title: Evaluation of the upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
abstract: Multiple methods have been used to study the structure and physiological behavior of the upper airway (UA) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Valuable information may be obtained from the physiologic measurement of pressure and resistance along the UA, as well as from imaging techniques that include: direct or fiberoptic visualization, cephalometric roentgenograms, fluoroscopy, acoustic reflection, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. This review summarizes the information that each of these methods has contributed to our understanding of the UA. The results obtained with these different methodologies have generally been complementary with structural narrowing being identified in the majority of patients with OSA. This narrowing is usually focal and located in the velopharyngeal or retropalatal segment of the UA. This is also the predominant site of initial UA collapse. Although obesity with enlargement of soft tissue structures is considered the predominant mechanism leading to UA narrowing, abnormal craniofacial development on a genetic or developmental basis plays an important contributory role.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Gefter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guilleminault
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hoffstein
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hudgel
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Suratt
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D002508:Cephalometry; D004724:Endoscopy; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000503:physiopathology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000503:physiopathology; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed