title: Use of orthopedic markers for quantitative determination of proximal radial and ulnar growth in foals.
abstract: Cortical bone screws were implanted into the proximal portion of the right and left radius and ulna of 6 newborn Quarter Horse foals as radiographic markers for measurement of growth. Distance between markers on a lateral radiographic view was measured. Radiographs were taken at 2-week intervals until the horses were 8 weeks old, at 4-week intervals until they were 48 weeks old, and at 12-week intervals until they were 72 weeks old. The proximal radius and ulna grew at similar rates during the 72-week period of evaluation, and growth continued throughout 72 weeks. The proximal radius grew 3.5 cm, and the ulna grew 3.4 cm. Although the rates of growth were similar, growth from the ulnar physis contributed only to the length of the olecranon; growth was not transmitted to the ulnar diaphysis distal to the cubital joint. The proximal radius slid distally in relation to the ulna as growth occurred at the proximal radial physis. These findings suggest that transfixing the ulna to the radius while growth is occurring at the proximal radial physis impedes the natural shifting process, and subluxation of the elbow can result. Severity of subluxation would be inversely related to the age of the horse at the time of transfixation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, College Station 77843.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Auer
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hulse
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Longnecker
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development*; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000254:growth & development*; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D011884:Radius / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014457:Ulna / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*