title: Vanillin, a potential agent for the treatment of sickle cell anemia.
abstract: Vanillin, a food additive, has been evaluated as a potential agent to treat sickle cell anemia. Earlier studies indicated that vanillin had moderate antisickling activity when compared with other aldehydes. We have determined by high performance liquid chromatography that vanillin reacts covalently with sickle hemoglobin (HbS) both in solution and in intact red blood cells. Hemoscan oxygen equilibrium curves show a dose-dependent left shift, particularly at low oxygen tensions. Rheologic evaluation (pO2 scan Ektacytometry) of vanillin-reacted HbS erythrocytes shows a dose-dependent inhibition of deoxygenation-induced cell sickling. Ektacytometry also suggests that vanillin may have a direct inhibitory effect on HbS polymer formation. Vanillin has no adverse effects on cell ion or water content. X-ray crystallographic studies with deoxyhemoglobin (HbA)-vanillin demonstrate that vanillin binds near His 103 alpha, Cys 104 alpha, and Gln 131 beta in the central water cavity. A secondary binding site is located between His 116 beta and His 117 beta. His 116 beta has been implicated as a polymer contact residue. Oxygen equilibrium, ektacytometry, and x-ray studies indicate that vanillin may be acting to decrease HbS polymerization by a dual mechanism of action; allosteric modulation to a high-affinity HbS molecule and by stereospecific inhibition of T state HbS polymerization. Because vanillin is a food additive on the GRAS (generally regarded as safe) list, and because it has little or no adverse effects at high dosages in animals, vanillin is a candidate for further evaluation as an agent for the treatment of sickle cell disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0581.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mehanna
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Wireko
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Whitney
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Orringer
mesh_terms: D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003461:Crystallography; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006451:Hemoglobin, Sickle / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D012212:Rheology; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D006451:Hemoglobin, Sickle; C100058:vanillin; D010100:Oxygen