title: A survey of helminth parasites in backyard flocks in Michigan by litter examination.
abstract: The prevalence of parasitic infections in backyard flocks was surveyed using litter samples from 74 pens located on 12 farms in central lower Michigan. Eight species of birds were represented. Two methods of litter examination (a sucrose flotation technique and a multiple washing/ZnCl2 flotation) were compared; the sucrose flotation technique was found to be more useful and was used in the survey. The following parasites eggs/oocysts were observed; ascarid-type eggs (in 34 pens from nine farms), Capillaria eggs (in 30 pens from nine farms), Strongyloides eggs (in nine pens from five farms), Syngamus eggs (in five pens from four farms), and coccidial oocysts (in 40 pens from 10 farms). Contamination of litter with ascarid-type eggs, Capillaria eggs, and coccidial oocysts was commonly found, irrespective of bird species. The contamination level in pens with more than one bird species was lower than in pens with a single species. The relatively high contamination rate may be an indication of the risk of parasitic disease in birds that are not raised under controlled conditions in confinement.
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Donoghue
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Manzoni
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Schillhorn van Veen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002645:Chickens / Q000469:parasitology; D010856:Columbidae / Q000469:parasitology; D004372:Ducks / Q000469:parasitology; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006374:Helminthiasis, Animal; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence