title: Short and long term regulation of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes by angiotensin in cultured adrenal medullary cells. Molecular mechanisms and nature of second messenger systems.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of angiotensin on the enzyme activities and gene expression of two catecholamine synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), in bovine adrenal medullary (AM) cells. Short term (15 min) incubation of cultured AM cells with 2 nM [Sar1]angiotensin II (s1-AII) did not increase basal secretion of catecholamines; however, longer incubations (3, 24, or 72 h) produced 4-10-fold increases. To determine whether angiotensin affects synthesis of catecholamines, the activities of TH and PNMT were examined. Incubation with s1-AII (15-30 min) decreased the Km of TH for its biopterine cofactor [6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-biopterin dihydrochloride (BH4] without affecting the Vmax, suggesting activation of TH. After long term incubation (72 h) the Km value was identical to that of control, while increases in the apparent Vmax were observed. PNMT activity was unaffected during a 30-min treatment with s1-AII; however, 2-fold increases occurred after a 48-72-h incubation. s1-AII (24 h) increased the relative abundance of TH and PNMT mRNAs, suggesting that the long term increase in enzyme activities reflected increased expression of TH and PNMT genes. Maximal increases were observed at 2 nM s1-AII and the changes were antagonized by saralasin. Induction of TH mRNA by s1-AII was additive to the effects of veratridine or forskolin indicating that effects of angiotensin were not due to membrane depolarization or increased cyclic AMP levels. Incubation with Ca2+ ionophore A23187 increased TH and PNMT mRNA levels in AM cells raising the possibility that the increase in cellular [Ca2+] could mediate effects of angiotensin. Angiotensin-induced increases in TH and PNMT mRNA were inhibited by nifedipine indicating involvement of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. In addition, the increases in TH, but not PNMT mRNA, were antagonized by dantrolene, which inhibits mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Calmodulin involvement was suggested by the inhibition of s1-AII induced changes in mRNA with 1 microM calmidazolium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Stachowiak
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Poisner
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Tuominen
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000313:Adrenal Medulla / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D007700:Kinetics; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D010625:Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012504:Saralasin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015290:Second Messenger Systems; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014701:Veratridine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D002147:Calmodulin; D002395:Catecholamines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000804:Angiotensin II; D005576:Colforsin; D000001:Calcimycin; C032651:angiotensin II, Sar(1)-Ile(5)-; D014701:Veratridine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D010625:Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D012504:Saralasin; D002118:Calcium