title: Components of excess ventilation in patients initiated on mechanical ventilation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the causes of excess minute ventilation in patients initiated on mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of recently intubated, mechanically ventilated patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical ICU in a county hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two mechanically ventilated medical ICU patients were studied within 36 hrs of intubation. Patients were all supported with volume-cycled ventilation in the assist-control mode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Timed expired gas collection and an arterial blood gas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements of minute ventilation and CO2 production (VCO2) were made from a timed expired gas collection. PaCO2 was sampled during the gas collection and deadspace was determined. Minute ventilation, VCO2, deadspace, and PaCO2 values in the patients were compared with predicted normal values, and excess minute ventilation due specifically to each component was calculated. Patients were separated clinically into groups: adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, obstructive lung disease, pneumonia, and drug overdose. Comparisons were then made between groups. Excess minute ventilation for the entire study population was secondary to increased deadspace (39%), low PaCO2 (36%), increased VCO2 (15%), and the interactive effect of deadspace and VCO2 (10%). VCO2 contributed little to excess minute ventilation early in respiratory failure, even in the ARDS and sepsis groups. Deadspace contributed significantly to excess minute ventilation in all groups, especially in the ARDS group, where it accounted for 53% of the excess ventilation. Low PaCO2 set-point was the predominant cause of excess minute ventilation in the sepsis group, where it contributed to 57% of their total excess minute ventilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although all groups initiated on mechanical ventilation had an excess ventilatory requirement, the contribution of individual components varied considerably between clinical groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55415.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ravenscraft
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: McArthur
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Path
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001944:Breath Tests; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012126:Respiratory Dead Space; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013147:Spirometry
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide