title: Structure of the entire human muscle phosphofructokinase-encoding gene: a two-promoter system.
abstract: We have recently shown that three types (A,B, and C) of mRNA species are transcribed from a single gene encoding human muscle phosphofructokinase (hPFK-M) through alternative splicing [Nakajima et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 166 (1990) 637-641]. To determine its complete structure and elucidate the mechanism of alternative RNA splicing, we isolated the hPFK-M gene, which spans about 30 kb, and contains 24 exons. Transcription start points were observed for both exon 1 and exon 2 by S1 nuclease protection assay and primer extension. Motifs of an Sp1-binding site were observed in the upstream region of exon 1 (promoter 1). A TATA-box-like sequence and a CAAT-box-like sequence were identified in the upstream region of exon 2 (promoter 2). Reporter assay revealed that the promoter 1 region was functional both in HeLa cells and myoblastic clonal cells, and that the promoter 2 region was active only in myoblastic cells. Motifs of M-CAT known as a muscle-specific enhancer, were observed in the promoter 2 region. These results indicated that the hPFK-M gene contains at least two promoter regions, facilitating the expression of the heterogeneous gene transcripts in a cell-type-specific manner.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hotta
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuwajima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tarui
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA; D005091:Exons; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009132:Muscles / Q000201:enzymology*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010732:Phosphofructokinase-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase; D010732:Phosphofructokinase-1