title: Cardiovascular effects of halothane anesthesia after diazepam and ketamine administration in beavers (Castor canadensis) during spontaneous or controlled ventilation.
abstract: Fourteen adult beavers (Castor canadensis) weighing 16.5 +/- 4.14 kg (mean +/- SD) were anesthetized for surgical implantation of radio telemetry devices. Beavers were anesthetized with diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (25 mg/kg) administered IM, which provided smooth anesthetic induction and facilitated tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen via a semiclosed circle anesthetic circuit. Values for heart rate, respiratory rate, esophageal temperature, direct arterial blood pressure, end-tidal halothane concentration, and end-tidal CO2 tension were recorded every 15 minutes during the surgical procedure. Arterial blood samples were collected every 30 minutes to determine pH, PaO2, and PaCO2. Values for plasma bicarbonate, total CO2, and base excess were calculated. Ventilation was spontaneous in 7 beavers and controlled to maintain normocapnia (PaCO2 approx 40 mm of Hg) in 7 others. Vaporizer settings were adjusted to maintain a light surgical plane of anesthesia. Throughout the surgical procedure, all beavers had mean arterial pressure less than 60 mm of Hg and esophageal temperature less than 35 C. Mean values for arterial pH, end-tidal CO2, PaO2, and PaCO2 were significantly (P less than 0.05) different in spontaneously ventilating beavers, compared with those in which ventilation was controlled. Respiratory acidosis during halothane anesthesia was observed in spontaneously ventilating beavers, but not in beavers maintained with controlled ventilation. All beavers recovered unremarkably from anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Washington State University, Pullman 99164.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Keegan
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harari
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D003975:Diazepam; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000662:veterinary; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary; D012377:Rodentia / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007649:Ketamine; D003975:Diazepam; D010100:Oxygen; D006221:Halothane