title: The response of the rat liver in situ to bromobenzene--in vivo proton magnetic resonance imaging and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies.
abstract: Proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have been used to study the response of the rat liver in situ to bromobenzene, a classic hepatotoxicant. A localized region of high proton signal intensity was seen in the perihilar region of the liver 24 hr after injection of a sublethal dose of bromobenzene. The signal intensity of the entire liver was increased at 48 hr with a gradual return approaching control values by 120 hr. These results are consistent with acute hepatic edema followed by repair of the damaged tissue. In vivo 31P MRS studies of the same rat livers were performed under conditions whereby localized, quantitative spectra could be obtained without surgical intervention. Initial concentrations of the major endogenous phosphorus-containing metabolites within the livers of control rats were 2.97 +/- 0.43 mM for the phosphomonoesters (PME), 2.92 +/- 0.56 mM for inorganic phosphate, 11.3 +/- 1.0 mM for phosphodiesters (PDE), 4.09 +/- 0.54 mM for ATP, and 0.56 +/- 0.50 mM for ADP and the intracellular pH was 7.39 +/- 0.14 (mean +/- SD, n = 10). Bromobenzene was found to cause statistically significant (p less than 0.05) changes in several of these metabolites: a decrease in hepatic ATP levels (20% at 24 hr; 27% at 48 hr), a decrease in PDE levels (15% at 24 hr; 18% at 48 hr), and an increase in the PME (63% at 24 hr; 84% at 48 hr). Both the proton MRI and the 31P MRS changes have an onset of 15-20 hr and maximum effect at 25-60 hr, but the MRS changes returned to normal well before the MRI changes. The decreased ATP levels indicate deleterious effects of bromobenzene on the bioenergetic status of the liver in situ, while the increase in PME, due to a selective increase in phosphocholine, suggests the activation of a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C in response to tissue damage. Trolox C, a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, prevented the bromobenzene-induced hepatic edema (i.e., the increase in proton MRI signal intensity) and the bioenergetic deterioration (i.e., the decrease in ATP levels). However, the bromobenzene-induced increase in PME levels was not prevented by Trolox C. These results indicate that the process of lipid peroxidation plays a significant role in the hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene within the intact animal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Locke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brauer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001969:Bromobenzenes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000009:adverse effects; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D010758:Phosphorus; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D000637:Transaminases / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001969:Bromobenzenes; D002839:Chromans; D010743:Phospholipids; D010758:Phosphorus; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D000637:Transaminases; C010643:6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid; D010634:Phenobarbital