title: Decreased duration of emergency department treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the addition of ipratropium bromide to beta-agonist therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the benefit of the addition of ipratropium bromide to beta-agonist therapy of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trial was randomized and double blinded.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in the emergency department of Parkland Memorial Hospital, a busy, inner-city, county hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were treated in the medicine emergency department with either the standard regimen of nebulized isoetharine, 0.5 mL of a 1% solution (5.0 mg) diluted to 2.0 mL with normal saline every hour (control group) or with the same regimen plus ipratropium bromide, 54 micrograms (three puffs) after the first isoetharine treatment and 36 micrograms (two puffs) after the second and fourth (experimental group). A placebo metered-dose inhaler used in the same manner as the ipratropium blinded the study to both the patients and medical personnel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group treated with the addition of ipratropium (30) was discharged from the ED an average of 91 minutes (P less than .05) sooner than the control group (25) and required on the average one less isoetharine treatment (P less than .05). The pulmonary functions tested, forced expiratory volume in the first second, and the forced vital capacity were the same in the two groups initially and on discharge, as identical discharge criteria were used in each group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of ipratropium to standard beta-agonist treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations shortens the duration of treatment required in the ED.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8889.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haddox
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Gourlay
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007528:Isoetharine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D009241:Ipratropium; D007528:Isoetharine