title: Association between attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and learning disorders.
abstract: This article discusses the relationship between attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disability (LD). The relevant literature is outlined, and empirical data are presented from a prospective follow-up study of 600 speech/language-impaired children. The data show an increased prevalence of both LD and ADHD among children with early speech/language impairments. Furthermore, LD was strongly associated with ADHD in both the initial and follow-up samples. Also, the children with LD had increased rates of other psychiatric disorders (e.g., behavior disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders). The implications of these data are discussed with regard to the possible etiology of the ADHD-LD association, treatment for children with LD and ADHD, and promising hypotheses for future research.
authors.affiliation: UCLA School of Medicine.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Cantwell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D004519:Education, Special; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales