title: Characteristics of pregnant women exposed to cocaine in Toronto between 1985 and 1990.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the characteristics of pregnant women exposed to cocaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women attending the Motherisk Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, from September 1985 to March 1990.
  
  
  METHODS
  All women who had admitted using cocaine before or during pregnancy. Of the two control groups the first comprised women who had admitted using cannabinoids but not cocaine before or during pregnancy and the second those who attended the clinic just before the cocaine case but who had not used illicit drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age, marital status, ethnic background, number of pregnancies, children and elective or spontaneous abortions, socioeconomic status of woman and male partner, alcohol use, cigarette use, frequency of cocaine use and total amount taken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1625 women 91 (5.6%) admitted to using cocaine: 86 during the current pregnancy, 3 before the current pregnancy, 1 before planning a pregnancy and 1 during a previous pregnancy. None of the cocaine users were considered to be addicts; only 20% had used the drug more than 10 times. A total of 74 women used cannabinoids only. The mean age of the cocaine users was 27.1 (standard deviation [SD] 5.3) years; this was significantly lower than that of the control subjects (30.5 [SD 5.2] years) (p less than 0.001). More of the cocaine users than of the women in either of the two control groups were single (60% v. 38% and 14%, p less than 0.001). The cannabinoid users had significantly higher parity and the nonusers a significantly lower incidence of elective abortions than the cocaine users. The cocaine users had a significantly lower socioeconomic status than the control subjects (p less than 0.001); similarly, the male partners of the cocaine users had a significantly lower socioeconomic status than the partners of the control subjects (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnant cocaine users who seek drug counselling represent a unique risk group, with clustering of factors such as alcohol and cigarette use and low socioeconomic status that compound the risk to the fetus. New strategies should be explored to identify such women, especially addicts, in their communities and to urge them to seek counselling and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002186:Cannabinoids; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003042:Cocaine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D003042:Cocaine