title: Further evidence of an association between behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders: results from a family study of children from a non-clinical sample.
abstract: Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar, identifiable in early childhood and reflecting the tendency to exhibit withdrawal and excessive autonomic arousal to challenge or novelty, has been found to be prevalent in young offspring of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia and associated with risk for anxiety disorders in these children. Using family study methodology, we now examine psychopathology in first degree relatives of children from a non-clinical longitudinal cohort identified at 21 months of age as inhibited (N = 22) or uninhibited (N = 19) and followed through the age of seven years for a study of preservation of temperamental characteristics in normal children. These assessments were compared with evaluations of the first degree relatives of 20 normal comparison children. Psychiatric assessments of parents (N = 110) and siblings (N = 72) were based on structured interviews conducted blindly to the temperamental classification of the index child. Parents of inhibited children, compared with parents of uninhibited and normal controls, had significantly higher risks for multiple (greater than or equal to 2) anxiety disorders, continuing anxiety disorders (both a childhood and adulthood anxiety disorder in the same parent), social phobia, and childhood avoidant and overanxious disorders. These findings provide additional support for the hypothesis linking behavioral inhibition with risk for anxiety disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hirshfeld
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bolduc
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kagan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Snidman
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Reznick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010200:Panic; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013694:Temperament