title: Gender bias against and sexual harassment of AMWA members in Massachusetts.
abstract: Despite the increasing participation of women in medicine over the past few decades, hindrances to professional advancement for women physicians and medical students persist. The present study sought to assess the prevalence of gender bias and sexual harassment in a sample of women physicians and medical students. Within a one-year period, 54% of respondents encountered some form of sex discrimination. In addition, approximately one-fourth experienced sexual harassment (27%) and/or discrimination related to parenthood (24%). Unwanted sexual attention not viewed as sexual harassment was experienced by more than twice as many respondents (55%). Other forms of discrimination were reported as well: age (22%), sexual preference (20%), and race (7%). Perceptions of the extent of sex discrimination and sexual harassment, of their impact on professional commitment, and of the adequacy of solutions at institutions varied directly with whether or not respondents had experienced some form of employment discrimination within the past 12 months. This study points to the need for clarification of what constitutes sexual harassment and for the creation of safe, effective mechanisms to remedy and prevent all forms of gender bias.
authors.affiliation: Harvard University Medical School, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lenhart
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Falcao
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Phelan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011287:Prejudice; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012955:Societies, Medical; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires