title: Prediction of in situ exposure to ultrasound: an acoustical attenuation method.
abstract: The prediction of the acoustic levels occurring in a patient during ultrasound examination is important for the assessment of equipment safety. While considerable effort has been devoted to theoretical methods of predicting exposure levels, there is a need to develop simple experimental methods which are universally applicable to the wide range of ultrasonic fields generated by medical ultrasonic equipment. This article outlines a number of methods that have been proposed and explores in detail a new experimental method based on the use of acoustical attenuators, made of low-density polyethylene, which are placed in the ultrasound beam between the transducer and the measuring hydrophone. Measurements of important acoustical quantities have been made using a measurement system based on a multielement hydrophone and comparisons made between this new method and other methods such as electrical attenuation and linear derating theory. The acoustical attenuation technique has been systematically studied, and results are compared with reference levels obtained using tissue-mimicking material. A procedure involving making measurements with the attenuator placed first at the face of the transducer and then at the hydrophone has been developed. By taking the mean value of these two measurements, it has been shown that this new method can simulate within +/- 10% the acoustic levels obtained using the reference. It is concluded that it could be the basis of a universally applicable method.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Science and Acoustics, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, England.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zeqiri
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002138:Calibration; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D008961:Models, Structural; D011095:Polyethylenes; D011312:Pressure; D011336:Probability; D012449:Safety; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012996:Solutions; D013499:Surface Properties; D014159:Transducers; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D011095:Polyethylenes; D012996:Solutions