title: Design and methods for a survey of lead usage and exposure monitoring in California industry.
abstract: A probability sample of California workplaces in 1986 estimated the numbers of workers using lead and their coverage by biological and environmental monitoring. Study steps included (1) identifying 505 stand ard industrial classifications (SICs) with possible lead use; (2) creating an employer lis; (3) identifying for oversampling seven single SICs and a group of 165 SICs with documented high ambient air lead; (4) further stratification by workforce size; (5) prediction from National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health surveys the number of lead-using workers for each employer; (6) drawing facilities into the sample with selection probability proportional to the number of workers predicted to use lead; (7) adjusting the sample selection if an employer listing covered multiple facilities; (8) sending a first-stage telephone/mail questionnaire to identify lead users, who were sent a second questionnaire; (10)follow-up which, aided by statutory authority, resulted in completion rates over 90%; (11) ranking lead-using processes by intensity of exposure; and (12) analysis. Sources of error include random sampling error, misleadingly large standard errors because sampling was with replacement, gaps in the employer list, and inaccurate responses. As a measure for the probability proportional to size sampling, total work force count would have been superior to the predicted number of lead users. Restriction to a single hazard makes a questionnaire-based study feasible, but names of workers, rather than counts, should be requested and a subsample should be visited.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, University of California, Davis, 95616.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rudolph
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012494:Sampling Studies
chemical_list: D007854:Lead