title: Stress-induced gastroduodenal lesions and total parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: frequency, complications, and the value of prophylactic treatment. A prospective, randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the frequency, complications, and value of prophylactic treatment of stress-induced gastroduodenal lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were prospectively randomized to treatment with total parenteral nutrition, either alone, with sucralfate, or with ranitidine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multidisciplinary ICU from a tertiary care referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-seven patients submitted to prolonged mechanical ventilation, with normal hepatic and renal function, in metabolic stress, and receiving total parenteral nutrition.
  
  
  METHODS
  On admission, we determined the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and the catabolic index score. We also performed an endoscopic examination on day 3, every 7 days subsequently, and whenever needed. Thirty patients received total parenteral nutrition alone. Twenty-four patients received total parenteral nutrition and sucralfate (1 g by nasogastric tube every 4 hrs). Nineteen patients received total parenteral nutrition and ranitidine (50 mg iv every 6 hrs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall occurrence rate of gastroduodenal mucosal damage was 29.6%. The overall frequency rate for stress ulcerations was 15.6% and was 6.2% for stress hemorrhage. There were no deaths secondary to stress hemorrhage. The difference in the frequency of stress-induced mucosal lesions and stress hemorrhage between the studied groups was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional prophylaxis to total parenteral nutrition in the form of sucralfate and ranitidine to prevent acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is not required in this group of ICU patients.
authors.affiliation: ICU and Gastroenterology Service, Hospital del Pino, Canary Islands, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Santana
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bolaños
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Santana
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Manzano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total / Q000592:standards*; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011899:Ranitidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications*; D013392:Sucralfate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D013392:Sucralfate; D011899:Ranitidine