title: Cocaine reduction in unmotivated crack users using carbamazepine versus placebo in a short-term, double-blind crossover design.
abstract: On the basis of cocaine-caused kindling in animals and the usefulness of carbamazepine in treating kindling-type seizures, carbamazepine has been tried in clinical settings with cocaine-dependent individuals. This report presents findings of a 20-day, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in 32 nontreatment-motivated, paid, chronic crack cocaine users. Carbamazepine significantly lowered the mean number of positive urine specimens compared with placebo. Of clinical importance, serum carbamazepine levels of 4 micrograms/ml (17 mumol/L) or more were associated with greater improvement. A consistent, clinically important trend linked therapeutic levels with improvement for all subjective and objective outcome variables. Comparison of daily acknowledged cocaine use or professed cocaine abstinence, with cocaine use indicated by daily urinalysis in these chronic cocaine users, has suggested the possibility of cocaine saturation as an important methodologic limitation inherent in outpatient studies of cocaine use in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis 55455.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Halikas
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Crosby
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crea
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Bowers
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003042:Cocaine; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D002220:Carbamazepine; D003042:Cocaine