Activity profiles of developmental toxicity: design considerations and pilot implementation.
The available literature was searched for quantitative test results from both in vitro and in vivo assays for developmental toxicity for five model compounds: cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, hydroxyurea, caffeine, and ethylenethiourea. These compounds were chosen on the basis of their extensive utilization in a variety of assay systems for developmental toxicity as evidenced by their representation in the ETIC database (each generally has 100-500 citations encompassing multiple test systems). Nine cellular-based assays, six assays using whole embryos in culture, as well as Segment II and abbreviated exposure tests for mammalian test species are included in the database. For each assay, the critical endpoints were identified, each of which was then provided a three-letter code, and the criteria for extraction of quantitative information were established. The extracted information was placed into a computerized reference file and subsequently plotted such that the qualitative (positive/negative) and quantitative (e.g., IC50, highest ineffective dose (HID), lowest effective dose (LED] results across all test systems could be displayed. The information contained in these profiles can be used to compare qualitative and quantitative results across multiple assay systems, to identify data gaps in the literature, to evaluate the concordance of the assays, to calculate relative potencies, and to examine structure-activity relationships.
Kavlock
R J
RJ
US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Greene
J A
JA
Kimmel
G L
GL
Morrissey
R E
RE
Owens
E
E
Rogers
J M
JM
Sadler
T W
TW
Stack
H F
HF
Waters
M D
MD
Welsch
F
F
D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002110:Caffeine / Q000633:toxicity; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000633:toxicity; D003625:Data Collection; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005031:Ethylenethiourea / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000633:toxicity; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000633:toxicity; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D014116:Toxicology
D005031:Ethylenethiourea; D002110:Caffeine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D006918:Hydroxyurea; D008727:Methotrexate