title: Does tobacco advertising target young people to start smoking? Evidence from California.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether tobacco advertising encourages teenagers younger than 18 years to start smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of 1990 California telephone survey data with data from a 1986 national telephone survey (both used a random-digit dialing system); 95% confidence intervals were calculated. To test our hypothesis, we considered whether the perception of advertising was related to age, whether the pattern of market share across age and sex groups followed the pattern of perceived advertising, and whether changes in market share paralleled changes in advertising as perceived by the youngest age group.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 24,296 adults and 5040 teenagers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most advertised brands of cigarettes were Marlboro, according to 33.6% of adults and 41.8% of teenagers, and Camel, according to 13.7% of adults and 28.5% of teenagers--named most often by 12- to 13-year-olds (34.2%). The brands that were purchased most often were Marlboro and Camel. Together these were the brands of choice of 79.9% of males and 85% of females aged 12 through 17 years. Marlboro's market share increased in youths and young adults up to age 24 years and then decreased gradually with age; Camel's market share decreased abruptly with age: it was the brand of choice of 24.5% +/- 5.8% of males aged 12 through 17 years but was chosen by only 12.7% +/- 3.6% of males aged 18 through 24 years; for females, 21.7% +/- 13.7% aged 12 through 17 years chose Camels, while only 5.5% +/- 3.2% aged 18 through 24 years preferred this brand. Both Marlboro and Camel brands had a higher market share in California in 1990 compared with that for the United States in 1986. Of interest is that the market share for Camel increased among the younger smokers but was more evenly distributed for Marlboro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perception of advertising is higher among young smokers; market-share patterns across age and sex groups follow the perceived advertising patterns; and changes in market share resulting from advertising occur mainly in younger smokers. Cigarette advertising encourages youth to smoke and should be banned.
authors.affiliation: Population Studies for Cancer Prevention, University of California, San Diego 92110.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gilpin
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosbrook
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shopland
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising; D000367:Age Factors; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014026:Nicotiana