title: Case-control studies of environmental influences in diseases with genetic determinants, with an application to Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Many diseases have both genetic and environmental determinants. Some require both, and the disease phenotype then appears only when a vulnerable genotype is expressed after interaction with environmental factors. The detection of such environmental factors has received little prior consideration in diseases with genetic causes. In particular, case-control studies of such diseases may compare exposures among cases, who have the susceptible genotype, and controls who mostly lack it. The authors explored the likely results of such studies, using the example of Alzheimer's disease as an illness where environmental factors may interact with a necessary susceptible genotype to accelerate disease expression. They found that case-control studies of environmental factors in complex genetic diseases will usually produce an odds ratio that differs little from the relative risk among susceptible individuals. In rare situations, however, the discrepancy may be gross. The statistical power of such studies also agrees well with familiar published estimates, suggesting that little power is lost even though the controls are mostly not susceptible. Power may be increased, however, in studies of common illnesses with genetic determinants when the case-control method is applied among discordant monozygotic twins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Breitner
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Woodbury
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors