title: Diazepam and intubation in emergency treatment of seizures in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of endotracheal intubation after the use of diazepam compared with phenobarbital or phenytoin in emergency treatment of seizures in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of all children (98) were reviewed in a case-control fashion. A logistic regression model was used to determine whether there was an association between diazepam administration and intubation, adjusting for all other covariates (age, weight, convulsion time before first anticonvulsant was given, response latency, diagnosis, and therapy).
  
  
  METHODS
  All children were treated in an emergency department and then transported to a tertiary pediatric center by a pediatric transport team.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were children, with a median age of 2.7 years (range 0.17 to 15.3 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only the use of diazepam was found to be significantly associated with intubation after adjusting for all other covariates (adjusted odds ratio, 49.4; P less than .001). In the comparison of diazepam versus phenobarbital or phenytoin used as the first anticonvulsant, median response latency did not differ (27.0 vs 32.5 minutes, P greater than .83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant association was found between diazepam use and intubation. Response latency was not shorter when diazepam was used as the initial anticonvulsant compared with phenobarbital or phenytoin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dimand
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Venkataraman
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Karr
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001835:Body Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016015:Logistic Models; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011930:Reaction Time; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D010672:Phenytoin; D003975:Diazepam; D010634:Phenobarbital