The mean duration of gastroesophageal reflux during sleep as an indicator of respiratory symptoms from gastroesophageal reflux in children.
The coexistence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and respiratory symptoms has been reported in children, but identifying a reliable indicator of reflux-induced respiratory symptoms has been difficult. The mean duration of reflux episodes during sleep (ZMD), extracted from a 18- to 24-hour esophageal pH recording, has been presented previously as a reliable correlate of respiratory symptoms caused by GER in infants. To reexamine the accuracy of the ZMD we report 519 consecutive children with respiratory symptoms (aged 1 week to 15 years) who were referred for documentation of GER by 18- to 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Follow-up information was obtained on 388 patients 1 to 115 months later (mean, 23 months). From the follow-up information, 259 children could be reliably classified; 128 as having reflux-related and 131 as having reflux-unrelated respiratory symptoms. None of the 131 children with reflux-unrelated respiratory symptoms had a prolonged ZMD (greater than 3.8 minutes). In comparison, 119 of the 128 children (93%) with reflux-related respiratory symptoms had a prolonged ZMD (P less than .001). The nine children who had a normal ZMD and improvement in their respiratory symptoms with the successful control of GER had advanced esophagitis (n = 4), central apnea (n = 3), or associated disorders in which respiratory symptoms improved with the avoidance of oral feedings (n = 2). In conclusion, the ZMD was confirmed to correlate directly with both the presence and absence of respiratory symptoms caused by GER in children.
Halpern
L M
LM
Department of Surgery, Humana Children's Hospital-Las Vegas, NV.
Jolley
S G
SG
Tunell
W P
WP
Johnson
D G
DG
Sterling
C E
CE
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors