title: Adverse neuropsychiatric effects of dopamine antagonist medications. Misdiagnosis in the medical setting.
abstract: Medications with central dopamine antagonist properties are in wide use in treating a variety of medical symptoms. Some of the most commonly used are metoclopramide (Reglan), prochlorperazine (Compazine), droperidol (Inapsine), and promethazine (Phenergan). The major adverse neuropsychiatric effects seen with these medications are acute dystonias, akathisia, parkinsonian symptoms, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. These effects are often unrecognized or misdiagnosed by the primary physician as functional psychiatric disorders. The authors present four cases in which adverse neuropsychiatric effects from metoclopramide and prochlorperazine occurred with patients in the general hospital, and they discuss their initial misdiagnosis and subsequent identification and treatment by the consulting psychiatrist. The literature is reviewed on the adverse neuropsychiatric effects of metoclopramide and prochlorperazine, with attention to patient populations at risk. The authors believe that there is a key role in this area for the consulting psychiatrist, who can provide diagnostic clarity, advice on management, and ongoing staff education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ferrando
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Eisendrath
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011346:Prochlorperazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000187:drug effects; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D008787:Metoclopramide; D011346:Prochlorperazine