title: A comparison of the physical dependence inducing properties of flunitrazepam and diazepam.
abstract: Dogs dosed chronically (4-7 weeks) with oral flunitrazepam (7.6 mg/kg/day) or diazepam (24-36 mg/kg/day) administered in 4 equally divided doses had dose-related flumazenil precipitated benzodiazepine abstinence scale scores (BPAS) of comparable intensities despite the fact that plasma levels of flunitrazepam and its metabolites were much lower than nordiazepam levels in the diazepam-dependent dog. Both groups of dependent dogs had clonic and tonic-clonic seizures after oral and IV flumazenil. Precipitated abstinence signs persisted longer in the diazepam than in the flunitrazepam-dependent dogs. Differences in the pharmacokinetics of the drugs of dependence, their metabolites, and their interactions at receptor sites offer a partial explanation for the high level of dependence seen in the flunitrazepam dog. The finding that the estimated plasma free concentration of flunitrazepam and its metabolites is equal to or greater than that of diazepam and its metabolites together with the fact that flunitrazepam has a higher affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor than either diazepam, nordiazepam or oxazepam can explain why the intensity of the precipitated abstinence syndrome is comparable in flunitrazepam- and diazepam-dependent dogs. Although the flumazenil-induced precipitated abstinence syndromes observed in flunitrazepam- and diazepam-dependent dogs differed qualitatively they did not differ quantitatively. It is therefore concluded from these data that the doses of flunitrazepam and diazepam, chosen for producing comparable degrees of weight loss during dose escalation, did not differ in the degree of physical dependence that they produced in the dog.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Wala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D003975:Diazepam / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000494:pharmacology; D005445:Flunitrazepam / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D005442:Flumazenil; D005445:Flunitrazepam; D003975:Diazepam