Induction of cytokine production from human monocytes stimulated with alginate.
Alginates are polysaccharides with gel-forming properties composed of 1,4-linked beta-D-mannuronic acid (M), alpha-L-guluronic acid (G), and alternating (MG) blocks. Alginate can be used as a matrix for implanted cells in vivo. In this study, we have examined the ability of alginates and their components to stimulate human monocytes to produce tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1. Alginates stimulated the monocytes to produce high levels of all three cytokines. Low G alginates were approximately 10 times more potent in inducing cytokine production compared with high G alginates. The M-blocks and the MG-blocks, but not the G-blocks, stimulated the cytokine production. The results demonstrate that the mannuronic acid residues are the active cytokine inducers in alginates.
Institute of Cancer Research, University of Trondheim, Norway.
M
M
Otterlei
K
K
Ostgaard
G
G
Skjåk-Braek
O
O
Smidsrød
P
P
Soon-Shiong
T
T
Espevik
D000464:Alginates / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005782:Gels; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011112:Polymyxin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
D000464:Alginates; D016207:Cytokines; D005782:Gels; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C007896:guluronic acid; D011112:Polymyxin B