title: Antiepileptic medication in pregnancy: late effects on the children's central nervous system development.
abstract: In a follow-up study long-term effects of antenatal exposure to two anticonvulsant drugs, phenobarbital and carbamazepine on central nervous system development were evaluated. Children aged 6 to 13 years of epileptic mothers who used phenobarbital (n = 13), carbamazepine (n = 12), phenobarbital plus carbamazepine (n = 12), or no medication (n = 24) during pregnancy were studied. None of the mothers had seizures during pregnancy. A control group carefully matched for confounding variables was selected of children of nonepileptic mothers (n = 61). Minor and major congenital anomalies appeared to be more related to mother's epilepsy than to maternal medication. There were no neurologic differences between the groups. Exposure to phenobarbital was associated with smaller head circumference. An accompanying negative effect of phenobarbital on cognitive development was suggested. Further research on this intriguing phenomenon seems warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neurology, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: van der Pol
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadders-Algra
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Huisjes
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Touwen
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000009:adverse effects; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012886:Skull / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002220:Carbamazepine; D010634:Phenobarbital