title: Analgesic activity and respiratory effects of butorphanol in sheep.
abstract: The analgesic drug butorphanol tartrate has proved useful clinically in horses and dogs but its analgesic profile had not yet been investigated in sheep. This study was initiated to determine the thermal and mechanical antinociceptive activity of butorphanol (at the dose rates 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg kg-1) in sheep. The drug produced significant analgesia in the thermal test system, the duration of which was dose related but no significant elevation in mechanical pressure thresholds could be detected. In a further set of experiments the dose rate was increased to 0.4 mg kg-1 and mechanical testing was repeated. There was still no clinically significant elevation in pressure thresholds. At a dose rate of 0.2 mg kg-1 the drug had no detectable effect on respiratory blood gas tensions. Behavioural changes were severe if a dose rate of 0.2 mg kg-1 was exceeded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Bristol, Avon.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Waterman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Livingston
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amin
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011312:Pressure; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D012756:Sheep / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002077:Butorphanol; D010100:Oxygen