title: Historical development of doctoral programs: shaping our expectations.
abstract: The history of doctoral education for nurses in the United States is reviewed with emphasis on the nurse scientist training model, changing student characteristics, and developing scientific perspectives and programs. Recommendations are made for cross-disciplinary training in a revised nurse scientist model and for greater research emphasis on fundamental processes (for example, host factors) to understand human ecology in health and illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health Care Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gortner
mesh_terms: D004511:Education, Nursing, Graduate / Q000266:history / Q000639:trends*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D016294:Models, Nursing; D015399:Nursing Research; D013338:Students, Nursing; D014481:United States