title: Estimates of economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness, 1985 and 1988.
abstract: The high prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness imposes a substantial financial burden on those affected and on society. The authors present estimates of the economic costs from these causes for 1985 and 1988, based on current and reliable data available from national surveys and the use of new costing methodology. The total losses to the economy related to alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness for 1988 are estimated at $273.3 billion. The estimate includes $85.8 billion for alcohol abuse, $58.3 billion for drug abuse, and $129.3 billion for mental illness. The total estimated costs for 1985, $218.1 billion, include $51.4 billion for direct treatment and support costs; $80.8 billion for morbidity costs, the value of reduced or lost productivity; $35.8 billion for mortality costs, the value of foregone future productivity for the 140,593 premature deaths associated with these disorders, based on a 6 percent discount rate and including an imputed value for housekeeping services; and $47.5 billion in other related costs, including the costs of crime, motor vehicle crashes, fire destruction, and the value of productivity losses for victims of crime, incarceration, crime careers, and caregiver services. The cost of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome associated with drug abuse is estimated at $1 billion, and the cost of fetal alcohol syndrome is estimated at $1.6 billion. The estimates may be considered lower limits of the true costs to society of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness in the United States.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0612.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelman
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003361:Cost Allocation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004180:Direct Service Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004526:Efficiency; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D026712:Value of Life