title: The history of the neurosurgical engine.
abstract: The opening of the skull of a living human being dates back to early civilization. The procedure may have been performed as early as the Neolithic period. Surgeons have continued to search for a better, easier, quicker, and safer method to open the skull. Today, most neurosurgeons are well acquainted with the surgical drill; however, few are familiar with the development of this instrument from its beginnings in dentistry to its use in modern neurosurgery. As cerebral localization advanced in the late 19th century, so, too, did the demands for better techniques for entering the cranial cavity and exposing more extensive areas of the brain. Mechanical devices began to appear in operating theaters throughout the world. Despite the enthusiasm of its inventors, the surgical engine was used by but a few pioneer cranial surgeons. The use of a surgical engine in the operating room has become commonplace. Its presence continues to demand respect. There is no doubt that this instrument has helped advance neurosurgery. Its development and refinement are rich in history and closely parallel the development of modern neurosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Pait
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Laws
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Rizzoli
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Azzam
mesh_terms: D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation; D013523:Surgical Equipment / Q000266:history*; D013525:Surgical Instruments / Q000266:history