title: Facial reanimation after facial nerve injury.
abstract: Patients with facial paralysis are often seen in neurosurgical practice. Obtaining full facial symmetry and function after facial nerve damage presents the neurosurgeon with a difficult challenge. Various surgical techniques have been developed to deal with this problem. These include primary nerve repair, nerve to nerve anastomosis, nerve grafting, neurovascular pedicle grafts, regional muscle transposition, microvascular muscle transfers, and nerve transfers. Patient selection, timing of surgery, and details of surgical technique are discussed. The results of hypoglossal-facial anastomosis in 24 patients are described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Rosenwasser
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liebman
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Buchheit
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000055:Accessory Nerve / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000637:transplantation; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D020220:Facial Nerve Injuries; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000601:surgery