Maternal and neonatal effects of outlet forceps delivery compared with spontaneous vaginal delivery in term pregnancies.
Previous retrospective studies have suggested that the prophylactic use of outlet forceps has a beneficial impact on the neonate because it shortens the second stage of labor and decreases the incidence of neonatal hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to compare the immediate maternal and neonatal effects of outlet forceps delivery (N = 165) with spontaneous vaginal delivery (N = 168) in term parturients. Subjects were randomized to the study or control group immediately before delivery. There were 88 nulliparas and 77 multiparas in the forceps delivery group and 90 and 78, respectively, who delivered spontaneously, a nonsignificant difference. There were no significant differences in gestational age, parity, infant birth weight, length of the first and second stages of labor, use of conduction (continuous epidural) anesthesia, decrease in hematocrit values, Apgar scores, or umbilical arterial pH values between the forceps and spontaneous delivery groups. Seventeen infants in the forceps group and 16 in the control group had cephalhematoma, facial bruising, subconjunctival hemorrhage, or scalp abrasion (not significant). No neonate had fractures, nerve palsies, or intracranial hemorrhage (determined by cranial ultrasound). In the nulliparous population, significant differences were found in the use of episiotomy (93 versus 78%) and the incidence of deep perineal lacerations (24 versus 10%) with forceps compared with spontaneous delivery, respectively (P less than .05). No significant differences between the groups were found in multiparas. We conclude that the use of outlet forceps in patients with uncomplicated labor has no immediate effect on the neonate. Furthermore, outlet forceps delivery does not significantly shorten the second stage of labor and is associated with an increased incidence of maternal perineal trauma.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington.
M K
MK
Yancey
A
A
Herpolsheimer
G D
GD
Jordan
W L
WL
Benson
K
K
Brady
D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis