title: Radiation exposure during percutaneous nephrostomy.
abstract: Radiation doses of radiologists, assistants and patients during 21 percutaneous nephrostomies (PN) (including 11 unilateral and 5 bilateral procedures) were measured using an area-exposure meter and thermoluminescent dosimeters. The mean fluoroscopy time per PN was 12 min and the mean product of air kerma and the cross-sectional area of the fluoroscopic beam was 8.0 (range 0.41-24) Gycm2. Doses to the radiologists and assistants were generally modest, and the yearly dose limits of ICRP will not be exceeded in practice. The doses to the radiologist's fingers were found to be the most restrictive in this study. Regarding the mean dose to the radiologist's fingers (190 muGy), the yearly dose limit of 500 mSv would be exceeded after about 2600 PNs provided that his fingers are not otherwise exposed. With the maximal finger dose of 1100 muGy, this would occur after about 450 yearly PNs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vehmas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Havukainen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tapiovaara
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mankinen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pitkäranta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tervahartiala
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Savikurki
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kivisaari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods