title: Effect of parasitism with Nematodirus battus on the pharmacokinetics of levamisole, ivermectin and netobimin.
abstract: The pharmacokinetics of levamisole, ivermectin and netobimin administered orally and by subcutaneous injection were compared in lambs exposed to a moderate challenge with Nematodirus battus and in parasite naive lambs. There were no significant differences (P greater than 0.05) in the bioavailability of any of the anthelmintics tested between parasitized and non-parasitized animals. Levamisole reduced nematode faecal egg output by more than 99% when administered by either route. Ivermectin was also highly effective (greater than 99%). Orally administered netobimin reduced egg output by more than 98% seven days after administration. However egg output was only reduced by 89% 21 days after administration, suggesting poor activity against the early parasitic stages of N. battus. Netobimin was not effective against N. battus when administered by the subcutaneous route and this was probably because very low plasma concentrations of its active albendazole metabolites were achieved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, UK.
authors.forename: Q A
authors.initials: QA
authors.lastname: McKellar
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Coop
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D001682:Biological Availability; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D006146:Guanidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000662:veterinary; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007978:Levamisole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013320:Strongyloidea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D006146:Guanidines; D007978:Levamisole; D007559:Ivermectin; C049626:netobimin