title: Retinoic acid stimulates neurite outgrowth in the amphibian spinal cord.
abstract: There is increasing evidence that retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A metabolite, plays a role in the development of the nervous system. Here we specifically test this notion by examining the effect of RA on neurite outgrowth from explanted segments of the axolotl spinal cord. We show that there is a threshold concentration in the region of 0.1-1 nM above which neurite outgrowth is stimulated 4-5 fold. Retinol, by contrast, only stimulated the migration of glial cells from the explants. Using HPLC we demonstrate that RA and retinol are present endogenously in the axolotl spinal cord. In addition, we have identified by immunocytochemistry with antipeptide antibodies the cells of the spinal cord that contain the binding proteins for RA (cellular RA-binding protein; CRABP) and retinol (cellular retinol-binding protein; CRBP). CRABP is found in the axons and CRBP is found in the ependyma and glial cells. These results provide strong evidence for a role for RA in the developing nervous system, and we propose a specific hypothesis involving CRBP, CRABP, retinol, and RA in the control of axon outgrowth in the spinal cord.
authors.affiliation: Anatomy & Human Biology Group, King's College, Strand, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maden
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Summerbell
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Holder
mesh_terms: D000557:Ambystoma; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012176:Retinoids / Q000737:chemistry; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D054840:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Cellular; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012176:Retinoids; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins; D054840:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Cellular; D014801:Vitamin A; D014212:Tretinoin