title: Solubility enhancement of some water-insoluble drugs in the presence of nicotinamide and related compounds.
abstract: The solubilities of five poorly water-soluble drugs, diazepam, griseofulvin, progesterone, 17 beta-estradiol, and testosterone, were studied in the presence of nicotinamide. All solubilities were found to increase in a nonlinear fashion as a function of nicotinamide concentration. The K1:1 and K1:2 stability constants were as follows: for diazepam, K1:1 = 5.23 M-1 and K1:2 = 8.6 M-2; for griseofulvin, K1:1 = 5.54 M-1 and K1:2 = 8.82 M-2; for progesterone, K1:1 = 5.48 M-1 and K1:2 = 42.47 M-2; for 17 beta-estradiol, K1:1 = 5.38 M-1 and K1:2 = 36.9 M-2; and for testosterone, K1:1 = 5.07 M-1 and K1:2 = 27.47 M-2. Two aliphatic analogues of nicotinamide (nipecotamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide) were studied as ligands with diazepam and griseofulvin and were found to increase the solubilities of both drugs in a linear fashion. The aromatic analogue, N,N-diethylnicotinamide, showed a nonlinear solubilization relationship similar to that seen with nicotinamide. In addition, three other aromatic analogues (isonicotinamide, 1-methylnicotinamide iodide, and N-methylnicotinamide) were studied. These ligands were not soluble enough in water to be studied over the wide range of concentrations used for nicotinamide and N,N-diethylnicotinamide; however, in the concentration range studied, these ligands solubilized diazepam and griseofulvin to a degree similar to that observed with comparable concentrations of nicotinamide. These results suggest that the aromaticity (Pi-system) of the pyridine ring is an important factor in complexation because the aromatic amide ligands were found to enhance the aqueous solubilities of the test drugs to a greater extent than the aliphatic amide ligands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Iraq.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rasool
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Dittert
mesh_terms: D003975:Diazepam / Q000737:chemistry; D004958:Estradiol / Q000737:chemistry; D006118:Griseofulvin / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry*; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D011374:Progesterone / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013739:Testosterone / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D014867:Water; D009536:Niacinamide; D006118:Griseofulvin; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D003975:Diazepam