title: An NF-kappa B-like transcription factor mediates IL-1/TNF-alpha induction of gro in human fibroblasts.
abstract: Normal human foreskin fibroblasts were used to examine transcriptional induction by IL-1 and TNF-alpha of the novel cytokine gro (melanoma growth-stimulating activity). Gro mRNA was expressed at levels 100-fold above background within 45 min of exposure to either IL-1 or TNF-alpha, in growing or serum-starved cells and a similar response was shown by IL-6. In contrast, as shown previously, gro mRNA was elevated only 10-fold by serum in starved but not in growing cells, similar to fos. Thus gro expression appears to be regulated by at least two signal transduction systems: a cytokine pathway, and a growth-related pathway. Three closely related gro genes (alpha, beta, and gamma) have been described. Their proximal 5' regulatory sequences presented here show close similarity in the region to -136, which includes the NF-kappa B site at -66 to -76 in gro alpha and gro gamma, and -64 to -74 in gro beta, and sequence diversity further upstream. Transient transfection of HeLa cells with CAT constructs localized the cytokine response to a region between -84 and -65 in gro beta. Gel retardation studies with FS-2 cells identified a cytokine-induced protein binding at the NF-kappa B site in all three gro genes as shown by competition studies with a pair of oligonucleotides representing wild-type and mutant sequences of the NF-kappa B binding site. Neither serum nor PMA induced a detectable gel shift at NF-kappa B or upstream to position -723. These results demonstrate conservation of the cytokine response element, NF-kappa B, in the three genes, consistent with the conservation of sequence in this region; and suggest that differential expression of the three gro genes may depend upon interactions with other sites located in the divergent upstream region.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anisowicz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Messineo
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sager
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000502:physiology; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C475829:CXCL1 protein, human; C499707:CXCL3 protein, human; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha