title: [Current problems of pharmacotherapy--heart failure].
abstract: Cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy, hyperplasia of connective tissue, abnormal peripheral circulation and metabolic changes in the cardiac fibre and in the smooth muscle cell as a consequence of mechanic overload are described in variable proportions in heart failure. These changes in turn are essential factors for progression of the disease. Results of early drug intervention in patients with few or no symptoms suggest that decrease of mechanic overload by vasodilator therapy slows down the progression of the disease. In late stages, treatment with diuretics and vasodilators improves the symptoms and the outcome of heart failure. Diuretics alone and inotropic positive substances bring about some improvement of symptoms and maximal oxygen consumption, but they have no favourable effect on the outcome. Positive inotropic substances remain restricted to late forms of heart failure, in which they seem to ameliorate symptoms but have a rather unfavourable effect on the outcome. The role of diuretics, ACE inhibitors and digoxin is well defined. This is not the case for newer calcium-channel blockers from the dihydropyridine group, of beta blockers, of phosphodiesterase inhibitors and of substances with partial beta agonist and partial beta blocking activity. These drugs must still be classified as experimental agents for the treatment of heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik, Stadtspital Triemli, Zürich.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bertel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004077:Digoxin