title: Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine.
abstract: Dopamine receptors belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. On the basis of the homology between these receptors, three different dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3) have been cloned. Dopamine receptors are primary targets for drugs used in the treatment of psychomotor disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. In the management of socially withdrawn and treatment-resistant schizophrenics, clozapine is one of the most favoured antipsychotics because it does not cause tardive dyskinesia. Clozapine, however, has dissociation constants for binding to D2 and D3 that are 4 to 30 times the therapeutic free concentration of clozapine in plasma water. This observation suggests the existence of other types of dopamine receptors which are more sensitive to clozapine. Here we report the cloning of a gene that encodes such a receptor (D4). The D4 receptor gene has high homology to the human dopamine D2 and D3 receptor genes. The pharmacological characteristics of this receptor resembles that of the D2 and D3 receptors, but its affinity for clozapine is one order of magnitude higher. Recognition and characterization of this clozapine neuroleptic site may prove useful in the design of new types of drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Van Tol
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bunzow
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sunahara
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seeman
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Niznik
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Civelli
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003024:Clozapine / Q000378:metabolism*; D015723:Gene Library; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051381:Rats; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; C493601:Drd4 protein, rat; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D003024:Clozapine