title: Opiate dependence--the role of benzodiazepines.
abstract: In a recent epidemiological study of 249 opiate addicts in the State of Penang, Malaysia, the use of benzodiazepines, its temporal relationship to opiate addiction and the reasons for use of benzodiazepines were examined. Just over a half of the opiate addicts indicated use of benzodiazepines in their lifetime. Use of 7 different benzodiazepines was reported, among them flunitrazepam most frequently. A substantial proportion had discontinued the use of benzodiazepines after initial experimentation. Just over a quarter had used them in the last 24 hours. Benzodiazepine use starts on average 3 to 6 years later than heroin use. The most common reason cited for benzodiazepine use was to enhance the feeling of 'high' from the opiates. These findings can be explained, at least partly, by economic factors. Reasons that could be qualified as attempts to autotherapy did not exceed 20%. None of the opiate addicts had reported isolated benzodiazepine use for fun and pleasure. From the time course of use as well as from the reasons given by the addicts, it is evident that benzodiazepines are not primary drugs of abuse. Comparing their figures from Malaysia with figures from Germany and England the authors cannot explain the preferred use of flunitrazepam by Malaysian addicts by the existence of special properties of this substance.
authors.affiliation: National Drug Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Navaratnam
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines