title: Drug and alcohol involvement in railroad accidents.
abstract: Postaccident testing of railroad employees for drugs and alcohol was performed in 175 qualifying accidents or incidents (events) from April 1987 through March 1988. Initial tests for drugs were performed on urine, and for alcohol on blood. Presumptive positives were confirmed and quantitated using both blood and urine when available. In 42 of these events (24%), at least 1 employee tested positive (6.7% of 736 employees) for drugs or alcohol. A higher proportion of drug or alcohol-positive events, or both, 40 versus 21%, was found when a fatality was involved. In 11 of the 32 fully investigated drug or alcohol-positive events (involving 14 employees), the investigating agencies determined that substance use was determined to be a probable cause of, or a factor relating to, the accident. Cannabinoids, ethanol, cocaine, or multiple-drug use were found in 5, 3, 3, and 3 of those employees, respectively. Detectable drug and alcohol use occurs among railroad employees; occasionally it has resulted in accidents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Moody
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Crouch
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Cresalia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Francom
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rollins
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003042:Cocaine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000652:urine; D009294:Narcotics / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D011890:Railroads; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013048:Specimen Handling; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009294:Narcotics; D000431:Ethanol; D003042:Cocaine