title: Signals arising from antigen-presenting cells.
abstract: It has been customary to consider that antigen-presenting cells provide, in addition to the presented antigen, a second or co-stimulatory signal that leads to T-cell growth and effector function. The recent literature indicates that this two-signal notion oversimplifies the function of antigen-presenting cells. Instead it is useful to consider four groups of events: the formation of peptide-MHC complexes, the role of soluble cytokines, the action of antigen-presenting cell-T cell molecular couples distinct from the receptor for peptide MHC, and the function of antigen-presenting cells in situ.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Steinman
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006649:Histocompatibility Antigens; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006649:Histocompatibility Antigens; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals