title: A prospective study of the impact of helmet usage on motorcycle trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of the use of a motorcycle helmet on reducing the mortality, morbidity, and health care costs resulting from motorcycle crashes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, multicenter study of all eligible motorcycle crash victims.
  
  
  METHODS
  The emergency departments of eight medical centers across the state of Illinois, including representatives from urban, rural, teaching, and community facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  All motorcycle crash victims presenting less than 24 hours after injury for whom helmet information was known. Data were collected from April 1 through October 31, 1988.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-eight of 398 patients (14.6%) were helmeted, and 340 (85.4%) were not. The nonhelmeted patients had higher Injury Severity Scores (11.9 vs 7.02), sustained head/neck injuries more frequently (41.7 vs 24.1%), and had lower Glasgow Coma Scores (13.73 vs 14.51). Twenty-five of the 26 fatalities were nonhelmeted patients. By logistic regression, the lack of helmet use was found to be a major risk factor for increased severity of injury. A 23% increase in health care costs was demonstrated for nonhelmeted patients (average charges $7,208 vs $5,852).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Helmet use may reduce the overall severity of injury and the incidence of head injuries resulting from motorcycle crashes. A trend toward higher health care costs was demonstrated in the nonhelmeted patients.
authors.affiliation: Program in Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sanson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strange
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Orsay
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D003363:Cost Control; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D003625:Data Collection; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007087:Illinois / Q000453:epidemiology; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D009049:Motorcycles; D019838:Neck Injuries; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy