title: (2,6-Dimethylphenylsulphonyl)nitromethane: a new structural type of aldose reductase inhibitor which follows biphasic kinetics and uses an allosteric binding site.
abstract: Many of the complications of diabetes seem to be due to aldose reductase (aldehyde reductase 2, ALR2) catalysing the increased conversion of glucose to sorbitol. Therapy with aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) could, therefore, decrease the development of diabetic complications. (2,6-Dimethylphenylsulphonyl)nitromethane (ICI 215918) is an example from a newly discovered class of ARIs, and we here describe its kinetic properties. Preparations of bovine lens ALR2 exhibit biphasic kinetics with respect to glucose and various inhibitors including ICI 215918. The inhibitor sensitive form (ALR2S) has a higher affinity for glucose than does the inhibitor insensitive form (ALR2I). Only ALR2S was characterized in detail because ALR2I activity is very low at physiological levels of glucose and is difficult to measure with accuracy. Aldehyde reductase (ALR1) is the most closely related enzyme to ALR2. Inhibition of ALR1 was, therefore, investigated in order to assess the specificity of ICI 215918. The values of Ki and Kies (dissociation constants for inhibitor from enzyme-inhibitor and enzyme-inhibitor-substrate complexes, respectively) for ICI 215918 with bovine kidney ALR1 and bovine lens ALR2S have been determined. When glucose is varied, the compound is an uncompetitive inhibitor of ALR2S (Kies = 0.10 microM and Ki is much greater than Kies), indicating that ICI 215918 associates with an allosteric site on the enzyme. These kinetic characteristics would cause a decrease in the concentration required to give 50% inhibition when glucose levels rise during hyperglycaemia. ICI 215918 is a mixed noncompetitive inhibitor of ALR1 (Ki = 10 microM and Kies = 1.8 microM) when glucuronate is varied. Thus, the compound has up to 100-fold specificity in favour of ALR2S relative to ALR1. Therapeutic interest has now centred upon at least three distinct structural types of ARIs: spirohydantoins, acetic acids and sulphonylnitromethanes. Using one representative of each type, we have demonstrated kinetic competition for inhibition of ALR2S. This observation strongly suggests that the different inhibitors use overlapping binding sites.
authors.affiliation: ICI Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, Cheshire, U.K.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mirrlees
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Brittain
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Tuffin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Howe
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002417:Cattle; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology; D007700:Kinetics; D009595:Nitroparaffins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D009595:Nitroparaffins; D013450:Sulfones; C071862:(2,6-dimethylphenylsulfonyl)nitromethane; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase