title: Bronchodilator treatment in moderate asthma or chronic bronchitis: continuous or on demand? A randomised controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of bronchodilator treatment given continuously versus on demand on the progression of asthma and chronic bronchitis and to compare the long term effects of a beta 2 adrenergic drug (salbutamol) and an anticholinergic drug (ipratropium bromide).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two year randomised controlled prospective 'crossover' study in which patients were assigned to one of two parallel treatment groups receiving continuous treatment or treatment on demand.
  
  
  METHODS
  29 general practices in the catchment area of the University of Nijmegen.
  
  
  METHODS
  223 patients aged greater than or equal to 30 with moderate airway obstruction due to asthma or chronic bronchitis, selected by their general practitioners.
  
  
  METHODS
  1600 micrograms salbutamol or 160 micrograms ipratropium bromide daily (113 patients) or salbutamol or ipratropium bromide only during exacerbations or periods of dyspnoea (110). No other pulmonary treatment was permitted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decline in ventilatory function and change in bronchial responsiveness, respiratory symptoms, number of exacerbations, and quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 144 patients completing the study, after correction for possible confounding factors the decline in forced expiratory volume in one second was -0.072 l/year in continuously treated patients and -0.020 l/year in those treated on demand (p less than 0.05), irrespective of the drug. The difference in the decline in patients with asthma was comparable with that in patients with chronic bronchitis (asthma: 0.092 v -0.025 l/year; chronic bronchitis: -0.082 v -0.031 l/year). Bronchial responsiveness increased slightly (0.4 doubling dose) with continuous treatment in chronic bronchitis, but exacerbations, symptoms, and quality of life were unchanged. Salbutamol and ipratropium bromide had comparable effects on all variables investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous bronchodilator treatment without anti-inflammatory treatment accelerates decline in ventilatory function. Bronchodilators should be used only on demand, with additional corticosteroid treatment, if necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, Nijmegen University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van Schayck
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dompeling
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: van Herwaarden
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Folgering
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van der Hoogen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Weel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D009241:Ipratropium; D000420:Albuterol