title: Work-related stress and depression among physicians pursuing postgraduate training in emergency medicine: an international study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the levels of work-related stress and depression reported by physicians-in-training in emergency medicine in three survey sites and to determine the effects of gender and marital status on stress and depression among these physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional mail surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physicians-in-training in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires requesting demographic information and including scales assessing work-related stress and depression were administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 3 x 2 x 2 multivariate analysis of variance in which survey site, gender, and marital status were independent variables and stress and depression scale scores were dependent variables revealed significant differences when stress and depression were analyzed simultaneously. Univariate analyses of variance revealed significant differences in stress by survey site and gender and in depression for all three independent variables. Comparison of adjusted means revealed that respondents from the United Kingdom reported significantly higher levels of stress than did respondents from the United States and that women reported significantly higher levels than men. Respondents from the United States reported significantly higher levels of depression than did respondents from the other countries, women reported higher levels than men, and unmarried respondents reported higher levels than married respondents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite limitations resulting from self-report bias, cross-sectional survey methodology, sampling error, and differences in training among the three survey sites, the respondents experienced similar levels of stress and depression attributable to anticipated sources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina 27858.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Whitley
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gallery
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heyworth
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cockington
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gaudry
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Revicki
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000523:psychology; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology