title: The skin tumorigenic and carcinogenic effects of different doses, numbers of dose fractions and concentrations of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in acetone applied on hairless mouse epidermis. Possible implications for human carcinogenesis.
abstract: Groups of hairless mice were painted with the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) dissolved in reagent-grade acetone in various doses, dose fractions and concentrations. The animals were examined once a week for an appropriate time period and skin tumors were registered and classified as tumors (all tumors appearing) and as malignant tumors. The results show that dividing a particular dose of DMBA into an increasing number of applications was the factor that had the greatest tumorigenic and carcinogenic effect. This was found for total doses of 100, approximately 50 and approximately 26 micrograms DMBA. Similarly, increasing the size of the dose increased the effect on the tumor and carcinoma crop, but to a less pronounced event than splitting the dose into several fractions. The most striking of these effects was that a single dose of 51.2 micrograms DMBA gave a tumor rate of approximately 40%, whereas the same dose divided into 50 doses of 1 microgram gave a tumor rate of almost 100%. The final tumor yield increased from approximately 45 tumours per 32 animals after a single dose of 51.2 micrograms DMBA to approximately 250 tumors per 32 animals after 50 applications of 1 microgram DMBA. The final number of carcinomas per 32 animals was one carcinoma after a single application of 51.2 micrograms DMBA, and 40 carcinomas after 50 applications of 1 microgram DMBA. The paper includes a discussion on how these findings may be explained in terms of the complicated series of events that constitutes carcinogenesis. If it is biologically plausible to regard agents for which there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in experimental animals as representing a carcinogenic risk to humans, then it may also be plausible and prudent to infer that the dose schedule that represents the highest tumorigenic hazard for mouse skin may generally also be the dose schedule that involves the highest risk for humans. Thus, repeated exposure to small doses may be the most hazardous situation. This is unfortunately the way many human beings are exposed to cigarette smoke, sunshine and carcinogens in food, water, air and at the work place. As shown in a previous paper, an increasing time interval between each dose may also increase the risk.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: O H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Iversen
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000096:Acetone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D010212:Papilloma / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012513:Sarcoma, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000096:Acetone; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene