Dextran magnetite as a liver contrast agent.
The superparamagnetic particle dextran magnetite was studied as a liver tumor contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The effects of dextran magnetite on the longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times in liver, spleen, and an implanted rat liver tumor were measured at 0.47 T (IBM/Bruker PC-20 relaxometer) over the dose range of 23 to 69 mumol Fe/kg. Dextran magnetite substantially reduced the T2 of the liver and spleen, but not of the tumor, thereby providing a basis for improved tumor imaging. The T1 of the tumor was not affected following injection of dextran magnetite in the dose range studied, while the spleen T1 was reduced substantially more than the T1 of the liver. Histological studies using the iron reaction for Prussian blue clearly showed dextran magnetite in the liver and spleen, but not in the tumor. While dextran magnetite was sequestered in macrophages in both liver and spleen, the distribution in the liver was more diffuse (70 microns average particle separation) than that in the spleen (25 microns separation). The lack of a T1 effect in the liver is consistent with the fact that a majority of the water in the tissue cannot diffuse to the relaxational centers on the time scale of the liver's intrinsic T1 (280 ms). In the spleen, however, the dextran magnetite is more densely packed in the red pulp allowing a significant fraction of the water to be relaxed by a T1 mechanism. Spin-echo images of the implanted tumor (mammary adenocarcinoma. R3230AC) in the livers of Fischer 344 rats were obtained at 0.50 T (Siemens Magnetom). The tumor-to-liver contrast was improved for both T1 and T2-weighted spin-echo images after intravenous injection of the dextran magnetite contrast agent. The contrast determined from these images agreed with that predicted by the measured T1 and the T2 (Hahn spin-echo) values. In addition, gradient-echo T2-weighted images with good contrast were obtained in a much shorter imaging time than was needed for T2-weighted spin-echo images. These results demonstrate that the MRI contrast enhancement observed with dextran magnetite is based on its selective uptake and distribution in the macrophages in the liver and spleen and that this agent has substantial potential as a superparamagnetic MR contrast agent.
Magin
R L
RL
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
Bacic
G
G
Niesman
M R
MR
Alameda
J C
JC
Wright
S M
SM
Swartz
H M
HM
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007505:Iron-Dextran Complex / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010087:Oxides / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014018:Tissue Distribution
D003287:Contrast Media; D010087:Oxides; D007505:Iron-Dextran Complex; D007501:Iron; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide