title: Human HOX genes are differentially activated by retinoic acid in embryonal carcinoma cells according to their position within the four loci.
abstract: We studied the expression of 33 human homeobox genes belonging to four complex HOX loci in embryonal carcinoma NT2/D1 cells. These cells can be induced to differentiate by culturing them in media containing retinoic acid. Northern blot analysis reveals that no expression of these genes was detectable in NT2/D1 stem cells, whereas 22 HOX genes are well expressed in NT2/D1 cells treated with 10 microM retinoic acid for 14 days. The 11 HOX genes the expression of which remained undetectable in NT2/D1 cells after this treatment are located at the 5' end of their loci: four in HOX1, five in HOX3 and two in HOX4. The boundary between induced and silent genes roughly corresponds to the HOX genes constituting the homology group 5, related to the Abdominal-B homeotic gene of Drosophila. All nine identified HOX2 genes are well expressed in fully induced NT2/D1 cells and none of them maps 5' genes of this homology group. We conclude that HOX genes are differentially activated by retinoic acid in these cells according to their physical location within the four chromosomal loci.
authors.affiliation: International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stornaiuolo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Acampora
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pannese
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Esposito
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Migliaccio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rambaldi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faiella
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nigro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simeone
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D054278:Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005796:Genes; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014212:Tretinoin