title: Xanthine oxidase is not a major source of free radicals in focal cerebral ischemia.
abstract: Xanthine oxidase (XO) has been proposed as an important source of free radicals during ischemia. This enzyme normally exists as a dehydrogenase (XD), but it is converted to XO in some ischemic tissues. Recently, treatment of animals with the XD and XO inhibitor allopurinol or with free radical scavengers before cerebral ischemia has been shown to reduce brain injury. Therefore, we studied conversion of XD to XO in three ischemic and nonischemic brain regions during focal cerebral ischemia resulting from permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in anesthetized rats. In nonischemic brain, 16-22% of the enzyme was in the XO form. After 24 h of ischemia this value was not significantly different (10-15%). Neither the total activity of XO nor that of XD changed, indicating that there was no irreversible conversion of XD to XO. To further explore the possible role of XO, we examined the effect of various doses of allopurinol (5, 20, or 100 mg/kg given 1 h before MCAO or 100 mg/kg given 48, 24, and 1 h before MCAO) on uric acid accumulation, brain edema formation, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) 24 h after MCAO. All but the lowest dose of allopurinol greatly reduced the appearance of uric acid in the ischemic brain; however, only the highest dose of allopurinol had any beneficial effect on brain edema. This reduction in brain edema occurred without a significant improvement in CBF. Thus XO is probably not an important source of free radicals in this model of focal cerebral ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0570.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Betz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martz
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000378:metabolism; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005609:Free Radicals; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D014968:Xanthine Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D014527:Uric Acid; D000493:Allopurinol; D014968:Xanthine Dehydrogenase; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase; D010100:Oxygen