title: The assessment and treatment of performance anxiety in musicians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Performance anxiety in musicians may be severe enough to require intervention but has been the subject of relatively little clinical research. The authors' objectives were to describe the results of a comprehensive clinical and laboratory assessment and to perform a double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing buspirone, cognitive-behavior therapy, and the combination of these treatments for performance anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-four subjects were recruited by mass media announcements and were seen in a university-based outpatient psychiatric clinic. Assessments were 1) questionnaires for all 94 subjects, 2) diagnostic interview of 50 subjects, and 3) laboratory performance of 34 subjects. Treatment conditions were 1) 6 weeks of buspirone, 2) 6 weeks of placebo, 3) a five-session, group cognitive-behavior therapy program with buspirone, or 4) the cognitive-behavior therapy program with placebo. Treatment outcome measures included subjective anxiety ratings and heart rate measures during a laboratory performance, a questionnaire measure of performance confidence, and a blind rating of musical performance quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects fulfilled criteria for DSM-III-R social phobia. Of the 15 full-time professional musicians, ten had tried propranolol and three had stopped performing. Most of the subjects had substantial anxiety and heart rate increases during laboratory speech and musical performances. Cognitive-behavior therapy resulted in statistically significant reductions in subjective anxiety, improved quality of musical performance, and improved performance confidence. Buspirone was not an effective treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive-behavior therapy is a viable treatment approach for performance anxiety in musicians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University Medical Center, Calif.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Agras
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002065:Buspirone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D002065:Buspirone