title: Massive increases in extracellular potassium and the indiscriminate release of glutamate following concussive brain injury.
abstract: An increase in extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]c) of the rat hippocampus following fluid-percussion concussive brain injury was demonstrated with microdialysis. The role of neuronal discharge was examined with in situ administration of 0.1 mM tetrodotoxin, a potent depressant of neuronal discharges, and of 0.5 to 20 mM cobalt, a blocker of Ca++ channels. While a small short-lasting [K+]c increase (1.40- to 2.15-fold) was observed after a mild insult, a more pronounced longer-lasting increase (4.28- to 5.90-fold) was induced without overt morphological damage as the severity of injury rose above a certain threshold (unconscious for 200 to 250 seconds). The small short-lasting increase was reduced with prior administration of tetrodotoxin but not with cobalt, indicating that neuronal discharges are the source of this increase. In contrast, the larger longer-lasting increase was resistant to tetrodotoxin and partially dependent on Ca++, suggesting that neurotransmitter release is involved. In order to test the hypothesis that the release of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate mediates this increase in [K+]c, the extracellular concentration of glutamate ([Glu]c) was measured along with [K+]c. The results indicate that a relatively specific increase in [Glu]c (as compared with other amino acids) was induced concomitantly with the increase in [K+]c. Furthermore, the in situ administration of 1 to 25 mM kynurenic acid, an excitatory amino acid antagonist, effectively attenuated the increase in [K+]c. A dose-response curve suggested that a maximum effect of kynurenic acid is obtained at a concentration that substantially blocks all receptor subtypes of excitatory amino acids. These data suggest that concussive brain injury causes a massive K+ flux which is likely to be related to an indiscriminate release of excitatory amino acids occurring immediately after brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hovda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000378:metabolism*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005971:Glutamates / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains
chemical_list: D005971:Glutamates; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D011188:Potassium