title: Improvement in the diagnosis of abscesses associated with endocarditis by transesophageal echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Echocardiography is recognized as the method of choice for the noninvasive detection of valvular vegetations in patients with infective endocarditis, with transesophageal echocardiography being more accurate than transthoracic echocardiography. The diagnosis of associated abscesses by transthoracic echocardiography is difficult or even impossible in many cases, however, and it is not known whether transesophageal echocardiography is any better.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the value of transesophageal echocardiography in the detection of abscesses associated with endocarditis, we studied prospectively by two-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography 118 consecutive patients with infective endocarditis of 137 native or prosthetic valves that was documented during surgery or at autopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During surgery or at autopsy, 44 patients (37.3 percent) had a total of 46 definite regions of abscess. Abscesses were more frequent in aortic-valve endocarditis than in infections of other valves, and the infecting organism was more often staphylococcus (52.3 percent of cases) in patients with abscesses than in those without abscesses (16.2 percent). The hospital mortality rate was 22.7 percent in patients with abscesses, as compared with 13.5 percent in patients without abscesses. Whereas transthoracic echocardiography identified only 13 of the 46 areas of abscess, the transesophageal approach allowed the detection of 40 regions (P less than 0.001). Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of abscesses associated with endocarditis were 28.3 and 98.6 percent, respectively, for transthoracic echocardiography and 87.0 and 94.6 percent for transesophageal echocardiography; positive and negative predictive values were 92.9 and 68.9 percent, respectively, for the transthoracic approach and 90.9 and 92.1 percent for the transesophageal approach. Variation between observers was 3.4 percent for transthoracic and 4.2 percent for transesophageal echocardiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that transesophageal echocardiography leads to a significant improvement in the diagnosis of abscesses associated with endocarditis. The technique facilitates the identification of patients with endocarditis who have an increased risk of death and permits earlier treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mügge
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lindert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hausmann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nonnast-Daniel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laas
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Lichtlen
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging