title: Preinduction of anesthesia in children with rectally administered midazolam.
abstract: The authors evaluated the efficacy of rectally administered midazolam for preinduction (i.e., premedication/induction) of anesthesia in 67 pediatric patients, ASA physical status 1 or 2, undergoing a variety of elective surgical procedures. In phase 1, 41 children weighing 12 +/- 3 kg (range 7-20 kg) and 31 +/- 16 months (range 8-67 months) of age (mean +/- SD) received midazolam, 0.4-5.0 mg.kg-1, in an attempt to produce unconsciousness. Only one child lost consciousness (4.5 mg.kg-1). However, at all doses, inhalational induction of anesthesia was facilitated because children were tranquil and calmly separated from their parent(s). There were no clinically significant changes in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, 10 min after drug administration. In phase 2, 26 children weighing 17 +/- 4 kg (range 10-26 kg) and 44 +/- 19 months (range 17-84 months) months of age undergoing tonsil and/or adenoid surgery were studied to determine the optimal sedative dose of rectally administered midazolam. Patients received 0.3, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 mg.kg-1 of midazolam in a randomized, double-blind fashion. One third (3 of 9) of patients receiving 0.3 mg.kg-1 struggled during mask induction. All patients receiving greater than or equal to 1.0 mg.kg-1 were adequately sedated (P less than 0.008). Discharge from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), however, was delayed (greater than 60 min) in children receiving greater than or equal to 2.0 mg.kg-1 (P less than 0.03).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of San Diego, California.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Spear
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaster
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naclerio
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Manolio
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Nichols
mesh_terms: D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication
chemical_list: D008874:Midazolam