title: Do adenosinergic substrates mediate methylxanthine effects upon reinforcement thresholds for electrical brain stimulation in the rat?
abstract: Caffeine and other methylxanthines elevate reinforcement threshold for electrical brain stimulation with an order of potency suggesting that the effect is mediated by antagonism of adenosine A2 receptors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate further the possible mechanism by which caffeine and other methylxanthines elevate reinforcement thresholds for ICSS. Drugs known to affect adenosinergic transmission in predictable ways, adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists and benzodiazepine agonists and inverse agonists, were tested to determine their effect upon reinforcement threshold. Both the selective A1 adenosine agonist, R(-)-PIA, and the non-selective A1/A2 adenosine agonist NECA failed to alter reinforcement thresholds, as did CGS 15943, a potent non-xanthine non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist. Chlordiazepoxide, a benzodiazepine agonist, lowered reinforcement thresholds and FG 7142, a benzodiazepine inverse agonist, elevated reinforcement thresholds, perhaps corresponding to their anxiolytic and anxiogenic subjective effects in humans. However, another benzodiazepine agonist, midazolam and another inverse agonist, beta-CCE, did not alter reinforcement thresholds. These results fail to support a general role for adenosinergic systems in the threshold-elevating effect of methylxanthines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322.
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Mumford
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Holtzman
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019830:Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide); D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002243:Carbolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D007026:Hypothalamic Area, Lateral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology; D010660:Phenylisopropyladenosine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012653:Self Stimulation; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000187:drug effects; D013806:Theophylline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002243:Carbolines; D011799:Quinazolines; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic; D014230:Triazoles; D010660:Phenylisopropyladenosine; D019830:Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide); C035874:FG 7142; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide; C024915:beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester; C031433:8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline; D013806:Theophylline; D000241:Adenosine; D008874:Midazolam; C052410:9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine