title: Redefinition of cutaneous lymphatic drainage with the use of lymphoscintigraphy for malignant melanoma.
abstract: Lymphoscintigraphy was performed on 82 patients with melanoma registered at the University Melanoma Clinic. From these data, precise lymphatic drainage basins could be drawn for the head, neck, shoulder, and trunk. These drawings differed significantly from the classic anatomic studies, providing a functional look at the cutaneous lymphatic drainage. This new method correlates much better with clinical experiences and demonstrates much larger areas of ambiguous drainage than previously reported. Data from the lymphoscintigrams also emphasize the individuality of cutaneous lymphatic flow. The implications of these data in planning elective node dissections for intermediate thickness melanomas are obvious, since it is estimated that up to 59% of the dissections for trunk and head and neck primary melanomas may be misdirected if based on classic anatomic studies. The data indicate that all patients with head, neck, and shoulder lesions should undergo lymphoscintigraphy to define possible drainage basins at risk for metastatic disease. Similarly, truncal lesions require scintigrams except when they are within four well-defined areas with an extremely low probability of ambiguous drainage. Lesions in these areas show very reliable and predictable drainage to a single nodal group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa 33682-0179.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Cruse
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saba
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reintgen
mesh_terms: D000965:Antimony; D006801:Humans; D008196:Lymph / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008545:Melanoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012867:Skin; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013667:Technetium; D017556:Technetium Compounds
chemical_list: D017556:Technetium Compounds; C019096:technetium Tc 99m antimony sulfide; D013667:Technetium; D000965:Antimony