title: Parental occupations of children with leukaemia in west Cumbria, north Humberside, and Gateshead.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether parental occupations and chemical and other specific exposures are risk factors for childhood leukaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study. Information on parents was obtained by home interview.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three areas in north England: Copeland and South Lakeland (west Cumbria); Kingston upon Hull, Beverley, East Yorkshire, and Holderness (north Humberside), and Gateshead.
  
  
  METHODS
  109 children aged 0-14 born and diagnosed as having leukaemia or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in study areas during 1974-88. Two controls matched for sex and date and district of birth were obtained for each child.
  
  
  METHODS
  Occupations of parents and specific exposure of parents before the children's conception, during gestation, and after birth. Other adults living with the children were included in the postnatal analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Few risk factors were identified for mothers, although preconceptional association with the food industry was significantly increased in case mothers (odds ratio 2.56; 95% confidence interval 1.32 to 5.00). Significant associations were found between childhood leukaemia and reported preconceptional exposure of fathers to wood dust (2.73, 1.44 to 5.16), radiation (3.23, 1.36 to 7.72), and benzene (5.81, 1.67 to 26.44); ionising radiation alone gave an odds ratio of 2.35 (0.92 to 6.22). Raised odds ratios were found for paternal exposure during gestation, but no independent postnatal effect was evident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results should be interpreted cautiously because of the small numbers, overlap with another study, and multiple exposure of some parents. It is important to distinguish periods of parental exposures; identified risk factors were almost exclusively restricted to the time before the child's birth.
authors.affiliation: Leukaemia Research Fund, University of Leeds.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cartwright
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001554:Benzene / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007938:Leukemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology*; D007953:Leukemia, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009790:Occupations; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014934:Wood
chemical_list: D001554:Benzene