title: Topical nasal anesthesia for flexible bronchoscopy. A comparison of four methods in normal subjects and in patients undergoing transnasal bronchoscopy.
abstract: We evaluated nasal anesthesia regimens by comparing, in seven normal men, four drug regimens: 1) 1 percent phenylephrine; 2) 4 percent lidocaine; 3) 1 percent phenylephrine + 4 percent lidocaine; and 4) 5 percent cocaine. After spraying each drug into the anterior nares, vasoconstriction, decongestion, and nasal anesthesia (measured as transnasal depth of nasogastric (NG) tube insertion before discomfort) were assessed. There were no significant differences in NG tube insertion depth between the regimens (p = 0.54). Insertion depth was significantly increased after 10 ml of 2 percent viscous lidocaine were sniffed (p less than 0.004), but again, differences between regimens were not significant (p = 0.051). One hundred bronchoscoped patients received one of the following sprayed into the nose: 1) placebo (P); 2) 1 percent phenylephrine + P; 3) 1 percent phenylephrine + 4 percent lidocaine; or 4) 5 percent cocaine + P. Each patient then sniffed viscous lidocaine. There were no significant differences between regimens for any of the following: 1) nasal resistance to bronchoscope insertion, 2) patient's nasal discomfort, or 3) bronchoscopist's perception of patient discomfort. We conclude that sprayed anesthetics contribute little to nasal anesthesia and any regimen appears acceptable when viscous lidocaine is used.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D003042:Cocaine; D006801:Humans; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal; D008012:Lidocaine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose; D010656:Phenylephrine
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D010656:Phenylephrine; D008012:Lidocaine; D003042:Cocaine