title: Internal and external fixation in complex diaphyseal and metaphyseal fractures of the humerus.
abstract: The treatment of diaphyseal and metaphyseal fractures of the humerus is often controversial, especially when these fractures are complex and/or unstable (i.e. comminuted, segmental, or with a butterfly fragment). The authors review the indications, advantages, and disadvantages of various open and closed procedures, concluding that a combination of internal and external fixation is a valid treatment for these fractures. The purpose of the external fixation is immediate stabilization of the fracture, which is difficult if not impossible with intramedullary internal fixation alone. Internal fixation devices (Rush rods or "anchor" nails introduced by closed means) make it possible to align the fracture, facilitating application of the external fixator, and at the same time promote rapid healing. Fractures treated by this method healed in an average of 2 1/2 months, without residual functional limitations of the shoulder or elbow.
authors.affiliation: Divisione Ortopedica dell'Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giancecchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavazzuti
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tartaglia
mesh_terms: D016267:External Fixators / Q000592:standards*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D014945:Wound Healing