title: A molecular basis for target-cell toxicity and upper urothelial carcinoma in analgesic abusers and patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy.
abstract: Ochratoxin A is ubiquitous in regions where Balkan endemic nephropathy is common. It damages the kidney cortex in a range of experimental animals and induces renal parenchymal carcinoma in mice, but it is not a potent carcinogen, nor is there experimental evidence to link it to upper urothelial carcinoma (UUC). A model UUC can be induced experimentally in rodents by urothelial initiation, followed by an acutely induced papillary necrosis. This two-stage experimental model may help to clarify the role of ochratoxin A in initiating or promoting upper urothelial cells and increase our understanding of the development of UUC in patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: School of Science, Polytechnic of East London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bach
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D001449:Balkan Nephropathy; D002085:Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005200:FANFT / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D015994:Incidence; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007681:Kidney Papillary Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008954:Models, Biological; D015651:Mycotoxicosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000633:toxicity; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012377:Rodentia; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D002273:Carcinogens; D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A; D002085:Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine; C051500:N-nitrosobutyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)amine glucuronide; D005200:FANFT