title: Effects of age and gender on the location and orientation of the foramen magnum in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).
abstract: Endocasts from 378 rhesus macaque skulls from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection were measured to determine the effects of age and gender on the position and orientation of the foramen magnum. The foramen magnum migrates from a rostral to a caudal position and its angle changes during postnatal development. The angles and relative positions of the foramen magnum are similar for both genders of infants and for both genders of adults. However, analyses of linear response and plateau (LRP) functions reveal significant differences between males and females in the timing of reorientation of the angle and migration of the foramen magnum. The mean adult angle and relative position of the foramen magnum are reached by 4.7 years in females, but they do not achieve their adult values until 7.1 years in males. A similar pattern is observed for the brainstem region of the basicranium. Mean adult lengths of the brainstem region are reached at 5.2 years in females and 7.1 years in males. The relationships between cranial capacity, the growth pattern of the brainstem, and the pattern of change for the angle and the relative position of the foramen magnum are examined. Quantification of the effects of age and gender on the location of the foramen magnum in a large sample of endocasts from one species of higher primate has potential implications for research on human development, and for interpretation of juvenile specimens in the hominid fossil record.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Albany 12222.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Gage
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005539:Foramen Magnum / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors