title: Evidence for direct coupling of primary agonist-receptor interaction to the exposure of functional IIb-IIIa complexes in human blood platelets. Results from studies with the antiplatelet compound ajoene.
abstract: Ajoene, (E,Z)-4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene 9-oxide, is a potent antiplatelet compound isolated from alcoholic extracts of garlic. In vitro, ajoene reversibly inhibits platelet aggregation as well as the release reaction induced by all known agonists. In this paper we show that ajoene has a unique locus of action, that is not shared by any other known antiplatelet compound. For example, ajoene inhibits agonist-induced exposure of fibrinogen receptors, as well as intracellular responses such as activation of protein kinase C and the increase in cytoplasmic free calcium induced by receptor-dependent agonists (collagen, ADP, PAF, low-dose thrombin). On the other hand, with agonists that can by-pass (at least partially) the receptor-transductor-effector sequence, such as high-dose thrombin, PMA, NaF, only the exposure of fibrinogen receptors is blocked by ajoene. Binding of fibrinogen to chymotrypsin-treated platelets is only slightly inhibited by ajoene. The results reported here also show that: (a) ajoene does not act as a calcium chelator, does not impair the initial agonist-receptor interaction and does not influence the basal levels of intracellular inhibitors of platelet activation such as cyclic GMP; (b) the locus of action of ajoene is a yet unknown molecular step that links, in the case of physiological agonists, specific agonist-receptor complexes to the sequence of the signal transduction system on the plasma membrane of platelets. In the case of non-physiological, receptor-independent agonists (PMA, NaF), we can only speculate on the hypothesis that they somehow mimic the effect of the agonist-receptor complexes on the signal transduction system; and (c) the exposure of fibrinogen receptors is not a direct consequence of other intracellular processes. These observations clearly show, for the first time, that the exposure of fibrinogen receptors is a membrane event proximally and obligatorily coupled to the occupancy of other membrane receptors by their agonists without any intervention by the cytoplasmic biochemical processes. Additional results support the involvement of G-proteins in these early events of platelet activation. Furthermore, a role of the beta tau subunits of G-proteins in the exposure of fibrinogen receptors is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Trombosis Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Apitz-Castro
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bartoli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ledezma
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salas
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002918:Chymotrypsin; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004220:Disulfides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000378:metabolism; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D004220:Disulfides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins; D013454:Sulfoxides; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D005340:Fibrinogen; D003094:Collagen; C048980:ajoene; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D002918:Chymotrypsin; D013917:Thrombin; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D002118:Calcium; D004837:Epinephrine