Smoking and cancer with emphasis on Europe.
A summary of smoking and cancer in various European countries is presented Important points are the tobacco/alcohol interaction in the elevated mortality rates from upper digestive and respiratory tract neoplasms in France and other southern European countries, the delay in the lung cancer epidemic in females compared with the situation in North America (with the major exception of the United Kingdom) and the different pattern of lung cancer rates in younger compared with older generations (which suggests that eastern and southern European countries will have the highest lung cancer rates at the beginning of the next century in the absence of urgent intervention). The efficacy of anti-smoking policies in Scandinavian countries which now have the lowest lung cancer rates in Europe and the persisting importance of high-tar dark-tobacco cigarettes in eastern and southern Europe in enhancing the risk not only of cancer of the lung but also of upper digestive and respiratory and bladder neoplasms are also discussed.
La Vecchia
C
C
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche, Mario Negri Milan, Italy.
Boyle
P
P
Franceschi
S
S
Levi
F
F
Maisonneuve
P
P
Negri
E
E
Lucchini
F
F
Smans
M
M
D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality