title: A placebo-controlled trial of maintenance therapy with fluconazole after treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. California Collaborative Treatment Group.
abstract: METHODS
  In patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the rate of relapse after primary treatment for cryptococcal meningitis remains high. We conducted a controlled, double-blind trial to evaluate the efficacy of maintenance therapy with fluconazole. At entry into the study, all participants had sterile cultures of cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and urine after following a standardized course of therapy for culture-proved cryptococcal meningitis. The patients were randomly assigned to take either fluconazole or placebo as maintenance therapy. The dose of fluconazole was 100 mg daily in the first phase of study and 200 mg daily in the second phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 84 patients initially enrolled, 16 (19 percent) were found to have silent, persistent infection on the basis of cultures that became positive after entry into the study; 7 other patients were lost to follow-up shortly after entry. Of the remaining 61 patients, 10 of 27 assigned to placebo (37 percent) and 1 of 34 assigned to fluconazole (3 percent) had a recurrence of cryptococcal infection at any site (difference in risk, 34 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 15 to 53). Of the 11 recurrent infections, 7 were detected in urine obtained after prostatic massage. There were four recurrent meningeal infections in the patients taking placebo, but none in those taking fluconazole (mean duration of follow-up, 164 days) (P = 0.03). In multivariate analyses, the best predictors of recurrence-free survival were fluconazole treatment (P = 0.02; relative hazard, 13.2), a lower serum cryptococcal-antigen titer (P = 0.05; relative hazard, 1.2), and more prolonged primary therapy with flucytosine (P = 0.09; relative hazard, 1.1). Survival and toxicity were similar in the two maintenance-treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with AIDS, silent persistent infection is common after clinically successful treatment for cryptococcal meningitis. Maintenance therapy with fluconazole is highly effective in preventing recurrent cryptococcal infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Univeristy of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bozzette
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCutchan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tilles
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005437:Flucytosine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008581:Meningitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D015725:Fluconazole; D005437:Flucytosine