title: Heterogeneity in spasmodic dysphonia. Neurologic and voice findings.
abstract: Spasmodic dysphonia is a disturbance of phonation with laryngeal spasms. We report voice and neurologic examination findings in 45 subjects. Neurologic abnormalities were found in 32 subjects (71.1%). Rapid alternating movement abnormalities, weakness, and tremor were common. Incoordination and spasticity were rare. Lower extremity findings were frequent. Abnormalities were bilateral. Spasmodic dysphonia severity was related to age. Type, severity, and duration of vocal symptoms were not different for subjects with or without neurologic abnormalities. Vocal tremor was more frequent in neurologically abnormal subjects. Involvement of a pallidothalamic-supplementary motor area system could account for neurologic findings, brain imaging findings, and clinical heterogeneity. The view emerging is that spasmodic dysphonia is a manifestation of disordered motor control involving systems of neurons rather than single anatomical sites.
authors.affiliation: Dallas (Tex) Center for Vocal Motor Control, Neuroscience Research Center.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Pool
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Finitzo
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Devous
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Close
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Kondraske
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mendelsohn
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000150:complications*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D014831:Voice; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology