title: Cigarette tar content and symptoms of chronic bronchitis: results of the Scottish Heart Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to determine if there was a relationship between cigarette tar yield and rates of chronic cough and chronic phlegm.
  
  
  METHODS
  22 districts across Scotland were used for the Scottish Heart Health Study (SHHS) which was conducted between 1984 and 1986 and from which the data for this analysis were obtained.
  
  
  METHODS
  10,359 men and women aged 40-59 years were studied. Of these, 2801 current cigarette smokers whose brand of cigarette smoked was known were selected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data on self reported smoking habits and prevalence of chronic cough and chronic phlegm were obtained from the SHHS. Tar yield was divided into three groups: low (less than or equal to 12 mg/cigarette); middle (13-14 mg/cigarette); high (greater than or equal to 15 mg/cigarette). The average tar yield consumed per person was 13.2 mg/cigarette. Women in the middle and high tar groups had smoked for longer and had significantly higher breath carbon monoxide levels, serum thiocyanate levels, serum cotinine levels, and daily cigarette consumption than the women in the low tar group. This pattern was not seen in men for any of these five smoking variables. Rates of chronic cough and chronic phlegm were higher with higher tar yield of cigarettes smoked for women (low tar v high tar: p less than 0.001) but not for men. Daily cigarette consumption and the number of years of smoking were the most significant risk factors for chronic cough and chronic phlegm for both men and women. Tar was still a significant risk factor (p less than 0.05) for women after controlling for these two risk factors and social class.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both sexes show strong effects of daily cigarette consumption and years of smoking on respiratory symptoms; women show an additional effect of cigarette tar content while men do not. The spread of tar yield in both sexes was small but there were more women on low tar cigarettes and this may have enabled a weak effect of tar to be seen better in them. On the other hand, tar level in women was confounded with other factors. Statistical methods of controlling for this may not have removed this confounding completely.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Crombie
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tunstall-Pedoe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003371:Cough / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013638:Tars / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D013638:Tars