Importance of creatinine analyses of urine when screening for abused drugs.
We report here a simple method involving urine creatine measurements for testing authenticity and reducing false-negative results in urine testing for drugs of abuse. Urinary creatinine in consecutive patient samples (n = 176) ranged between 0.1 and 31.9 mmol/L (mean 9.8 +/- SD 6.2) and the osmolality in these urines ranged between 49 and 1183 mOsm/kg (mean 595 +/- SD 276). With other consecutive samples in which creatinine was (arbitrarily chosen) less than 4.3 mmol/L (n = 85), the correlation with osmolality was lower. In 10 randomly selected urine samples from different patients, all "clean" for all drugs of abuse in initial immunological drug testing with approved methodology (in which creatinine was less than 4.3 mmol/L and osmolality was less than 200 mOsm/kg), five patients turned out to be drug positive after a simple concentration by volume. In a formerly heavy smoker of cannabis, the excretion of cannabinoids and creatinine was monitored for 93 days. The substances showed very good correlation throughout this period (r = 0.93, P less than 0.001), whereas simple measurements of cannabinoid concentrations would have falsely indicated several relapses of cannabis abuse. Urine samples used in drug-abuse testing should be tested for creatinine; if creatinine is less than 4.0 mmol/L, negative results for drugs may not be valid.
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
P
P
Lafolie
O
O
Beck
G
G
Blennow
L
L
Boréus
S
S
Borg
C E
CE
Elwin
L
L
Karlsson
G
G
Odelius
P
P
Hjemdahl
D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D006801:Humans; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D014556:Urine
D002186:Cannabinoids; D003404:Creatinine