title: A potential code of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-induced calcium ion responses in the regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion among individual gonadotropes.
abstract: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) induces two Ca2+ responses in single gonadotropes: a Ca2+ spike/plateau or oscillation. Similar receptor-mediated Ca2+ signals have been reported in many cell types but their functional significance is obscure. Accordingly, we have determined the concentration-response properties of LHRH-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) release at the single cell level. We demonstrate a critical single cell LHRH threshold for LH release. Each gonadotrope had a particular LHRH threshold value and a range of different single cell thresholds was distributed in the gonadotrope population. The physiological significance of the threshold was demonstrated by a striking reduction (delta ED50 = 153 nM) of the LHRH threshold immediately before the preovulatory surge of LH release. The metestrous phenotype of secretion resembled a quantal process in contrast with the graded process of the proestrous phenotype. That is, the quantity of hormone secreted per metestrous gonadotrope was independent of LHRH concentration and more all-or-none than graded. The LHRH threshold and the quantal secretion process of metestrous gonadotropes was further studied by measuring cytosolic Ca2+ using fura-2 and digital imaging microscopy. We provide evidence suggesting that the Ca2+ spike/plateau and oscillation are the respective responses to subthreshold and suprathreshold concentrations of LHRH. It is proposed therefore that the Ca2+ oscillation and spike/plateau response form a binary intracellular signaling code that functions as an on-off switch. It is further proposed that this potential code unraveled here for the regulation of hormone secretion may also regulate other gonadotrope functions. Thus, while the Ca2+ spike/plateau response is strongly associated with LH release, it may be associated with reduced levels of LH-beta mRNA, and reduced numbers of LHRH receptors. Conversely, while the Ca2+ oscillation appears to be unrelated to LH release, it may be associated with increased levels of LH-beta mRNA, and increased numbers of LHRH receptors. This model may explain in molecular terms the long-standing observation that an invariant, albeit pulsatile, pattern of LHRH release is sufficient to support the preovulatory surge of LH release.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Thorner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D002451:Cell Compartmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004971:Estrus; D005260:Female; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D010507:Periodicity; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D002118:Calcium