title: Prospective study of the safety and financial benefit of ketoconazole as adjunctive therapy to cyclosporine after heart transplantation.
abstract: In a prospective study of the relative safety and potential benefit of concomitant ketoconazole and cyclosporine after heart transplantation, 15 transplant recipients were followed up for up to 1 year (mean, 10.7 months) after ketoconazole was added to their immunosuppressive regimen of cyclosporine, prednisone, and azathioprine, and these patients were compared with a matched cohort over the same time. There was an 88% reduction in the mean (+/- SD) dose of cyclosporine, from 394 (115) mg/day to 47 (21) mg/day (p less than 0.0005) in the ketoconazole group, compared with an insignificant change in the control group. The projected annual cost of cyclosporine was reduced by 88%, with a 72% reduction in the projected cost of immunosuppressive drugs and prophylactic antifungal therapy, from a mean of $6800 to $1862 per year per transplant recipient in the ketoconazole-treated group. Other beneficial effects found over the study period included a significant reduction in the mean and diastolic systemic arterial pressure and a significant reduction in serum cholesterol. The mean total serum cholesterol fell from 265 (44) to 204 (38) mg/dl in the ketoconazole group but did not change significantly in the control group (p less than 0.005). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol also fell from a mean of 167 (32) mg/dl to 112 (28) mg/dl (p less than 0.005). Renal function was not significantly affected by ketoconazole when compared with the control group. Ketoconazole and other drugs of potential use in organ transplant recipients should be evaluated for financial as well as for other potential clinical benefits in the long-term management of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Butman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Finley
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Copeland
mesh_terms: D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003524:Cyclosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D003524:Cyclosporins; D002784:Cholesterol; D001379:Azathioprine; D007654:Ketoconazole; D011241:Prednisone