title: Dose-response for atropine and heart rate in infants and children anesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide.
abstract: The dose recommendations for atropine in anesthetized children vary, and the dose-response for heart rate has not been defined. We determined the dose-response for atropine and heart rate in 181 healthy children anesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide. After induction of anesthesia, atropine in a dose of 5, 10, 20, 30, or 40 micrograms.kg-1 was administered by rapid intravenous infusion of each subject. The effects of atropine on heart rate, heart rhythm, and systolic blood pressure were compared among dosage groups, and a dose-response curve for peak heart rate was constructed. The effects of atropine were compared also between younger and older subjects. For the group of all 181 subjects, atropine increased heart rate in a dose-related manner up to 30 micrograms.kg-1. Fifty percent maximal response corresponded to 9 micrograms.kg-1, and 90% maximal response corresponded to 26 micrograms.kg-1. Some subjects had nonsinus supraventricular rhythms before atropine, but none had nonsinus rhythm after atropine except after the smallest dose, 5 micrograms.kg-1. Systolic blood pressure increased significantly after all doses of atropine except 5 mu.kg-1. Subjects less than 6 months old had higher control and peak heart rates than did subjects greater than or equal to 2 yr old, but the older subjects had greater change in heart rate after atropine. For subjects greater than or equal to 2 yr old, all doses of atropine produced a significant increase in heart rate. The same was true for younger subjects, less than 6 months old, except that 5 micrograms.kg-1 did not increase heart rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226.
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Palmisano
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Setlock
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Siker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tripuraneni
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006221:Halothane; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D009609:Nitrous Oxide
chemical_list: D001285:Atropine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D006221:Halothane