title: Role of diabetologist in evaluating diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ability of diabetologists to screen diabetic patients for diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of eye examination performed by diabetologists with direct ophthalmoscopy through an undilated pupil and by ophthalmologists through a dilated pupil with seven-field stereoscopic fundus photography (gold standard). The study consisted of 67 insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetic outpatients attending a diabetes clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the basis of fundus photography, patients were classified as having no or insignificant (30%), minimal (31%), moderate (24%), or severe (15%) retinopathy. The diabetologists and ophthalmologists performed similarly in their ability to classify severity of diabetic retinopathy accurately. When no or insignificant retinopathy (isolated microaneurysms only) was detected by examination, clinically significant retinopathy detected by fundus photography was highly unlikely (less than 5%). On the other hand, if more than isolated microaneurysms were seen on examination, all examiners missed more severe lesions detected by fundus photography. Patients with corrected visual acuity worse than 20/30 had a high likelihood (100%) of moderate or severe retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Motivated well-trained diabetologists can screen for diabetic retinopathy. The absence of detectable lesions by direct ophthalmoscopy indicates that automatic referral to an ophthalmologist is not necessary. However, if any level of retinopathy is detected or corrected acuity is worse than 20/30, referral to an ophthalmologist is required. In this setting, fundus photography is advised because it is the most sensitive means of detecting clinically significant retinopathy. If other nonophthalmologists can be trained to achieve similar results, current recommendations for ophthalmologic referral that require annual ophthalmologic examinations for most diabetic patients may need to be reconsidered.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Godine
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Regan
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Topping
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004704:Endocrinology; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D009885:Ophthalmology; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology