title: Adjuvant formulations and their mode of action.
abstract: We have developed an adjuvant formulation (SAF) consisting of a synthetic muramyl dipeptide analogue (N-acetylmuramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine) in a squalane-Pluronic polymer emulsion. Used with a variety of antigens SAF elicits cell-mediated immunity and antibodies of protective isotypes (IgG2a in the mouse). SAF augments responses to influenza virus haemagglutinin and hepatitis B virus surface antigen. Vaccines using SAF have protected guinea pigs against genital herpes simplex virus infections and subhuman primates against Epstein-Barr virus and simian immunodeficiency virus infections. Properties of SAF are compared with those of other adjuvants, including lipopolysaccharide analogs, ISCOMs and liposomes.
authors.affiliation: Syntech Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Byars
mesh_terms: D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000276:immunology; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D004655:Emulsions; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D000882:Haplorhini; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000276:immunology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D016233:Immunotherapy, Active; D051379:Mice; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000276:immunology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000276:immunology; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D004655:Emulsions; D014612:Vaccines; D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; C054064:N-acetylmuramyl-threonyl-isoglutamine