac work.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to study the in vivo interaction and regulation of myocardial perfusion, metabolism, and pump function in an open chest canine model using a combination of potentially non-invasive and clinically useful techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess potential regulatory mechanisms and the interaction of myocardial perfusion, metabolism, and contractile function responses during changes in cardiac workload, noradrenaline (1 microgram.kg-1.min-1) was infused and hypoxia was produced by increasing the inspired ratio of nitrogen to oxygen to produce a PaO2 of 2.6-4.0 kPa in separate interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine mongrel dogs of either sex, age 2-5 years, weight 8.5(SD 2.2) kg, were studied in separate interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial perfusion was determined using 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measured washout of deuterium oxide from the left ventricle interpreted with a one component Kety-Schmidt exponential model. High energy phosphate bioenergetics were determined by 31P NMR measurements of the phosphocreatine/ATP ratio. Redox state was estimated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide fluorometry expressed as percent change from the baseline, normalised to maximum response measured at 100% inspired N2. Mechanical function was evaluated using heart rate X systolic blood pressure and oxygen consumption measurements. During both noradrenaline infusion and hypoxia, mechanical function increased significantly from control values: heart rate X systolic blood pressure = 1.9(SD 0.5), 3.6(0.1), and 2.6(0.4), respectively; oxygen consumption = 0.9(2), 1.6(0.1), and 1.2(0.6) ml.min-1.100 g-1. Myocardial perfusion increased to support the increased workloads, from 87(10) to 131(20), and from 60(12) to 182(14) ml.min-1.100 g-1, respectively. ADP, estimated by the phosphocreatine/ATP ratio, did not change during noradrenaline infusion [2.4(0.2) to 2.4(0.7)], but decreased during hypoxia [2.4(0.4) to 1.7(0.5)]. Redox state decreased during noradrenaline infusion, from 100% to 84(0.7)%, and increased during hypoxia, from 100% to 140(10)%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar changes in workload induced by different physiological stimuli are associated with different biochemical responses even though changes in perfusion are similar. The data suggest that myocardial function is regulated by different biochemical mechanisms under different physiological conditions, ie, there is probably no universal regulator of myocardial function. It is now possible to evaluate potential metabolic regulators of myocardial function in an in vivo animal model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osbakken
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mayevsky
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chance
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005470:Fluorometry; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology