title: Cyclic AMP- and phorbol ester-induced transcriptional activation are mediated by the same enhancer element in the human vasoactive intestinal peptide gene.
abstract: Transcription of the human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene is regulated by both cyclic AMP and phorbol esters. A 17-nucleotide enhancer element within the human VIP gene mediates transcriptional activation by both phorbol esters and forskolin. Mutations of this element decrease responses to both agents, suggesting that the trans-acting proteins that mediate both modes of transcriptional regulation have similar DNA-binding characteristics. The response of the VIP enhancer element to forskolin, but not to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, was attenuated by treatment with a recombinant inhibitor of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, suggesting that the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C second messenger pathways that converge on this single enhancer element are distinct. The transcriptional activator cAMP-responsive element-binding (CREB) proteins and the c-fos.c-Jun complex interact with the VIP enhancer. The dual second messenger responses of the VIP gene may result from the interaction of this second messenger enhancer with different transcriptional activator proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verhave
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Goodman
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010957:Plasmids; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000235:genetics; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005576:Colforsin; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D008668:Metallothionein; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate