title: Tissue-type plasminogen activator binds to and is inhibited by surface-bound lipoprotein(a) and low-density lipoprotein.
abstract: Elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are associated with an increased risk of atherothrombotic disease, but the mechanism(s) by which Lp(a) potentiates atherogenesis is unknown. The extensive homology of apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] to plasminogen has led us and others to postulate that Lp(a) may impair fibrinolysis. We have previously shown that Lp(a) inhibits fibrin stimulation of plasminogen activation by tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA); however, we and other investigators have been unable to demonstrate direct inhibition of t-PA by Lp(a) in solution. We now report that t-PA binds reversibly and saturably to surface-bound Lp(a) and to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and that as a result of this binding activation of plasminogen by t-PA is inhibited. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of t-PA when bound to polystyrene surface-bound fibrinogen increased 2.9-fold compared to t-PA bound to control wells. When bound to surface-bound Lp(a), however, the catalytic efficiency of t-PA was reduced 9.5-fold compared to t-PA bound to control wells; likewise, by binding to surface-bound LDL, the catalytic efficiency of t-PA was reduced 16-fold compared to the control. Studies with defined monoclonal antibodies suggest that major determinants of t-PA binding are its active site, the LDL receptor binding domain of apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), and apo(a). These data suggest a unique mechanism by which Lp(a) and LDL incorporated in an atheroma can inhibit endogenous fibrinolysis and thereby contribute to the genesis of atherothrombotic disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fless
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Scanu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loscalzo
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002384:Catalysis; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007106:Immune Sera; D007700:Kinetics; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007106:Immune Sera; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D008074:Lipoproteins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D005340:Fibrinogen; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator