title: Use of radiofrequency current to ablate accessory connections in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several investigators have recently ablated electrophysiologically mapped accessory connections in the adult human myocardium by using radiofrequency current. To examine the effectiveness and safety of radiofrequency current for ablation of accessory connections in children, 20 consecutive patients (age, 3-18 years) with preexcitation and/or supraventricular tachycardia were evaluated by electrophysiological study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen of the 20 patients were completely studied and demonstrated accessory connections. After identification of the earliest retrograde atrial activation site, a steerable 7F catheter (with a 4-mm-long electrode at the distal tip) was placed within the ventricular cavity ipsilateral to the accessory connection and positioned at the atrioventricular valve annulus directly opposite the earliest point of retrograde atrial activation. Radiofrequency current was delivered at 50-65 volts for 10-60 seconds at a frequency of 500 kHz. Radiofrequency pulses were delivered for two to 26 trials. Upon completion of radiofrequency trials, repeat electrophysiological testing was performed. Thirteen of 19 subjects (68%) experienced definite successful ablation of their accessory pathway; an additional patient had probable successful ablation, yielding an overall success rate of 74%. Eighty-seven percent of individuals with a left-sided pathway had permanent ablation and 100% with a manifest left-sided pathway experienced successful ablation. Only 29% of the first seven patients had a successful result; in contrast, 92% of the next 12 patients had successful interruption of their accessory pathways. After ablation, 4-day continuous electrocardiographic telemetry disclosed no significant arrhythmias. CPK enzyme rises peaked at 12-24 hours. The rise was excessive and associated with general anesthesia in five patients. The isoenzyme MB fraction rose mildly in five other patients and returned to normal within 72 hours. No clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia was detected. Follow-up for 4-12 months indicates no return of preexcitation or tachycardia in any patient whose accessory connection was successfully ablated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experience indicates that radiofrequency current is an effective and safe technique for ablation of accessory connections in children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0204.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Serwer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: LeRoy
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000032:analysis; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011846:Radio Waves; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D003402:Creatine Kinase