title: An intracellular calcium increase and protein kinase C activation fail to initiate T cell proliferation in the absence of a costimulatory signal.
abstract: Resting T lymphocytes proliferate in response to a combination of a calcium ionophore and a phorbol ester. This observation suggests that an increase in intracellular calcium free ion concentration [Ca2+]i and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) are sufficient signaling events for the initiation of T cell proliferation. In contrast, an accessory cell-generated costimulatory signal, acting independently of the rise in [Ca2+]i and PKC activation, is required for Ag-induced proliferation of type I T cell clones. We now report that this costimulatory signal is unexpectedly also being delivered via a cell-cell interaction during the response to ionomycin and phorbol ester. In the absence of this signal (at limiting cell numbers), T cells fail to divide. We also demonstrate that proliferation in response to immobilized anti-CD3 mAb requires the cell-cell interaction. These results suggest a model of T cell stimulation in which activation of a costimulatory signaling pathway is important in the regulation of the IL-2 gene, and only in the presence of this (third) signal can an increase in [Ca2+]i and PKC activity induce T cell proliferation. Such a model predicts that IL-2-dependent expansion of T cell clones in vivo in response to Ag receptor occupancy requires the delivery of an independent accessory cell-derived co-stimulatory signal.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiodetti
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000502:physiology; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000502:physiology; D017252:CD3 Complex; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008211:Lymphocyte Cooperation; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology*; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000502:physiology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D017252:CD3 Complex; D007376:Interleukin-2; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D015759:Ionomycin; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D002118:Calcium