title: Dyspnea in the patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Etiology and management.
abstract: We have summarized much of the known information regarding the pathogenesis of dyspnea in the COPD patient and have reviewed a great many of the therapeutic options that have been investigated. It should be obvious that we are really in the early stages of our understanding about this symptom, and that we know very little about how to decide which treatment options are likely to succeed in any individual. At this time, there is no substitute for a careful assessment of each treatment modality that is instituted using a measurement tool, and the value of a comprehensive assessment as outlined cannot be overemphasized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sweer
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Zwillich
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000150:complications*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D011613:Psychotherapy; D013806:Theophylline / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D009294:Narcotics; D013806:Theophylline