title: Regulation of gene expression by insulin.
abstract: Insulin after binding to its plasma membrane receptor regulates many cellular processes as well as the expression of several genes. These effects of insulin can be temporarily classified as short-term (minutes) and long-term (hours-days). The different steps of gene expression that may be under insulin control are reviewed. The main focus of the review is on the regulation of gene transcription by insulin. A putative insulin negative regulatory sequence is proposed based on the comparison of the 5'-upstream regions of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and protein disulfide isomerase genes and compared with a recently identified positive insulin regulatory element located in the 5'-upstream region of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Castaño
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D007535:Isomerases / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) / Q000235:genetics; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000502:physiology*; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP); D007535:Isomerases; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases