title: Racial differences in metabolic control of children and adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated racial differences in the metabolic control of children and adolescents with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus and examined the interactive effects of race with age and sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on several demographic and clinical variables were obtained for 102 black and 108 white children, including the percentage of total HbA1, age, age at diagnosis, duration of diabetes, pubertal status, insulin dose (U.kg-1.day-1), body mass index, number of clinic visits kept and missed, number of hospitalizations for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) for the year, and socioeconomic status (SES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Black children had higher insulin dosages (P less than 0.05) and lower SESs (P less than 0.001) than white children. HbA1 was higher in black than white children (P less than 0.01) after statistically adjusting for the effects of insulin dose, diabetes duration, and SES. With HbA1-based criteria, more black than white children were in poor and fewer in good metabolic control (P less than 0.001). Older children (greater than or equal to 13 yr) had higher HbA1 levels than younger (less than 13 yr) children (P less than 0.002), but there were no differences in HbA1 between males and females nor were there interactive effects of race, sex, and age-group. Black children were hospitalized for DKA more frequently than white children (P less than 0.04). More black than white children missed clinic visits (P less than 0.01), but they did not differ in number of visits kept.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Black youths with type I diabetes mellitus are in poorer metabolic control than white youths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Delamater
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Postellon
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gutai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044383:Black People; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin