title: Physiological roles of Na+/Ca2+ exchange in Limulus ventral photoreceptors.
abstract: In previous work we have presented evidence for electrogenic Na+/Ca2+ exchange in Limulus ventral photoreceptors (1989. J. Gen. Physiol. 93:473-492). This article assesses the contributions to photoreceptor physiology from Na+/Ca2+ exchange. Four separate physiological processes were considered: maintenance of resting sensitivity, light-induced excitation, light adaptation, and dark adaptation. (a) Resting sensitivity: reduction of [Na+]o caused a [Ca2+]o-dependent reduction in light sensitivity and a speeding of the time courses of the responses to individual test flashes; this effect was dependent on the final value to which [Na+]o was reduced. The desensitization caused by Na+ reduction was dependent on the initial sensitivity of the photoreceptor; in fully dark-adapted conditions no desensitization was observed; in light-adapted conditions, extensive desensitization was observed. (b) Excitation: Na+ reduction in fully dark-adapted conditions caused a Ca2+o-dependent depolarizing phase in the receptor potential that persisted beyond the stimulus duration and was evoked by a bright adapting flash. (c) Light adaptation: the degree of desensitization induced by a bright adapting flash was Na+o dependent, being larger with lower [Na+]o. Na+ reduction enhanced light adaptation only at intensities brighter than 4 x 10(-6) W/cm2. In addition to being Na+o dependent, light adaptation was Ca2+o dependent, being greater at higher [Ca2+]o. (d) Dark adaptation: the recovery of light sensitivity after adapting illumination was Na+o dependent. Dark adaptation after bright illumination in voltage-clamped and in unclamped conditions was faster in normal-Na+ saline than in reduced Na+ saline. The final sensitivity to which photoreceptors recovered was lower in reduced-Na+ saline when bright adapting illumination was used. The results suggest the involvement of Na+/Ca2+ exchange in each of these physiological processes. Na+/Ca2+ exchange may contribute to these processes by counteracting normal elevations in [Ca2+]i.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: O'Day
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gray-Keller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lonergan
mesh_terms: D000221:Adaptation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003623:Dark Adaptation / Q000502:physiology; D003624:Darkness; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D006737:Horseshoe Crabs; D007474:Ion Exchange; D008027:Light; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium