title: Determining disability due to mental impairment: APA's evaluation of Social Security Administration guidelines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  APA evaluated the Social Security Administration's (SSA's) medical standards and guidelines for determining disability due to mental impairment to determine how well the standards and guidelines operationalize the statutory definition of disability in a manner consistent with current psychiatric practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two psychiatrists were trained in one of two procedures: those in the sequential evaluation condition were trained in the process and forms used by the SSA's reviewing medical consultants, and those in the statutory definition condition were trained in the statutory definition of disability and application of clinical judgment according to this standard. Decisions regarding claimant's ability or inability to work were recorded on an instrument designed for the study. Each condition consisted of 12 panels of three members. They reviewed 732 actual claims for disability benefits. The panelists reviewed claims independently, then rendered panel judgments. Each claim was reviewed by one panel in each condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of agreement between conditions for panel decisions (0.77) was higher than chance agreement (kappa = 0.46). The high level of agreement on claims judged to have good medical evidence and on which confident decisions were made (proportion of agreement = 0.96, kappa = 0.78) suggests that disagreements largely reflected ambiguities in application of the standards and guidelines to more complex cases or those with inadequate information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SSA's revised medical standards and guidelines reflect clinical decisions about ability to work based on the statute and, with procedural modifications, should be retained. The SSA should be involved in further systematic studies to develop a field of scientific inquiry into disability and psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: APA Office of Research, Washington, DC 20005.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Pincus
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Simmens
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sirovatka
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sharfstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011570:Psychiatry; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012943:Social Security / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D014938:Work Capacity Evaluation