title: Suppression of a hind limb flexion withdrawal reflex by microinjection of glutamate or morphine into the periaqueductal gray in the rat.
abstract: Microinjection into the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) or lateral reticular formation (LRF) of the neuronal excitant glutamate produces analgesia, and suppresses the responses of a fraction of spinal dorsal horn neurons to noxious heat applied to ventral hind paw skin. Microinjection of morphine into the PAG also produces analgesia, but has been reported to frequently facilitate, as well as to suppress or have no effect, on nociceptive spinal neurons. In anesthetized rats, we tested whether (a) glutamate microinjections into PAG or LRF, and (b) morphine microinjections into PAG, affected the isometric force of hind limb withdrawal elicited by the same noxious heat stimuli on the hind paw as used in single-unit studies of dorsal horn neurons. Glutamate (0.5 M; 0.1-0.5 microliter) microinjected at 9/12 PAG and 8/10 LRF sites suppressed the reflex, and had no effect or facilitated the reflex from the remaining sites. Morphine (5 micrograms in 0.5 microliter) microinjected at each of 10 PAG sites suppressed the reflex in a naloxone-reversible manner. Suppression usually began shortly after morphine, peaked at 20-40 min, and lasted greater than 60 min. The integrated flexion reflex thus appears to be more susceptible to chemical midbrain stimulation under these experimental conditions, compared to previous studies of single dorsal horn neurons.
authors.affiliation: II. Physiologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, D-6900 HeidelbergF.R.G.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carstens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stelzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005971:Glutamates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects*; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical
chemical_list: D005971:Glutamates; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D009020:Morphine