title: Speculating about pyrazines.
abstract: Of the various types of alerting signals found in nature, odours are the least well understood. The worldwide distribution of pyrazines in plants, insects, terrestrial vertebrates, marine organisms, fungi and bacteria suggests that they are of special significance. We speculate that these molecules served as natural points of convergence in the evolution of widespread alerting signals, which are used for differing but related intraspecific purposes by various species. In aposematic, self-advertising toxic insects and their mimics, for example, pyrazines function as additional warning signals; preliminary data indicates that their odour can potentiate taste aversion learning in rats and the associative learning of immune suppression in mice. The latter suggests that in addition to their alerting properties, pyrazine odours may act as ectohormones which interact with predator physiology.
authors.affiliation: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, U.K.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woolfson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rothschild
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D009812:Odorants; D010675:Pheromones / Q000502:physiology; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones; D011719:Pyrazines