title: Occupational exposure to HIV: frequency and rates of underreporting of percutaneous and mucocutaneous exposures by medical housestaff.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the frequency of work-related exposures to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected blood and reporting of exposures among medical housestaff.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three teaching hospitals where HIV infection is prevalent among patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Internal medicine interns and residents in training in 1988-1989.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional survey, house officers were asked to complete anonymously a questionnaire reviewing their past percutaneous and mucocutaneous exposure to blood products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen percent of the respondents (16 of 86) recalled accidental exposure to HIV-infected blood, and 36% (31 of 86) recalled exposure to blood from patients at high risk for having HIV infection. Of the exposures recalled in the 12 months prior to the survey, 81% (47 of 58) of all needlestick injuries and all (nine of nine) needlestick injuries from HIV-infected blood occurred in postgraduate year 1 or 2 trainees. Only 30% (31 of 103) of the needlestick injuries recalled by subjects were reported. The principal reasons for not reporting were time constraints, perception that the percutaneous injury did not represent a significant exposure, lack of knowledge about the reporting mechanism, and concern about confidentiality and professional discrimination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical housestaff are at substantial risk for occupational infection with HIV. A large proportion of internal medicine housestaff recall accidental exposure to blood during medical school and residency, and the majority of exposures were not reported. Hospitals may be able to increase rates of reporting of percutaneous exposures to HIV by developing programs that are easy to access, efficient, and strictly confidential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mangione
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gerberding
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D003219:Confidentiality; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane; D009339:Needles; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012308:Risk Management / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012867:Skin; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology