title: Evidence that in X-linked immunodeficiency with hyperimmunoglobulinemia M the intrinsic immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch mechanism is intact.
abstract: X-linked immunodeficiency with hyperimmunoglobulinemia M (XHM) reflects an impairment of the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chain class switch of B lymphocytes from IgM to IgG and IgA. XHM is recessive; female carriers manifest normal IgG and IgA production. Due to random X chromosome inactivation in all somatic cells of females, about half of the lymphocytes of XHM carriers are not able to express an intact XHM gene. An intrinsic defect of the Ig H chain class switch mechanism in XHM B lymphocytes would thus lead to a skewed X chromosome inactivation pattern in the IgG- and IgA-expressing B lymphocytes of female carriers. IgM-, IgG- and IgA-expressing B lymphoblastoid cells (BLC) were established by Epstein-Barr virus transformation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of two female XHM carriers. In an analysis of differential methylation of the polymorphic DXS255 loci, random X chromosome inactivation patterns were found in populations of T lymphocytes, in IgM-expressing B lymphocytes and in IgG- or IgA-expressing B lymphocytes. The heterogeneity of Ig H chain rearrangements and the Ig light chain usage in the IgA- or IgG-expressing BLC clones that had inactivated the X chromosome which carries the intact XHM gene and in BLC clones with the homologous X chromosome inactivated were similar. The results indicated that the intrinsic Ig H chain class switch mechanism in XHM B lymphocytes is fully intact. We conclude that the XHM gene encodes a class switch inducer that is transferred to B lymphocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunohematology, University Medical Center, Leiden. The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kraakman
authors.forename: I W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Espanol
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Schuurman
mesh_terms: D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002999:Clone Cells; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D015326:Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin; D006801:Humans; D006942:Hypergammaglobulinemia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000235:genetics; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000235:genetics; D007148:Immunoglobulin mu-Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D008745:Methylation; D010375:Pedigree; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D014960:X Chromosome
chemical_list: D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007148:Immunoglobulin mu-Chains