title: Hazards associated with aerial spraying of organophosphate insecticides in Israel.
abstract: Aerial application of organophosphates can result in exposure to drift and leaf residues for pilots, ground crews, field workers, and residents near sprayed fields. Exposure can be by either the airborne or dermal route, and can produce illness (headaches, fatigue, diarrhea, cramps, respiratory problems) even with low-grade depressions in cholinesterase. Alkyl phosphate metabolites have been shown to be "gold standard" measures of such exposures. Experience in Israel indicates that reduction of health hazards from exposure to drift and leaf residues may be attained by the use of a comprehensive "mix" of preventive measures. These measures include, first and foremost, reduction in total amount of organophosphates used, followed by substitution of less for more toxic organophosphates, reduction in length of spray season, banning the use of flaggers, and greater reliance on tractor spraying. Cotton yield per hectare cultivated has increased despite a reduction in use of pesticides of all kinds and organophosphates in particular. Enclosure and air-conditioning (to prevent heat stress) of cockpits, protective clothing, training and licensing of pilots have been implemented. Education and communication of information, in keeping with the right-to know principle on hazards and how they should be controlled and monitored, is a part of a comprehensive strategy. Aerial or ground spraying should produce no drift in adjacent residential communities. The criterion for achieving this goal is the absence of urine alkyl phosphate metabolites above the threshold of detection.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Medical Unit, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Richter
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007557:Israel; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007306:Insecticides; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds