title: Fluid balance during haemodialysis and haemofiltration: the effect of dialysate sodium and a variable ultrafiltration rate.
abstract: One of the main causes of hypotension during extracorporeal renal replacement therapy is an insufficient substitution of the ultrafiltrated plasma water by tissue water. To investigate the fluid balance and its effects on hypotension in dialysed patients, the following variables were studied: intracellular fluid volume (IFV) and extracellular fluid volume (EFV), blood volume (BV) and blood pressure. IFV and EFV were measured by means of non-invasive electrical conductivity measurements using four electrodes round the leg. Fifteen haemofiltration (HF) and 15 haemodialysis (HD) patients were studied. The latter group was dialysed in three ways: (1) conventionally, i.e. with dialysate sodium of 138 mmol/l (HD) (2) with a variable dialysate sodium (first half: 138 mmol/l; second half: 146 mmol/l) (HDS), and (3) with the same variable dialysate sodium and an ultrafiltration profile (two-thirds was withdrawn during the first half of treatment, the remainder during the second half) (HDSU). Hypotension frequency was less during HDS, HDSU, and HF compared to HD. This was caused by a more stable blood volume due to a better refill. During HD a fluid shift occurred from the EC to the IC compartment. The use of a high sodium dialysate concentration led to a transcellular fluid shift in the opposite direction. This fluid shift increased the refill, thereby stabilising blood volume. HF gave a better refill than HDS and HDSU, probably due to a reduced urea clearance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Olthof
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solf
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schuenemann
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Oe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quellhorst
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Donker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000502:physiology; D006440:Hemofiltration / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D012964:Sodium; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D012964:Sodium