title: 4-Aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adducts in fetuses exposed to the tobacco smoke carcinogen in utero.
abstract: Maternal-fetal exchange of a potent tobacco-related human carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, was studied in smoking (n = 14) and nonsmoking (n = 38) pregnant women. N-Hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl, the active metabolite of 4-aminobiphenyl, forms chemical addition products (adducts) with hemoglobin. Levels of 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adducts were measured in maternal-fetal paired blood samples obtained from smoking and nonsmoking women during labor and delivery. Carcinogen-hemoglobin adducts were detected in all maternal and fetal blood samples. Levels of such adducts were significantly higher (P less than .001) in maternal and fetal blood samples from smokers: the mean 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct level was 92 +/- 54 pg/g of hemoglobin in blood samples from fetuses of smokers, and 17 +/- 13 pg/g of hemoglobin in blood samples from fetuses of nonsmokers; the mean maternal 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct level was 183 +/- 108 pg/g of hemoglobin in smokers, and 22 +/- 8 pg/g of hemoglobin in nonsmokers. Fetal carcinogen-adduct levels were consistently lower than maternal levels: the mean maternal to fetal ratio was 2.4 +/- 1.1 in smokers and 1.9 +/- .98 in nonsmokers. Fetal 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct levels were strongly associated (correlation coefficient [r2] = .51, P = .002) with maternal 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct levels when paired samples from smoking mothers were analyzed. A measure of third-trimester tobacco smoke exposure based on number of cigarettes smoked per day, amount of each cigarette smoked, and depth of inhalation was associated (r2 = .59, P = .029) with maternal 4-aminobiphenyl levels but not with fetal 4-aminobiphenyl levels. This study demonstrates that a potent tobacco-related carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, or its active metabolite, N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl, crosses the human placenta and binds to fetal hemoglobin in concentrations that are significantly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coghlin
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Gann
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Skipper
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taghizadeh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Tannenbaum
mesh_terms: D000611:Aminobiphenyl Compounds / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D000611:Aminobiphenyl Compounds; D002273:Carcinogens; D006454:Hemoglobins; D012906:Smoke; C062091:hemoglobin, 4-aminobiphenyl-; C006757:4-biphenylamine