title: Depression and anxiety in relation to social status. A prospective epidemiologic study.
abstract: Longitudinal research in Stirling County, Atlantic Canada, indicated that during the 1950s and 1960s the prevalence of depression was significantly and persistently higher in the "low" socioeconomic status population than at other socioeconomic status levels. Anxiety was found to show a less clear picture. Incidence of depression after the study started was also higher among those who were initially in the low socioeconomic status group, supporting the view that the stress of poverty may be causally related to depression. There was also a trend for prior depression to be associated with subsequent downward social mobility, supporting the view that the concentration of depressed people at the lower end of the social hierarchy may result from handicapping aspects of the illness. Neither of these trends was statistically significant. More striking was evidence that, irrespective of socioeconomic status, depression carried a substantial risk for poor clinical course and outcome. Both depression and poverty tended to be chronic, and, accordingly, their association at the end of the study was influenced by their association at its beginning. The stability of the relationship between poverty and depression warrants the attention of caregivers and policymakers and raises new questions about strategies for the study of causal sequences.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Monson
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sobol
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Federman
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Leighton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015984:Causality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012931:Social Environment; D012937:Social Mobility