title: Microwave imaging of tissue blood content changes.
abstract: Active microwave imaging gives information on the dielectric properties of of the body, allowing the collection of data that are distinct from, but complementary to, those available from other imaging methods based on different radiations. Two types of microwave imaging systems have been developed. The first is a planar system that irradiates the object with a plane wave and collects scattered phase and amplitude data at 1024 points on a parallel plane. The data can be reconstructed using a back propagation technique to give an image of the object. The second type of system is a tomographic scanner, consisting of a multiplexed 64-element circular array of waveguides. The waveguides are electronically scanned, alternately as sources and receivers, to give a complete scan of the object with no mechanical movement. A tomographic 'slice' of the object is reconstructed using spectral domain interpolation. Both systems work at 2.45 GHz with an incident power less than 1 mW cm-2 at the object and require a coupling medium (usually water) between the object and the source/receiver. Imaging parameters are appropriate for clinical use: a spatial resolution of 1 cm, measurement time of a few seconds and contrast resolution of around 1%. The effects of changes in perfusion on images of isolated animal organs are presented. Images have also been obtained, with both systems, of the internal dielectric structure of the forearm and of variations in dielectric properties due to changes of tissue blood content effected by application and release of tourniquets to the upper arm. Results show that these changes are well demonstrated by microwave imaging, and possible clinical applications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Barnsley District General Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Broquetas
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jofre
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bolomey
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gaboriaud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply*; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D008872:Microwaves; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity