title: Copper, zinc, manganese, and magnesium status and complications of diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate copper, zinc, manganese, magnesium, and other indices of peroxidative status in diabetic and nondiabetic human subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience sample of 57 insulin-dependent or non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects recruited from the diabetes clinic of the University of California, Davis, Medical Center and 28 nondiabetic subjects recruited from the staffs of the Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition. Individuals conducting laboratory analyses were blind to subject group. A fasting blood sample was collected from all subjects and appropriately processed for future analyses. A 24-h urine collection was obtained in a subset of subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperzincuria and hypermagnesuria were evident in diabetic subjects compared with control subjects. There were no differences in plasma magnesium or whole-blood manganese between groups. Plasma copper was higher and plasma zinc was lower in diabetic than in control subjects. When data were viewed with respect to specific diabetes-associated complications, diabetic subjects with retinopathy, hypertension, or microvascular disease had higher plasma copper concentrations compared with both diabetic subjects without complications and with control subjects. There were no significant differences between control and diabetic subjects in erythrocyte copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity or whole-blood glutathione peroxidase or glutathione reductase activities. Plasma peroxide concentrations were higher in diabetic than control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes can alter copper, zinc, magnesium, and lipid peroxidation status. Perturbations in mineral metabolism are more pronounced in diabetic populations with specific complications. It is not known whether differences in trace element status are a consequence of diabetes, or alternatively, whether they contribute to the expression of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis 95817.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Uriu-Hare
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Olin
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Oster
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Anawalt
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Critchfield
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Keen
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc