title: The startle eyeblink response to low intensity acoustic stimuli.
abstract: Four experiments were conducted to investigate the acoustic startle response to stimuli of low intensities. Eyeblink responses (integrated EMG from orbicularis oculi) were measured from male and female college students. Experiment 1 compared tone and noise stimuli varying in intensity (50 and 60 dB(A) SPL), with noise stimuli producing greater response amplitude and probability than tone stimuli. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate temporal summation of low intensity stimuli using single and paired 70dB(A) SPL broadband noises, and an onset-to-onset interval between the brief stimuli in a pair equal to the duration of the single stimuli. Increasing the duration of single stimuli resulted in larger responses, illustrating temporal summation. Experiment 3 used 60 and 70 dB(A) SPL broadband noise varying in rise/fall time, with faster-rising stimuli producing larger responses, and more intense stimuli producing larger and more probable responding. Experiment 4 employed the startle modification paradigm using 60 and 70 dB(A) SPL broadband noises as startle stimuli and a 50dB(A) SPL tone as a prepulse. Response amplitude and probability to both 60 and 70 dB(A) SPL stimuli were significantly inhibited by the 50dB(A) SPL prepulse. These studies show that the acoustic startle response is more sensitive than previously thought, and the elicitation of startle by low intensity stimuli argues against the limitation of the startle reflex as a high intensity phenomenon. These findings can increase the application of this response system by showing that startle stimuli need not be of high intensity, because reliable and differential startle can be elicited and modified at relatively low stimulus intensities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Goode
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D001288:Attention; D001767:Blinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008144:Loudness Perception; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time; D013216:Reflex, Startle; D012684:Sensory Thresholds