title: Etiopathogenesis of craniosynostosis.
abstract: Craniosynostosis is both etiologically and pathogenetically heterogeneous. Known causes include monogenic and chromosomal disorders, fetal head constraint, teratogens (aminopterin, diphenylhydantoin, retinoic acid, valproic acid), metabolic diseases (hyperthyroidism, rickets, mucopolysaccharidoses, mucolipidoses), hematologic disorders (thalassemias, sickle cell anemia, congenital hemolytic icterus, polycythemia vera), and malformations (microcephaly, encephalocele, shunted hydrocephaly, holoprosencephaly).
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000196:embryology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000150:complications