title: A classification of urinary calculi with respect to their composition and micromorphology.
abstract: Texture and micro-morphology of 1615 urinary calculi has been studied using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray micro analysis. Together with the results of X-ray diffractometry concerning their phase composition, a classification into five stone classes, 13 stone groups and 17 sub-groups could be evaluated. Especially the large and inhomogeneous class of the calcium-stones could be resolved into 13 stone types. Using this classification, the stone type is characterized by a three digit number containing the stone class, the stone group and in some cases the sub-group. Criteria for classification are typical texture patterns, the occurrence of special crystalline phases or both. These items are presented and clinical relationships discussed.
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Westf Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, West Germany.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Leusmann
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D003553:Cystine / Q000032:analysis; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid; D003553:Cystine; D002118:Calcium