title: Pituitary hyperplasia and gigantism in mice caused by a cholera toxin transgene.
abstract: Cyclic AMP is thought to act as an intracellular second messenger, mediating the physiological response of many cell types to extracellular signals. In the pituitary, growth hormone (GH)-producing cells (somatotrophs) proliferate and produce GH in response to hypothalamic GH-releasing factor, which binds a receptor that stimulates Gs protein activation of adenylyl cyclase. We have now determined whether somatotroph proliferation and GH production are stimulated by cAMP alone, or require concurrent, non-Gs-mediated induction of other regulatory molecules by designing a transgene to induce chronic supraphysiological concentrations of cAMP in somatotrophs. The rat GH promoter was used to express an intracellular form of cholera toxin, a non-cytotoxic and irreversible activator of Gs. Introduction of this transgene into mice caused gigantism, elevated serum GH levels, somatotroph proliferation and pituitary hyperplasia. These results support the direct triggering of these events by cAMP, and illustrate the utility of cholera toxin transgenes as a tool for physiological engineering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037.
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hasel
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Sutcliffe
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000235:genetics*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D005877:Gigantism / Q000209:etiology*; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone / Q000502:physiology; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000473:pathology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D013006:Growth Hormone; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins