title: Biologic response modifiers in primary immunodeficiency disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To propose a new classification for the primary immunodeficiency disorders and to review potential therapeutic applications of biologic response modifiers in these disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant articles were identified through a search of MEDLINE using the following indexing terms: primary immunodeficiencies (and subclassifications), and human immunomodulators (and subclassifications).
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were critically reviewed and included if relevant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary immunodeficiency disorders are classified according to functional abnormalities, specifically, abnormalities in early cellular maturation, differentiation, regulatory cell function, enzymatic function, and cytokine responses. Such a classification clarifies the potential role of biologic response modifiers in primary immunodeficiency disorders. Intravenous gammaglobulin and histamine-2 (H2)-receptor blockers modify regulatory cell function; retinoids modify abnormal cellular differentiation, gene transfer and enzyme replacement can be applied in disorders characterized by specific functional gene abnormalities; and interferons modify abnormal cytokine responses. Interleukin-2, thymic hormones, transfer factor, and levamisole appear to affect multiple functional defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biologic response modifiers are currently important ancillary tools in the treatment of immunodeficiency disorders, and their therapeutic role will become even more important in the future. Multi-center cooperative trials of new and existing agents are needed to fully define their roles and efficacy in the treatment of these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Tel Aviv Elias-Sourasky Medical Center, Israel.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassner
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Adelman
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors