title: Inhibition of T cell mitogenesis by nitrofurans.
abstract: A group of nitrofurans (5-nitro-2-furaldehyde, nifuroxime, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin, 5-nitro-2-furoic acid and 2-nitrofuran) were evaluated for inhibition of mitogenesis (DNA synthesis) in human peripheral blood T cells. T cells, either triggered by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or in the presence of accessory cells, were activated with a specified mitogen [phytohemagglutin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA), or anti-CD3] and the amount of tritiated thymidine incorporated into DNA was determined. The results obtained indicate that nitrofurans inhibit mitogenesis irrespective of activator. 5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde was much more inhibitory than the other compounds, while 2-nitrofuran was less inhibitory. When the aldehyde group (5-nitro-2-furaldehyde) was replaced by a carboxyl group (5-nitro-2-furoic acid), the inhibitory activity was also reduced greatly. These results show that while the nitro group alone confers inhibitory activity to the furan ring, the group at the 2 position is crucial. In general, the mitogenic response of purified T cells (lacking accessory cells) triggered by PMA (phorbol ester) was inhibited less than that of the T cell-accessory cell system. With the latter, 50% inhibition of T cell mitogenesis was achieved by nifuroxime, nitrofurazone, and nitrofurantoin at 45-51 and 34-39 microM with PHA and ConA respectively. When purified T cells were used, the values were 71-85 and 55-60 microM respectively. For a given drug concentration, mitogenesis was more inhibited when induced by ConA or anti-CD3 than by PHA. The importance of using a single cell system (purified T cells) was emphasized by the interesting finding that only this system showed enhancement of mitogenesis, up to 35-40% at low drug levels. With the exception of the nitrofuraldehyde, the nitrofurans at strongly inhibitory levels were only moderately cytotoxic, exhibiting 62-85% cell survival after exposure to drug for 68 hr. Our results suggest that nitrofurans inhibit T cell mitogenesis by a relatively non-toxic mechanism; these results are comparable to those obtained for mammalian cells under aerobic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Ponce School of Medicine, Puerto Rico 00732.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mercado
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Navas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quiñones
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Eylar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D009581:Nitrofurans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D009581:Nitrofurans; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D003208:Concanavalin A; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate