title: Cognitive and behavioral effects of the coadministration of dextroamphetamine and haloperidol in schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to determine if an acute dose of dextroamphetamine might have positive effects on affect and cognition in schizophrenic patients maintained on a regimen of haloperidol and, if so, what variables might predict such improvements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients with chronic schizophrenia who were hospitalized on a research ward received a single oral dose of dextroamphetamine (0.25 mg/kg) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. All patients were receiving 0.4 mg/kg per day of haloperidol. Cognitive tests, motor tests, global ratings, mood ratings, and videotape ratings were used to determine the effect of the coadministration of these drugs. Ventricle-brain ratios derived from CT scans were used to predict response to the coadministration of these drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amphetamine improved performance on a measure of concept formation on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test but did not result in changes in performance on tests of memory or attention. As a group, the patients were more active and performed psychomotor tests more quickly while receiving amphetamine. Six patients were judged by clinical raters to have improved in terms of affect, cooperation, and engagement with the environment. Improvement was associated with enlarged cerebral ventricles and increases in blink rate from the placebo to the active drug condition. No patient unequivocally worsened.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results may be consistent with the theory that coadministration of amphetamine and haloperidol produces relatively selective enhancement of cortical dopaminergic activity. However, because of the acute nature of the trial and the specialized research environment in which it was conducted, the authors do not advocate amphetamine as a routine clinical treatment of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, NIMH Neurosciences Center at St. Elizabeths, Washington, DC 20032.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Bigelow
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kleinman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D001767:Blinking / Q000187:drug effects; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003210:Concept Formation / Q000187:drug effects; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011859:Radiography; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D006220:Haloperidol; D003913:Dextroamphetamine