Abnormal sodium metabolism and plasma renin activity (renal renin secretion) and the vasoconstriction volume hypothesis: implications for pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension and its vascular consequences (heart attack, stroke).
Arterial hypertension is sustained by either of two long-term mechanisms of arteriolar vasoconstriction or by an inappropriate reaction between them. One mechanism is renin-mediated, the other is related to antecedent renal sodium retention. The plasma renin value directly reflects the presence and degree of renin-mediated vasoconstriction, and, inversely, defines the predominance of sodium-related vasoconstriction. A hypotensive response, or lack of it, to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is similarly informative. Because the normal kidney exposed to high arterial pressure and normal salt intake will reduce its renin secretion to near zero, any renin secretion in a hypertensive setting can be considered abnormal. Typically, high-renin hypertensive patients are more vasoconstricted than low-renin patients with similar blood pressures. The intense vasoconstriction leads to relative hypovolemia, hemoconcentration, hyperviscosity, postural hypotension, and in severe forms even to acrocyanosis, all of which are dramatically reversed with anti-renin therapy. Conversely, low-renin equally hypertensive patients have relatively more sodium volume and are less vasoconstricted; they are generally responsive to natriuretic drugs (e.g., diuretics or calcium antagonists) and appear relatively protected from vascular sequelae such as stroke and heart attack. These observations provide a new means for evaluating prognosis and a basis for mechanistically differentiating and treating hypertensive patients, allowing increasingly simpler and more-specific long-term therapies.
Laragh
J H
JH
Cardiovascular Center, New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021.
Sealey
J E
JE
D000818:Animals; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D014661:Vasoconstriction
D012964:Sodium; D012083:Renin