title: Preoperative transcatheter closure of congenital muscular ventricular septal defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical repair of muscular ventricular septal defects, particularly those associated with complex heart lesions carries a higher risk of reoperation and death than the repair of membranous defects. Closing a muscular defect through an incision in the systemic ventricle may cause late ventricular dysfunction. In a collaborative approach to this problem, we undertook preoperative transcatheter closure of muscular ventricular septal defects remote from the atrioventricular and semilunar valves, followed by the surgical repair of associated conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 12 patients selected jointly by a cardiologist and a cardiac surgeon, we attempted preoperative transcatheter umbrella closure of 21 defects. Half the patients had associated complex heart lesions; the others had had pulmonary-artery banding to reduce the amount of left-to-right shunting. Half had severe ventricular septal deficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 21 defects were successfully closed without major complications. Subsequent cardiac surgery for associated conditions in 11 of the 12 patients resulted in a mean pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio of 1.1, indicating minimal residual left-to-right shunting; 1 patient awaited surgical repair. No deaths, reoperations, or late complications have occurred after a follow-up of 7 to 20 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A collaborative approach using transcatheter closure followed by the surgical repair of associated cardiac lesions may decrease rates of operative mortality, reoperation, and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with muscular ventricular septal defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Bridges
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mandell
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Casteneda
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011300:Preoperative Care