title: Midazolam for conscious sedation during pediatric oncology procedures: safety and recovery parameters.
abstract: Multiple bone marrow aspirations or biopsies and lumbar punctures are a necessary part of the diagnosis and treatment of many pediatric cancer patients. Pharmacologic sedation may decrease the distress associated with these procedures. Midazolam (MDZ, Versed) is a water-soluble, rapid-onset, short-duration benzodiazepine that has not been studied widely in children. We prospectively evaluated safety and recovery parameters for intravenous MDZ used for conscious sedation by oncologists (without an anesthesiologist in attendance) for 70 procedures (bone marrow aspirations, lumbar punctures, or bone marrow aspirations plus lumbar punctures) in 24 ambulatory pediatric cancer patients, aged 1.5 to 15.5 years. MDZ was used alone or in combination with morphine or fentanyl. Respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and heart rate were monitored. Sedation, anxiolysis, and recovery were assessed with a behavior score and a modified recovery room discharge score. Restraint was not required in 45% of the procedures. In no case was a respiratory rate less than 12 observed. In nine procedures (13%), an oxygen saturation less than or equal to 90 occurred, all within 10 minutes after the last dose of MDZ. Ten procedures (14%) required verbal stimulation to take deeper breaths. Two patients did not respond immediately to verbal stimulation and received face-mask oxygen. Hypoxemia was not correlated with opioid use. Hypoxemia appears to be related to total MDZ dose and may occur with normal respiratory rates; all cases resolved with verbal stimulation or face-mask oxygen without specific airway maneuvers or assisted ventilation. Heart rate and blood pressure remained stable in all 70 procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Sievers
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Blanding
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Berde
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D013129:Spinal Puncture
chemical_list: D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen