title: The African-American grandmother in autobiographical works by Frederick Douglass, Langston Hughes, and Maya Angelou.
abstract: Using the autobiographies of Frederick Douglass, Langston Hughes, and Maya Angelou, this article demonstrates that the portrait of the African-American grandmother is one of action, involvement, hope, and dignity. In examining the works, we observe her functioning in three areas: as the preserver and most tenacious survivor of the African extended family; second, as repository and distributor of the family history, wisdom, and black lore; this role places her at the foundation of the Black, oral and written, literary and creative traditions; and third, as the retainer and transmitter of values and ideals that support and enhance her humanity, her family, and her community. This function emphasizes her spirituality. It is suggested that the grandmother, having played an important role in the growth, development, and artistic flowering of the autobiographer, can become a model and source of empowerment for future generations.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, Department of English, Gainesville 32611-2036.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hill-Lubin
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D001325:Autobiographies as Topic; D003405:Creativity; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005190:Family / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D012380:Role; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology; D014956:Writing