title: A behavioral approach to achieving initial cocaine abstinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a behavioral treatment program for achieving initial cocaine abstinence in individuals enrolled in outpatient treatment for cocaine dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen consecutively admitted outpatients were offered behavioral treatment consisting of contingency management procedures and the community reinforcement approach. Fifteen consecutively admitted outpatients were offered treatment with 12-step counseling. All 13 of the patients who were offered the behavioral treatment accepted it; 12 of the patients offered 12-step counseling accepted it.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven of the 13 patients in the behavioral treatment were retained for 12 weeks of treatment, compared with five of the 12 patients given 12-step counseling. Ten of the patients given behavioral therapy achieved 4 weeks of continuous cocaine abstinence, compared with only three of those given 12-step counseling. Six of the patients in the behavioral treatment group achieved 8 weeks, and three achieved 12 weeks; none of the patients in the 12-step counseling program achieved 8 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The behavioral treatment described in this paper offers promise as an effective intervention for achieving initial cocaine abstinence. A randomized trial is underway to assess the generality of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington 05401.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Budney
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Bickel
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Foerg
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fenwick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003042:Cocaine; D003376:Counseling; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012056:Reinforcement, Social; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine