title: Verification of endotracheal tube placement with colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the ability of a disposable colorimetric CO2 detector to accurately confirm or refute endotracheal tube placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred fifty prospective emergency intubations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emergency intubations performed in the emergency department, helicopter, and prehospital ground environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intubations were performed by emergency medicine residents, paramedics, and flight nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The FEF CO2 detector was applied after 250 emergency intubations. Notation of color change indicating intratracheal placement was recorded in each case. Confirmation of refutation of the detector's results was determined subsequently through traditional methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity for confirmation of endotracheal intubation in the 137 patients with a palpable pulse was 100%. However, only 76 of 103 patients (sensitivity, 72%) in cardiac arrest had endotracheal intubation confirmed by color change. The device was uniformly specific for tracheal intubation in 73 arrested patients in whom a color change was noted (100%). There was one instance (of a total of seven misintubations) in which a positive color change was noted, but the tube was not intratracheal (specificity, 86%). Overall sensitivity for tracheal intubation was 88% (95% confidence limits; range, 0.83 to 0.92), and specificity for tracheal intubation was 92% (95% confidence limits; range, 0.62 to 0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FEF colorimetric detector reliably detects intratracheal placement in the nonarrested patient. Its use in prolonged cardiac arrest merits further study.
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Residency in Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: MacLeod
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerard
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yealy
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Menegazzi
mesh_terms: D001944:Breath Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000592:standards*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013990:Tidal Volume
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide