title: A model system and technique to study the effects of ultrasound irradiation on embryonic development.
abstract: To study the effects of ultrasound on development it is important to have a system which provides reliable results. We have designed a system which allows for reproducible irradiations of chick embryos in ovo. The irradiation system includes a heated sonation tank with ultrasound absorbers and a PC/AT computer-based data acquisition system for on-line monitoring of irradiations. The ultrasound detection microprobe and irradiation transducers were calibrated against an NBS traceable balance meter. An acoustic spacer was utilized to provide a more uniform profile of the irradiation beam. At the position of the embryo the ultrasound field geometry was determined. To maintain the chick embryo in its natural physiological state while minimizing ultrasonic reflections and standing-wave generation, two diametrically opposed windows were made in the eggshell along the ultrasound pathway and covered with polyethylene membranes. Using this irradiation system at intensity levels as high as 1.1 W/cm2 (spatial average, temporal average) for 10 min, the temperature rise is minimal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capriotti
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yip
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004531:Eggs; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D013696:Temperature; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000009:adverse effects*