Smoking during pregnancy and lactation and its effects on breast-milk volume.
The influence of cigarette smoking on daily breast-milk volume was measured by the dose-to-mother deuterium-dilution method in 10 smoking and 10 nonsmoking mothers. After administration of deuterium to the mother, breast milk and infant saliva were sampled over 14 d and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Nonsmoking mothers had a significantly greater breast-milk volume than did smokers [961 +/- 120 vs 693 +/- 110 g/d, mean +/- SD; t = 5.21, P less than 0.0001). Growth rates of the infants were also measured. Weight increase of infants of non-smoking mothers was 550 +/- 130 g whereas of infants of smoking mothers it was only 340 +/- 170 g (t = 3.11, P less than 0.01). These results indicate that cigarette smoking has a negative influence on breast-milk volume whereas the lower infant-growth rates of the smoking mothers suggest also that their breast-milk output was insufficient to support the energy requirements of their infants.
Vio
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Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago.
Salazar
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G
Infante
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C
D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D003903:Deuterium; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking
D003903:Deuterium