title: Hospital-acquired diarrhea in adults: a prospective case-controlled study in Mexico.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To know the incidence, etiology, risk factors, morbidity, and mortality of nosocomial diarrhea in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested case-control study, matched by service, length of stay, date of admission, and presence of leukopenia and/or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Cases were those who developed nosocomial diarrhea. Controls were those who did not develop nosocomial diarrhea during a comparative period nor during the next ten days. Stool samples were processed in search for parasites, yeasts, bacteria, and rotavirus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Third-level referral center, in Mexico City, Mexico, for general internal medicine and surgical problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible subjects were all new admissions to the hospital from November 1987 to September 1988. Reasons for exclusion were presence of chronic diarrheal disease or melena. There were 115 cases and 111 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall risk of acquiring nosocomial diarrhea was 5.5%, or 1.8 episodes per 100 patient-weeks. A potential pathogen was found in 59%. Yeasts and Entamoeba histolytica were the most frequently isolated pathogens. Mortality in cases was 18%, as compared with 5% in controls (p less than .01). Multivariate analysis showed enteral feeding, recent enemas, presence of Candida species, use of antacids/H2-blockers, and presence of nasogastric tubes as significant risk factors for nosocomial diarrhea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diarrhea is a common complication in hospitalized patients. It occurs more often than previously suspected and is linked with a substantial mortality. The spectrum of etiologic agents is different from that reported in pediatric hospitals. Given that nosocomial diarrhea may constitute, at least, a marker of severity of illness, it should receive more attention in general hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ponce de León
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ponce de León
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Calva
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Palacios
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camorlinga
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Cervantes
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ojeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002175:Candida / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004733:Enema; D004748:Entamoeba histolytica / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors