title: Pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics of atipamezole, a novel alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist--a randomized, double-blind cross-over study in healthy male volunteers.
abstract: 1. Single doses (10, 30 and 100 mg) of atipamezole (MPV-1248), a new potent and selective imidazole-type alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, and saline placebo were administered as 20 min intravenous infusions to six healthy male volunteers in a randomized double-blind, cross-over phase I study. Later, 100 mg atipamezole was given orally to the same subjects in an open fashion. 2. The i.v. doses resulted in linearly dose-related concentrations of atipamezole in plasma. Pharmacokinetic calculations revealed an elimination half-life of 1.7-2.0 h, an apparent volume of distribution of 3.0-3.5 l kg-1 and a total plasma clearance of 1.1-1.5 l h-1 kg-1. No atipamezole could be detected in plasma after oral dosing. 3. Subjective drug effects were seen mainly after the largest i.v. dose and included increased alertness and nervousness, coldness and sweating of hands and feet, tremor and shivering, motor restlessness, and increased salivation. Salivation was also quantitated using dental cotton rolls, with dose-related increases produced by the i.v. doses. 4. The 100 mg i.v. dose increased plasma noradrenaline concentrations on average by 484 +/- 269 (s.d.)%, and also elevated both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mean increases 17 +/- 7/14 +/- 2 mm Hg). The 30 mg dose had minor and the 10 mg dose no effects on these variables. Adrenaline and cyclic AMP levels in plasma were increased only after the largest dose. No drug effects were observed after oral dosing. 4. Plasma C-peptide and blood glucose levels were not markedly influenced by the drug, and cortisol secretion was not stimulated. 5. The observed effects are compatible with the presumed alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonistic action of atipamezole and are in general concordance with the reported results of other alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists (yohimbine and idazoxan). 6. Although not orally active, atipamezole may prove to be a useful agent in studies of alpha 2-adrenoceptor function in man.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karhuvaara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kallio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheinin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anttila
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Scheinin
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000652:urine; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011897:Random Allocation; D012472:Salivation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D002395:Catecholamines; D007093:Imidazoles; C050701:atipamezole; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006854:Hydrocortisone