title: Pericardial drainage: subxiphoid vs. transthoracic approach.
abstract: The optimal management of effusive pericardial disease remains controversial. Subxiphoid drainage has been criticized for a high recurrence rate while transthoracic procedures (window or pericardiectomy) are more invasive operations with greater potential for morbidity. We compared subxiphoid (SX group) and transthoracic (TT group) drainage in 131 patients (age range from 1 month to 81 years) treated from 1979 to the present. The etiology of effusion included cancer (38), uremia (24), infection (27), radiation (9), and other (33) causes. The two groups had similar age and sex distribution, etiology, and fluid volume. There was no difference in the operative mortality between the two groups (SX 15%, TT 13%, p = NS). Patients undergoing thoracotomy for treatment of effusive pericardial disease had a higher incidence of respiratory complications as defined by the presence of pneumonia, pleural effusion, prolonged ventilation, and need for reintubation (SX 11%, TT 35%, p less than 0.005). This may account, in part, for the longer mean hospital stay in transthoracic group (14.4 vs. 11.4 days). Nine patients were lost to follow-up after hospital discharge. The remaining 104 hospital survivors were followed for between 1 month and 11 years (mean 34 months, cumulative of 297 patient years). Three patients in each group experienced fluid recurrence and all but one were successfully treated by needle aspiration or percutaneous catheter placement. Following discharge, no patient required reoperation for effusive or constrictive pericardial disease or died from tamponade. There were no significant differences in 5-year actuarial survival (SX 54%, TT 49%) or actuarial freedom from recurrence (SX 89%, TT 93%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St. Louis University Medical Center, MO.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Naunheim
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kesler
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turrentine
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hammell
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Pennington
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008923:Missouri / Q000453:epidemiology; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D010491:Pericardial Window Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010492:Pericardiectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors