title: The genetic epidemiology of bulimia nervosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors seek to clarify, from both an epidemiologic and genetic perspective, the major risk factors for bulimia nervosa and to understand the relationship between narrowly defined bulimia and bulimia-like syndromes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Personal structured psychiatric interviews were conducted with 2,163 female twins from a population-based register. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using DSM-III-R criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime prevalence and risk for narrowly defined bulimia were 2.8% and 4.2%, respectively. Including bulimia-like syndromes increased these estimates to 5.7% and 8.0%, respectively. Risk factors for bulimia included 1) birth after 1960, 2) low paternal care, 3) a history of wide weight fluctuation, dieting, or frequent exercise, 4) a slim ideal body image, 5) low self-esteem, 6) an external locus of control, and 7) high levels of neuroticism. Significant comorbidity was found between bulimia and anorexia nervosa, alcoholism, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, and major depression. Proband-wise concordance for narrowly defined bulimia was 22.9% in monozygotic and 8.7% in dizygotic twins. The best-fitting model indicated that familial aggregation was due solely to genetic factors with a heritability of liability of 55%. A multiple threshold model indicated that narrowly defined bulimia nervosa and bulimia-like syndromes represented different levels of severity on the same continuum of liability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The liability to fully syndromal bulimia nervosa, which affects around one in 25 women at some point in their lives, is substantially influenced by both epidemiologic and genetic risk factors. The same factors that influence the risk for narrowly defined bulimia also influence the risk for less severe bulimia-like syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kendler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacLean
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eaves
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000856:Anorexia Nervosa / Q000453:epidemiology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D001828:Body Image; D001835:Body Weight; D002032:Bulimia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept