title: Source of bias in prenatal care utilization indices: implications for evaluating the Medicaid expansion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent expansions in eligibility for coverage of prenatal care services by the Medicaid program reflect national initiatives to improve pregnancy outcomes. This study investigates the potential impact that completeness of reporting of prenatal care and gestational age variables and strategies to impute missing data may have on evaluations of the Medicaid expansion.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study, examining 15 years of vital record data from a single state and comparing 1 year of data from four mid-Atlantic states, selected single live births to resident mothers for analyses. The "day 15" and the "preceding case" methods were used to impute missing gestational age data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Considerable temporal and geographic variation was detected in completeness of reporting of variables used to construct prenatal care indices. After imputing values for cases with missing data, the proportion of cases for which adequacy of prenatal care utilization could not be determined ranged from 3% to 24% among the states investigated. For those cases where gestational age data could be imputed, the distribution of prenatal care utilization was not markedly disparate from those cases with complete reporting of gestational age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that variations in reporting, decisions regarding the treatment of missing data, and the choice of the denominator can alter prenatal care utilization percentages and have implications for evaluations of the impact of the recent Medicaid expansion on prenatal care utilization.
authors.affiliation: Maternal and Child Health Program, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tompkins
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008484:Medicaid; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013022:South Carolina; D014481:United States