title: The effects of ammonium sulphate and urea upon egg hatching and miracidial survival of Schistosoma mansoni.
abstract: The effects of various concentrations of ammonium sulphate and urea on egg hatching and miracidial survival of S. mansoni were tested in order to determine if the use of these fertilizers in the ricelands of the Republic of Cameroon could affect the transmission of schistosomiasis. Results indicate that hatching of eggs and survival of miracidia varied with concentrations of tested chemicals and times of exposure. Exposure of S. mansoni eggs to 0.20%-1.00% ammonium sulphate or to 0.50%-4.00% urea reduced their ability to hatch and produce miracidia. A chemical concentration of 1.00% ammonium sulphate or 4.00% urea was found to be sufficient to produce complete inhibition of hatching. High concentrations of both chemicals not only inhibited miracidial emergence but also may be ovocidal. Results obtained from miracidial survival tests indicated that LC5, LC50 and LC95 values for ammonium sulphate were 0.07%, 0.80% and 10.61% after 2 hours of exposure; 0.03%, 0.16% and 0.90% after 4 hours of exposure; and 0.30%, 0.20% and 0.40% after 6 hours of exposure respectively. Similar statistical analyses revealed that the LC5, LC50 and LC95 values for urea were 0.22%, 1.90% and 16.25% after 2 hours of exposure; 0.28%, 0.57% and 1.14% after 4 hours of exposure; and 0.13%, 0.27% and 0.57% after 6 hours of exposure respectively. Although the two fertilizers exerted some adverse effects on S. mansoni eggs and miracidia at relatively high concentrations, neither of them was found to be of practical value. Ammonium sulphate and urea concentrations effective in killing S. mansoni eggs and miracidia were about one to two orders of magnitude greater than the actual field application rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Tchounwou
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Englande
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abdelghani
mesh_terms: D000645:Ammonium Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000187:drug effects*; D012555:Schistosomiasis mansoni / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014508:Urea / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015053:Zygote / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014508:Urea; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate