title: Validation of protocols for assessing early pregnancy failure in the rat: clomiphene citrate.
abstract: A battery of protocols for the assessment of maternally mediated toxicity during early pregnancy in the rat is being evaluated for its utility in detecting and defining mechanisms of early pregnancy failure. In this report, clomiphene citrate (CC), an estrogen agonist/antagonist, was used as a model compound in this evaluation process. The protocols involve dosing rats with CC during, and evaluation of multiple endpoints following, (a) the first 8 days of pregnancy; (b) early pseudopregnancy, accompanied by decidual induction; and (c) the pre- and postimplantation intervals of early pregnancy. In addition, the effect of CC on embryo transport rate was assessed. Eight days of dosing with CC during early pregnancy produced a dose-dependent reduction in the number of implantation sites seen on Day 9, concomitant with alterations in maternal hormonal parameters. No effect on the decidual cell response was found, indicating that the mechanism of fertility reduction was not mediated via compromised uterine decidualization. The preimplantation period was highly vulnerable to the toxic effects of CC while no postimplantation resorptions were seen. When embryo transport rate was measured, a statistically significant embryo transport rate acceleration was detected, but this was insufficient to account for all of the observed preimplantation loss. The data suggest an effect of CC on embryo viability, on the embryo's ability to implant, or on the reproductive tract resulting in compromised embryo survival as the potential mechanism(s) mediating CC-induced early pregnancy failure. The battery of protocols was thus successful in identifying CC as a reproductive toxicant and in elucidating the causes of the observed early pregnancy failure.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Toxicology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Perreault
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000633:toxicity*; D003656:Decidua / Q000187:drug effects; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000187:drug effects; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D051381:Rats; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D002996:Clomiphene