title: Are depressive symptoms nonspecific in patients with acute stroke?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some investigators have suggested that major depression might be overdiagnosed in stroke patients because of changes in appetite, sleep, or sexual interest caused by their medical illness; others have suggested that depression may be underdiagnosed in stroke patients who deny symptoms of depression because of anosognosia, neglect, or aprosody. The authors' goal was to determine how frequently depressive symptoms occur in acute stroke patients with and without depressed mood to estimate how often diagnostic errors of inclusion or exclusion may be made.
  
  
  METHODS
  They examined the rate of autonomic and psychological symptoms of depression in 205 patients who were consecutively hospitalized for acute stroke. Eighty-five (41%) of these patients had depressed mood, and 120 (59%) had no mood disturbance. Forty-six (54%) of the 85 patients with depressed mood (22% of all patients) were assigned the DSM-III diagnosis of major depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 120 patients without mood disturbance had a mean of one autonomic symptom, but the 85 patients with depressed mood had a mean of almost four. Tightening the diagnostic criteria to account for one more nonspecific autonomic symptom decreased the number of patients with major depression by only three; adding two more criteria decreased the number by only five. Thus, the rate of DSM-III major depression was 1% higher than the rate with one extra nonspecific autonomic symptom and 2% higher than the rate with two extra criteria. Conversely, loosening diagnostic criteria to account for denial of depressive illness increased the rate of major depression by only 5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both autonomic and psychological depressive symptoms are strongly associated with depressed mood in acute stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fedoroff
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Starkstein
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed