title: The efficacy and safety of milrinone for treating heart failure in dogs.
abstract: Milrinone has been studied in a variety of situations. In experimental dogs it has been documented to increase contractility to a similar degree as beta-receptor agonists and to produce mild arteriolar dilation in dogs. In canine patients with heart failure, milrinone produces demonstrable improvement in echocardiographic ventricular function and hemodynamic variables. In addition, it improves clinical signs in these patients, improving their quality of life. Milrinone is superior to digoxin as evidenced by the improvement in clinical signs noted in dogs that were unresponsive or no longer responding to digoxin administration. There is no doubt that milrinone improves short-term prognosis and in so doing prolongs life. Many of the patients that the author has observed would not have gone home without the benefits of milrinone. Milrinone's effects on long-term survival cannot be assessed, but its effects on survival time are certainly not dramatic enough to be evident without a comparison population. Therefore, milrinone administration should be considered palliative, as is administration of all other cardiovascular medications for heart failure. In addition to its beneficial effects, milrinone also appears to be relatively safe when compared with the alternative of digoxin administration. Fatal events attributable to milrinone administration are rare, and those directly attributable to enhanced ventricular arrhythmia can generally be avoided by monitoring an electrocardiogram after initial milrinone administration commences. Milrinone does not increase the incidence of sudden death in Doberman Pinschers. It is possible that a small number of dogs with mitral regurgitation may develop mitral chordal rupture. For this reason and possibly others, milrinone probably will not be indicated in early heart failure due to mitral regurgitation when heart failure is readily responsive to diuretic administration. The risk-to-benefit ratio turns markedly in the favor of milrinone administration in the dog with mitral regurgitation that is partially or completely refractory to other cardiovascular drugs. Milrinone appears to be a more effective and safer positive inotrope for long-term treatment of dogs with congestive heart failure than drugs currently available. The author and all the investigators involved in the milrinone clinical trials hope that it will soon be available for use by the veterinary community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kittleson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D006801:Humans; D020105:Milrinone; D011728:Pyridones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D011728:Pyridones; D020105:Milrinone