title: Potential for increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, subfractions HDL2-C and HDL3-C, and apoprotein AI among middle-age women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have shown high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Determinants of HDL-C and apoprotein AI concentrations were evaluated cross-sectionally in 1987 among 429 women, ages 45-54, from a population-based study of CVD risk factors through menopause (the Healthy Women Study, University of Pittsburgh).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects were healthy and not taking hormone replacement therapy. Results showed levels of HDL-C (mg/dl) to range from 23 to 117, HDL2-C from 0 to 53, HDL3-C from 16 to 66, and apoprotein AI from 87 to 204. Multivariate analyses which included age, cigarettes/day, alcohol intake (g/day), physical activity (Paffenbarger questionnaire), body mass index (BMI), and waist/hip ratio (WHR) showed that women who smoked greater than or equal to 20 cigarettes a day, reported little or no alcohol intake, expended less than 500 kcal/week, and were in the highest quintile of BMI and WHR had, on average, 33 mg/dl lower HDL-C than slender, nonsmoking women who drank moderately and exercised. HDL2-C showed a similar pattern, whereas the HDL3-C concentration had only a modest association with these factors. HDL-C was somewhat lower among women who had stopped menstruating than among premenopausal women. The apoprotein AI level was associated with alcohol intake (positively) and BMI (negatively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Theoretically, by raising their HDL-C by 10 mg/dl, women could reduce their CVD risk by as much as one-third (based on results from the Framingham Heart Study). As CVD is the leading cause of death among postmenopausal women, the potential impact of such a reduction in risk would be large.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261.
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Meilahn
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Caggiula
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D001054:Apolipoproteins A / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D010414:Pennsylvania; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D001054:Apolipoproteins A; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL