title: Development and application of biomarkers exploitable for human exposure monitoring.
abstract: The objectives, applications and limitations of laboratory methods for assessing human exposure to carcinogens are concisely discussed. The available technologies include cytological, cytogenetic and molecular analyses, somatic cell mutation, carcinogen-DNA or carcinogen-protein adducts, metabolic markers, and chemical or biological analyses of expired air, body fluids, and excreta.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Flora
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D009154:Mutation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; D004247:DNA