title: The distal lacrimal ductal system and traumatic epiphora.
abstract: While transient epiphora is well documented in the literature, the incidence of permanent epiphora associated with maxillofacial procedures (Le Fort I, II, III, osteotomies, nasal atrostomies and mid-face fractures) is rare. However, little attention has been paid to the distal lacrimal ductal system and its relationship to permanent epiphora. The distal nasolacrimal ductal system was studied in adult dry skulls and cadaver specimens. These findings were correlated by clinical observation. Specific areas of emphasis within this complex include the length, width, and angulation of this system. Clinical applications are discussed based on an anatomical rationale for the limitation of the superior repositioning of the maxilla as well as for proper placement of the antral window in nasal antrostomy procedures and what anticipated post-residual effects of mid-facial trauma are on the ductal system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Michigan.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mintz
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ettinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003481:Cuspid / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000293:injuries*; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods