Abnormal renal function and autoregulation in essential hypertension.
The goal of this presentation has been to emphasize two fundamental mechanisms in the development of essential hypertension. These are: 1) The basic cause of essential hypertension is the inability of the kidneys to excrete an adequate volume of urine at normal arterial pressure. Therefore, fluid accumulates in the body until the pressure rises high enough to balance fluid output with fluid intake. This fluid balancing act is an infinite gain feedback system for controlling arterial pressure to a very precise level determined by the kidneys. Furthermore, this infinite gain allows the kidney mechanism to dominate the other pressure control mechanisms for long-term pressure control. Because of this domination, as long as a person has normal intake of water and electrolytes, essential hypertension cannot develop without an elevated pressure setting of the kidneys. 2) An increase in total peripheral resistance will not cause hypertension as long as the kidneys can still excrete normal amounts of water and electrolytes at normal arterial pressure, because loss of excess fluid volume at high pressures will simply reduce the cardiac output until the pressure falls back to normal. Therefore, what is the cause of the very high total peripheral resistance found in almost all patients with essential hypertension? The answer is likely the long-term blood flow autoregulation mechanism that occurs in virtually all tissues of the body. That is, when the pressure rises too high for whatever reason, this in turn forces too much blood flow through the tissues. In response, the local blood flow control mechanisms all over the body increase the vascular resistances until the flows return to normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Guyton
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AC
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson 39216.
D001794:Blood Pressure; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000502:physiology; D005246:Feedback; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance