title: Haemodynamic and humoral responses to repeated hypotensive haemorrhage in conscious sheep.
abstract: Haemodynamic and humoral responses to two subsequent hypotensive haemorrhages, separated by 3 hours and each followed by retransfusion, were studied in unanaesthetized sheep. Haemorrhage was induced by removal of blood from a jugular vein at a rate of 0.7 ml kg-1 min-1 until the mean systemic arterial pressure suddenly decreased by 35 mmHg or more. In addition to the mean systemic arterial pressure, the cardiac output, the mean pulmonary arterial pressure, the central venous pressure and the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure decreased in response to each haemorrhage. The recovery of the systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure was slower and/or less efficient after the second haemorrhage, due to a less pronounced increase of the vascular resistance. Relative bradycardia, in association with the abrupt fall of the mean systemic arterial pressure, was more apparent during the first haemorrhage. The plasma levels of vasopressin, renin activity and angiotensin II were increased by each blood removal, but the vasopressin response to the second haemorrhage was significantly reduced. The plasma noradrenaline concentration was slightly and transiently elevated only in response to the second haemorrhage. The concentration of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in plasma was unaffected by both haemorrhages. It is suggested that the reduced and delayed increase in the systemic vascular resistance, accompanied by impaired recovery of the arterial pressure, and the relative absence of 'bleeding bradycardia', during the second haemorrhage, were due to the diminished vasopressin response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hjelmqvist
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ullman
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rundgren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001810:Blood Volume; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007022:Hypotension / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000097:blood; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D009638:Norepinephrine