title: Management of the impacted ureteral calculus.
abstract: The management of 42 impacted ureteral calculi is reviewed. Impacted stones were defined by the inability to pass a guide wire or catheter on initial attempts. Stones were impacted in the upper ureter in 10 patients, mid ureter in 11 and lower ureter in 21. Upper ureteral stones were treated in 8 patients by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy after disimpaction by laser or other techniques. Mid ureteral stones were treated by laser alone in 7 patients and by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy after disimpaction in 4. Lower stones were treated by laser in 17 patients and ultrasound in 2. Complications included 3 major and 5 minor perforations, and 4 false passages. Treatment was successful without an open operation in 40 of 42 patients (95%). Our current approach to impacted ureteral calculi involves passing a rigid ureteroscope to the stone, with disimpaction performed by laser fragmentation or other dislodgement maneuvers. Proximal stones or large fragments then are treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Mid ureteral stones are treated similarly, unless they are so fragile that in situ fragmentation may be completed easily. Lower ureteral stones are fragmented in situ, with hard fragments extracted by basket. Alternative treatments for impacted calculi at all levels include unstented in situ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, antegrade ureteroscopy and, finally, an operation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morgentaler
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bridge
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Dretler
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015607:Stents; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization