title: Smoking, social support, and hassles in an urban African-American community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite public health efforts, the prevalence of smoking among African Americans remains high. The determinants of smoking behavior in this population must be elucidated so that interventions can be better targeted and more effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a prospective community intervention trial to reduce cancer mortality, we conducted a random household survey of 1137 African-American adults in San Francisco and Oakland between November 1985 and July 1986. The survey instrument included questions about social network characteristics, instrumental and emotional aspects of social support, smoking behavior, and stressors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of smoking (41.9%) was higher than that reported in national surveys. Logistic models revealed that persons reporting high levels of stress, represented by an abbreviated hassles index, were more likely to smoke than those reporting less stress. Women with poor social networks were more likely to smoke (odds ratio = 3.1) than women with optimal networks; however, this relationship did not hold among men. Indeed, men lacking emotional support from friends or family were less likely to smoke (odds ratio = 0.5) than men receiving such support. No interaction between social support and hassles was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stressful environments may contribute to high-risk smoking behavior among urban African Americans.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Syme
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012495:San Francisco; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications*; D014505:Urban Population