title: Unidirectional replication as visualized by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis.
abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) agarose gel electrophoresis is progressively replacing electron microscopy as the technique of choice to map the initiation and termination sites for DNA replication. Two different versions were originally developed to analyze the replication of the yeast 2 microns plasmid. Neutral/Neutral (N/N) 2D agarose gel electrophoresis has subsequently been used to study the replication of other eukaryotic plasmids, viruses and chromosomal DNAs. In some cases, however, the results do not conform to the expected 2D gel patterns. In order to better understand this technique, we employed it to study the replication of the colE1-like plasmid, pBR322. This was the first time replicative intermediates from a unidirectionally replicated plasmid have been analyzed by means of N/N 2D agarose gel electrophoresis. The patterns obtained were significantly different from those obtained in the case of bidirectional replication. We showed that identification of a complete are corresponding to molecules containing an internal bubble is not sufficient to distinguish a symmetrically located bidirectional origin from an asymmetrically located unidirectional origin. We also showed that unidirectionally replicated fragments containing a stalled fork can produce a pattern with an inflection point. Finally, replication appeared to initiate at only some of the potential origins in each multimer of pBR322 DNA.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Conseja Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martín-Parras
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Martínez-Robles
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Schvartzman
mesh_terms: D004261:DNA Replication; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D010957:Plasmids; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D015183:Restriction Mapping
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial