title: Laboratory assays for the evaluation of recombinant hirudin.
abstract: Several laboratory methods are available to measure the anticoagulant activity of recombinant hirudin (r-hirudin), a potent thrombin inhibitor. These assays include clot-based, amidolytic, immunologic and physicochemical techniques. Although r-hirudin, like heparin, is an effective anticoagulant, the mechanism of action of the two agents is different. Thus it is not surprising that the global tests, such as the prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and the Heptest (Haemachem, Inc., St. Louis, Mo., USA), do not show adequate responses to r-hirudin. In the range of 0.5-10.0 microgram/ml, where full anticoagulation is achieved, as determined by animal models of thrombosis, these assays show little to no prolongation of the time to clot. In order to find a more suitable assay system, modifications of the above assays were evaluated. The diluted APTT and diluted Heptest showed linear concentration-dependent responses to lower levels of r-hirudin with an enhanced sensitivity than that of the classical assays. On the other hand, the diluted thrombin time was too sensitive. Whole-blood clotting assays, ACT and thrombelastograph, effectively measured r-hirudin levels up to 25 micrograms/ml. The amidolytic anti-factor IIa assay, specific for evaluating direct thrombin inhibition, was very effective particularly when modified to decrease the sample:thrombin ratio. This assay may be useful in quality control since it is biochemically defined, and reagents are easily standardized. The relevance of the results of the anti-IIa assay to clinical conditions, however, remains to be determined. Thrombin generation assays have limited value in monitoring the anticoagulant effect of r-hirudin since the effect of thrombin inhibition by r-hirudin on coagulation feedback mechanisms, and thus the effect on thrombin generation, appears to be minimal. Immunologic methods such as ELISA and RIA are under development, but they may only be useful for the direct quantitation of absolute levels of r-hirudin and not for monitoring the clinical anticoagulant action. Furthermore, these assays are only sensitive to sub-microgram/ml levels. Therefore, thrombin-based clotting and amidolytic assays may at present be the best choice for evaluating the functional, clinical antithrombotic effects of r-hirudin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Walenga
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoppensteadt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koza
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wallock
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pifarre
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fareed
mesh_terms: D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D005246:Feedback; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006629:Hirudins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D015202:Protein Engineering; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011517:Prothrombin Time; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D011516:Prothrombin; C025337:Factor IIa; D006493:Heparin