title: Sickle cell disease as a cause of osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
abstract: METHODS
  Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is an important complication of sickle cell disease. We studied 2590 patients who were over 5 years of age at entry and followed them for an average of 5.6 years. Patients were examined twice a year, and radiographs of the hips were taken at least twice: at study entry and approximately three years later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At study entry, 9.8 percent of patients were found to have osteonecrosis of one or both femoral heads. On follow-up, patients with the hemoglobin SS genotype and alpha-thalassemia were at the greatest risk for osteonecrosis (age-adjusted incidence rate, 4.5 cases per 100 patient-years, as compared with 2.4 in patients with the hemoglobin SS genotype without alpha-thalassemia and 1.9 in those with the hemoglobin SC genotype). Although the rate of osteonecrosis in patients with the hemoglobin SC genotype did not differ significantly from that in patients with the hemoglobin SS genotype without alpha-thalassemia, osteonecrosis tended to develop in these patients later in life. Intermediate rates of osteonecrosis were observed among patients with the hemoglobin S-beta zero-thalassemia and the hemoglobin S-beta(+)-thalassemia genotypes (3.6 and 3.3 cases per 100 patient-years, respectively). Osteonecrosis was found in patients as young as five years old (1.8 cases per 100 patient-years for all genotypes). The frequency of painful crises and the hematocrit were positively associated with osteonecrosis. The mean corpuscular volume and serum aspartate aminotransferase level were negatively associated. Twenty-seven patients had hip arthroplasty during the study; 10 were under 25 years of age. Five of the 27 required reoperation 11 to 53 months after the initial operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is common in patients with sickle cell disease, with an incidence ranging from about 2 to 4.5 cases per 100 patient-years. Patients with the hemoglobin SS genotype and alpha-thalassemia and those with frequent painful crises are at highest risk. The overall prevalence is about 10 percent. The results of hip arthroplasty are poor.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Sebes
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sleeper
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dukes
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Embury
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellevue
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koshy
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Moohr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005838:Genotype; D006451:Hemoglobin, Sickle / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D013789:Thalassemia / Q000150:complications; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006451:Hemoglobin, Sickle