title: Restraining hamsters alters their breathing pattern.
abstract: Does the restraint required for head or nose-only exposure of rodents to inhaled aerosols or gases alter their breathing pattern? And does prior exercise training, which may increase muscle strength, affect this response to restraint? To answer those questions, we measured breathing pattern in 11 adult male hamsters while they were either 1) free to move in small cages or 2) closely restrained in head-out cones. The measurements were repeated after hamsters spent 6 wk either sedentary in standard cages or in cages with exercise wheels. Hamsters were placed in a plethysmograph to measure respiratory frequency (f) and tidal volume (VT). Their product is minute volume (V). When restrained, f and V were 1.9 and 1.7 times, respectively, greater than when hamsters were free, but VT did not change. After 6 wk, the sedentary group responded differently to restraint; f increased 3-fold, VT decreased by one-half, and V increased 1.6-fold. Exercised hamsters increased f 2.3-fold and decreased VT by one-third; V increased by 1.5-fold. In inhalation studies, changes in breathing pattern would significantly influence the amount of material inhaled, the fraction retained, and thus the amount and distribution of material deposited in the lungs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Leith
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Brain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006224:Cricetinae; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology