title: Intravenous vitamins for very-low-birth-weight infants.
abstract: Term infants and children appear to adapt to large variations in vitamin intakes. This is supported by the finding of similar blood levels of vitamins despite several-fold differences in intake on a body weight basis. By contrast, the finding of marked elevation of some vitamins and low levels of others seen in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants (less than 1500 g) suggest that this group has less adaptive capacity to high- or low-dose intakes. This indicates that their vitamin intakes need to be more closely aligned with actual needs. This paper reviews previously published data on vitamins A, E, B2, and B6 from VLBW infants receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Vitamin A. VLBW infants are relatively deficient in retinol (R) at birth. During TPN large losses of R onto the delivery sets result in a further decline in stores of R as reflected in a progressive decline in plasma R during TPN. Because of the reported lower incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia associated with intramuscular vitamin A treatment, alternative methods of vitamin A delivery during TPN have been suggested. First, the vitamins were mixed with Intralipid (IL) and, second, retinyl palmitate (RP) rather than R was used. There was little in vitro loss of R when mixed with IL, and in vivo treatment resulted in higher blood levels after 1 month of retinol administration in IL than seen previously (21.4 +/- 4.2 vs 14.1 +/- 3.7 micrograms/dl).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Nutrition, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2576.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murrell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caudill
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Swift
mesh_terms: D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D011736:Pyridoxine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D011736:Pyridoxine; D012256:Riboflavin