title: Blood contacts during surgical procedures.
abstract: Operating room personnel are at risk for infection with blood-borne pathogens through blood contact. To describe the nature and frequency of blood contact and its risk factors, trained observers monitored a sample of operations performed by six surgical services at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Ga, for 6 months. In 62 (30.1%) of 206 operations, at least one blood contact was observed. Of 1828 operating room person-procedures observed, 96 (5.3%) had 147 blood contacts (133 skin contacts [90%], 10 percutaneous injuries [7%], and four eye splashes [3%]). The mean number of blood contacts per 100 person-procedures was highest for surgeons (18.6). The frequency of percutaneous injury was similar among surgeons and scrub staff (mean, 1.2 per 100 worker-procedures for each group). Risk factors for surgeons' blood contacts were (1) performing a trauma, burn, or orthopedic emergency procedure (odds ratio [OR], 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 8.7); (2) patient blood loss exceeding 250mL (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.7); and (3) being in the operating room longer than 1 hour (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.6 to 7.1). Of 110 blood contacts among surgeons, 81 (74%) were potentially preventable by additional barrier precautions, such as face shields and fluid-resistant gowns. Twenty-one (84%) of 25 blood contacts among surgeons in procedures in which all three risk factors were present were potentially preventable by additional barriers. Of 29 blood contacts among anesthesia and circulating personnel, 20 (69%) would have been prevented by glove use. For surgical procedures in which operating room personnel are at increased risk of blood contact, reevaluation of surgical technique, use of appropriate barrier precautions, and development of puncture-resistant glove materials are indicated.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Panlilio
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Foy
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Parrish
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Culver
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Lowry
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Perlino
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D003625:Data Collection; D004630:Emergencies; D005845:Georgia; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006746:Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over; D006773:Hospitals, Municipal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009873:Operating Rooms; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D000078329:Workforce; D014951:Wounds, Stab / Q000150:complications