title: The effect of functional appliances on the skeletal pattern.
abstract: The findings of some 26 papers covering the results of Andresen and Fränkel appliances, as analysed from cephalometric radiographs, are reviewed. These findings show a high degree of consistency. They have been combined to produce larger samples, and compared with a control group produced from reports of untreated Class II division 1 individuals, with consequent gains in statistical significance. Generally, there is no appreciable holding back of maxillary advancement in either group (although a slight relative reduction in the angle SNA). There is a slight mean increase in mandibular growth, mainly in a vertical direction. This seems similar to that reported by several authors in conventional appliances. There is a wide variation in response.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Department, UMDS, Guy's Hospital, London.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mills
mesh_terms: D000202:Activator Appliances; D002508:Cephalometry; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000473:pathology; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D014716:Vertical Dimension