title: Disinfection practices for endoscopes and other semicritical items.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the disinfection practices employed by North Carolina hospitals for endoscopes and other semicritical patient care items and to discuss minimally acceptable disinfection procedures for these items.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey questionnaire was mailed to all North Carolina hospitals to identify their disinfection practices, and a literature review was conducted to ascertain studies that evaluated disinfection techniques for certain semicritical items.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were returned by 107 of 167 (64%) North Carolina acute-care hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most hospitals (91%) used a glutaraldehyde-based disinfectant (59%, 2% glutaraldehyde; 29%, 0.13% glutaraldehyde-0.44% phenol-0.08% phenate; 3%, either); half (51%) of the hospitals immersed the endoscope into disinfectant for greater than or equal to 20 minutes, but 44% immersed for less than or equal to 10 minutes; nearly all hospitals (97%) disinfected endoscopes at room temperature. Hospitals rinsed the endoscope with sterile water (16%), tap water (54%), tap water followed by alcohol rinse (27%), or other (2%); 58% of the hospitals treated endoscopes from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), or Mycobacterium tuberculosis differently (81%, ethylene oxide [ETO] sterilization; 10%, increased exposure time; 10%, other). Twenty percent of the hospitals used an automated washer for processing endoscopic instruments. Rigid endoscopes (e.g., arthroscopes, laparoscopes) were primarily high-level disinfected (57%), ETO sterilized (17%), or either (13%). The disinfection strategies for other semi-critical items (e.g., applanation tonometers, cryosurgical instruments, and diaphragm fitting rings) were highly variable for the responding hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey indicated the presence of a wide variety of practices for handling semicritical patient care items, many of which are inconsistent with current recommendations. To help establish minimally acceptable disinfection procedures for some patient care instruments (e.g., arthroscopes, laparoscopes, tonometers), the scientific literature was reviewed and recommendations were made.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7030.
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Rutala
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Clontz
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000145:classification; D005976:Glutaral; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006761:Hospitals / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D009657:North Carolina; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005976:Glutaral