title: Worldwide trends in the socioeconomic impact and long-term prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), once considered a benign and nonprogressive disease, is a debilitating condition with serious physical, emotional, and economic consequences. It afflicts approximately 1% of the adult population worldwide; prevalence increases with age, with twice as many women as men affected. In the United States, age, lack of formal education, and lower socioeconomic class correlate with both the incidence and poor prognosis of RA. The patient with RA faces increasing functional disability, the likelihood of work disability within 10 years after the onset of the disease, and a drastic reduction in earnings. Compared with individuals without the disease, patients with RA incur higher medical care costs, increased hospitalization, and a greater number of physician visits. As in the general population, the leading cause of death among patients with RA is cardiovascular disease, and deaths due to malignancy occur at a comparable incidence; however, patients with RA are at greater risk of mortality due to infection, renal disease, respiratory conditions, and gastrointestinal disease. Life expectancy is shorter among patients with RA than in the general population, and survival rates are comparable to those for Hodgkin's disease, diabetes mellitus, stroke, and three-vessel coronary artery disease. Efforts must be made to develop improved therapeutic strategies and rehabilitative programs to improve the quality of life of patients with RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Markenson
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004651:Employment; D014943:Global Health; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D009017:Morbidity; D009026:Mortality; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors