Evaluation of risk factors in smokeless tobacco-associated oral lesions.
Smokeless tobacco (ST) users and nonusers were recruited to evaluate the contribution of various risk factors (ST use, cigarettes, alcohol, and diet) in the development of oral mucosal lesions. Ninety-eight ST users with no lesion, 29 ST users with an oral lesion, and 33 nonusers were enrolled in the study. ST users with lesions, when compared with users with no lesion, were more likely to have used snuff than chewing tobacco (p = 0.01) and to have used more ST (p less than 0.01). Alcohol consumption, dietary intake of beta-carotene, and serum levels of beta-carotene were not related to an increased risk of lesion development. Our findings showed that the only significant risk factor for ST-associated oral lesions was the extent of ST exposure. Of 127 ST users, 29 (22.8%) had an oral lesion at the time of examination. Of these lesions, 23 (79.3%) were hyperkeratotic and 6 (20.7%) were epithelial dysplasia.
Department of Oral Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298.
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GE
Kaugars
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RB
Brandt
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W
Chan
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Carcaise-Edinboro
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D008047:Lip Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019207:beta Carotene
D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids