title: Genomic structure of murine macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and conservation of potential regulatory sequences with a human homolog, LD78.
abstract: The gene for a murine macrophage inflammatory cytokine, MIP-1 alpha, belongs to a newly recognized superfamily encoding small, inducible peptides shown to be up-regulated in association with cellular activation or transformation (tentatively designated the scy, or small cytokine, gene family). Secreted scy family peptides as a group, and MIP-1 alpha in particular, have inflammatory and mitogenic activities, and the family has been divided into CXC and CC subfamilies according to the spacing of conserved cysteine residues in the primary amino acid sequences. We have isolated and characterized a genomic clone encoding the CC subfamily member MIP-1 alpha. The organization of the murine MIP-1 alpha gene into three exons interrupted by two introns is identical to that found for other members of the CC subfamily (e.g., huLD78, muJE, huJE/MCP-1, muTCA3, and hul-309), which has been taken as evidence of evolution from a common ancestral gene. With the exception of the ratPF4 gene, which shares the two-intron/three-exon pattern typical of the CC subfamily, sequenced genes encoding CXC subfamily peptides (e.g., hulL-8 and hulP-10) include an additional intervening sequence that creates a fourth exon. Genomic nucleotide sequences 5' of the MIP-1 alpha cap site are highly homologous to corresponding regions of the human gene encoding a CC peptide variously designated as LD78/GOS19/pAT464, including consensus regulatory motifs in common, reinforcing the contention that MIP-1 alpha and LD78 may be interspecies homologs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Widmer
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Deventer
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Manogue
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sherry
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerami
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D006801:Humans; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015846:Monokines / Q000235:genetics*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D016207:Cytokines; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D015846:Monokines; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger