title: Cytokine interactions in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Interleukin 4 synergizes with interferon-gamma to activate murine macrophages for killing of Leishmania major amastigotes.
abstract: We investigated the effect of recombinant murine interleukin 4 (IL 4) in the absence or presence of recombinant murine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on adherent bone-marrow macrophages (M phi), peritoneal exudate and resident peritoneal M phi from susceptible BALB/c M phi, which were pulse-infected with Leishmania major amastigotes (AM), IL 4 (5-100 U/ml) failed to activate any of these M phi populations for killing of intracellular AM. However, in the presence of low concentrations of IFN-gamma (10-20 U/ml), which alone caused only a slight or intermediate reduction of the number of intracellular parasites. IL 4 led to a dramatic increase of the parasite elimination by all M phi populations. In the case of resident peritoneal M phi, the synergism of IFN-gamma and IL 4 required the incubation of the M phi with both cytokines or with IFN-gamma alone for at least 10 h prior to infection; adding both cytokines after infection of the M phi did not cause a significant reduction of the intracellular parasite burden. The synergistic effect of IL 4 and IFN-gamma was completely abrogated in the presence of anti-IL 4 antibodies. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between M phi derived from either susceptible BALB/c or from resistant C57BL/6 mice. Evidence is presented that the synergistic action of IL 4 and IFN-gamma occurs via an L-arginine-dependent killing pathway. From these data we conclude that IL 4 provides a strong stimulus for the killing of intracellular L. major AM provided low concentrations of IFN-gamma are present. Also, IFN-gamma is apparently an important priming signal for the activation of resident M phi to eliminate intracellular AM.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Erlangen, FRG.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bogdan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stenger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Röllinghoff
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Solbach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000502:physiology*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000502:physiology*; D007895:Leishmania tropica / Q000276:immunology*; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL
chemical_list: D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D001120:Arginine