title: Does insulin species modify counterregulatory hormone response to hypoglycemia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether pork and human insulin induce different counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The responses to a mild hypoglycemic stimulus were determined in 35 healthy young adults with the glucose-clamp technique to ensure standardization of glucose and insulin levels. Either pork (n = 15) or human (n = 20) regular insulin was infused (0.8 mU.kg-1.min-1) to lower plasma glucose from 4.7 +/- 0.07 to 3.3 +/- 0.04 mM (both groups) over approximately 40 min. Plasma glucose was maintained at that level (with variable rate glucose infusion) for an additional 60 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Steady-state insulin levels were similar in both groups (316 +/- 50 vs. 280 +/- 29 pM, pork vs. human). Before insulin administration, basal counterregulatory hormone levels were indistinguishable. Most importantly, after plasma glucose was lowered, hormonal responses were nearly identical. No significant differences in peak values of epinephrine (1769 +/- 404 vs. 1775 +/- 311 pM, pork vs. human), norepinephrine (1.64 +/- 0.23 vs. 1.87 +/- 0.20 nM, pork vs. human), glucagon (163 +/- 29 vs. 175 +/- 20 ng/L, pork vs. human), growth hormone (14 +/- 3 vs. 17 +/- 3 micrograms/L, pork vs. human), or cortisol (543 +/- 83 vs. 458 +/- 28 nM, pork vs. human) occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that pork and human insulin produce a comparable and robust hormonal response in healthy adults under conditions of controlled hypoglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-8064.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caprio
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hallarman
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Boulware
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sherwin
authors.forename: W V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Tamborlane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D013045:Species Specificity; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013006:Growth Hormone; D005934:Glucagon; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine