title: Versatile controlling system for cryopreparation techniques in electron microscopy.
abstract: A new setup for freeze-substitution and a versatile controlling system has been developed. Our goal was to build a simple system allowing precise control of the physical parameters of freeze-substitution experiments to learn more about their influences on the cellular ultrastructure and immunoreactivity of macromolecules. An improved apparatus for freeze-substitution, based on liquid nitrogen cooling, and a universal software for controlling the complex preparation protocols from cryofixation to final polymerization are described. This controlling system has the following advantages: it allows precise control and registration of temperature profiles, reconstruction of each individual step of previous experiments, and optimization of working conditions. The setup of the freeze-substitution apparatus is designed to run many different substitution media in parallel; freeze-substitution (cryostat), embedding (working platform), and polymerization are carried out at separate places; therefore, more experiments can be done simultaneously. The ergonomic working platform allows exchange of media at controlled temperature and easy handling; survey of the temperature in individual tubes is possible, and the system is protected from water condensation and uncontrolled warming by the deep freezer.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Zellbiologie, Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Humbel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Merkl
mesh_terms: D003201:Computers; D015925:Cryopreservation; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D012984:Software