title: Efficacy and safety of potassium infusion therapy in hypokalemic critically ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of potassium replacement infusions in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multidisciplinary critical care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight critically ill adult patients, age 25 to 86 yrs. Patients entered the study when hypokalemia (potassium less than 3.5 mmol/L) was noted on routine laboratory blood analysis. Most common primary diagnoses on ICU admission included postoperative cardiac surgery (n = 9), sepsis and multiple organ system failure (n = 9), complicated myocardial infarction (n = 7), and respiratory failure (n = 5).
  
  
  METHODS
  Potassium chloride infusions (20, 30, or 40 mmol in 100 mL normal saline over 1 hr) were administered to patients for serum potassium levels of less than 3.5 but greater than 3.2 mmol/L (n = 26), 3.0 to 3.2 mmol/L (n = 11), and less than 3.0 mmol/L (n = 11), respectively. Serum and urine potassium levels were monitored during and for 1 hr after the infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients tolerated the infusions without evidence of hemodynamic compromise, ECG change, or new dysrhythmia requiring treatment. The mean maximum potassium increase was 0.5 +/- 0.3 mmol/L, 0.9 +/- 0.4 mmol/L, and 1.1 +/- 0.4 mmol/L in the 20-, 30-, and 40-mmol groups, respectively. The increase in serum potassium was maximal at the completion of the infusion and was significant (p less than .05) compared with baseline in all groups. Peak potassium levels were the same in patients with normal renal function (n = 33) compared with those with renal insufficiency (n = 15). Urinary excretion of potassium increased in all groups during the infusion and was significant (p less than .05) in the 30- and 40-mmol groups, but was no greater in those patients who had received diuretics (n = 8) compared with those patients who had not (n = 40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the select group of hypokalemic patients studied, potassium infusions of 20 to 40 mmol delivered over 1 hr were safe to administer and effectively increased serum potassium levels in a dose-dependent and predictable fashion. Furthermore, these results were independent of the patient's underlying renal function or associated diuretic administration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hamill
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Wexler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moote
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003422:Critical Care; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011188:Potassium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D011188:Potassium