title: Stimulation of Ca2+ influx by endothelin-1 is subject to negative feedback by elevated intracellular Ca2+.
abstract: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been shown to require Ca2+ influx for activation of vascular smooth muscle in vivo, but in vitro models show that ET-1 mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ and is independent of extracellular Ca2+. We present data that suggest ET-1 modulates cellular responses through a dual mechanism involving both phosphatidylinositol turnover and Ca2+ channel activation. Addition of low concentrations of ET-1 (less than 10(-9) M) to serum-deprived quiescent Rat-1 cells stimulated Ca2+ influx while having little effect on diacylglycerol (DG) release or intracellular Ca2+ levels. In contrast, higher concentrations of ET-1 (greater than 10(-9) M) stimulated intracellular Ca2+ transients and release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and DG but did not activate Ca2+ uptake. Stimulation of Ca2+ influx at low [ET-1] could not be accounted for by depletion of intracellular IP3-sensitive pools. Neither the stimulation of Ca2+ influx at low [ET-1] nor the inhibitory actions of high [ET-1] could be mimicked by the activation of protein kinase C. We tested the hypothesis that elevated intracellular Ca2+ was inhibitory for Ca2+ influx. When intracellular Ca2+ transients were maintained below approximately 165 nM by chelation with BAPTA or BAPTA derivatives with altered affinity for Ca2+, Ca2+ influx was stimulated over the entire range of ET-1 concentrations. In addition, experimentally elevating intracellular Ca2+ levels with the tumor promoter thapsigargin abolished ET-1-stimulated Ca2+ influx. These data suggest that the biological consequences of ET-1 release may be determined by local concentration differences. Thus in vascular smooth muscle cells ET-1 may act either to mobilize intracellular Ca2+ or to promote Ca2+ influx, depending on the distance from the endothelial cell source in the vascular wall. The activation of different processes by low and high ET-1 concentrations may determine the physiological response to ET-1 stimulation in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Muldoon
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Enslen
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Rodland
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Magun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D016232:Endothelins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005246:Feedback; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D051381:Rats; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002614:Chelating Agents; D004075:Diglycerides; D016232:Endothelins; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; C025603:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; D002118:Calcium