title: Cytokine interactions in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis.
abstract: Destruction of intracellularly living Leishmania major amastigotes is achieved by activated macrophages. In this report, we have investigated the contribution of IL-4, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma to the induction of antileishmanial macrophage activation. It was found that as single lymphokine only IFN-gamma led to amastigote elimination by peritoneal exudate macrophages. Neither IL-4 nor TNF-alpha or the combination of both cytokines led to antimicrobial activation. When the macrophages were incubated with concentrations of IFN-gamma that by themselves were insufficient for maximum cell activation, it was found that both IL-4 and TNF-alpha very effectively synergized with IFN-gamma for induction of antiparasitic activity. The activation which was achieved when IFN-gamma was combined with IL-4 could be blocked not only with antibodies to either of the lymphokines, but also with an antiserum specific for TNF-alpha, suggesting the involvement of endogenously generated TNF-alpha in this synergism. Any of the synergistic activities observed presumably lead to the activation of the L-arginine dependent pathway used by the cell for the production of nitrogen oxides as effector molecules for parasite killing since NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), a specific inhibitor of this pathway, completely blocked the killing of intracellular parasites. We conclude that macrophage activation for antiparasitic activity is directed by a complex network of cytokine-interactions, in which IL-4 and TNF-alpha very effectively synergize positively with low levels of IFN-gamma.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Solbach
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Röllinghoff
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stenger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bogdan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000276:immunology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008954:Models, Biological; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D001120:Arginine