title: Non-uniform and non-linear end systolic pressure-length relations at low left ventricular pressures in anaesthetised cats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims were (1) to establish a basis for measurements of regional inotropy using the slope (E) of the linear part of the end systolic pressure-length relation; (2) to investigate the range of end systolic pressure where linearity is valid, and particularly its lower pressure limit, called turning point pressure; (3) to determine whether local myocardial inotropy measured by normalised slope, E(n), varies with segment orientation
  
  
  METHODS
  Pressure and two cross oriented segment lengths were measured in the left ventricle. One pair of crystals measured a longitudinal segment, aligned with anterior midwall fibre direction; another pair measured a transverse segment, aligned with endocardial and epicardial fibre direction. Temporary obstruction of the inferior caval vein and descending aorta were performed to produce a wide pressure range of end systolic pressure-length relations during basal as well as high inotropic states (isoprenaline).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven open chest cats anaesthetised with sodium pentobarbitone and nitrous oxide were used. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS - Turning point pressure for longitudinal segments showed lower values than for transverse segments (p less than 0.05). With isoprenaline, turning point pressure increased for all transverse segments, at 103(SEM 8) v 153(19) mm Hg (p less than 0.05), whereas no change occurred for longitudinal segments, at 82(4) v 87(7) mm Hg. In the basal state, E(n) showed lower values in all longitudinal segments compared to transverse segments, except for one pair. E(n) of all segments increased during isoprenaline infusion, except in one segment where no change occurred. CONCLUSIONS - There is a lower limit for linearity of end systolic pressure-length relations; this is affected by segment orientation as well as by the inotropic state of the heart. E(n) as a measure of regional inotropy varies with segment orientation, but offers a local measure of changes in inotropic state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Univerisity of Bergen, Haukeland Hospital, Norway.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hexeberg
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matre
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lekven
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002415:Cats; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007545:Isoproterenol