title: Cryomicroscopic analysis of intracellular ice formation during freezing of mouse oocytes without cryoadditives.
abstract: Kinetics of intracellular ice formation (IIF) under various freezing conditions was investigated for mouse oocytes at metaphase II obtained from B6D2F1 mice. A new cryostage with improved optical performance and "isothermal" temperature field was used for nucleation experiments. The maximum thermal gradient across the window was less than 0.1 degrees C/10 mm at sample temperatures near 0 degrees C. The dependence of IIF on the initial concentration of the suspending medium was found to be pronounced. The mean IIF temperatures were found to be -9.56, -12.49, -17.63, -22.20 degrees C for freezing at 120 degrees C/min in 200, 285, 510, and 735 mosm phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. For concentrations higher than 735 mosm, the kinetics of IIF showed a break point at approximately -31 degrees C. Below -31 degrees C, all the remaining unfrozen oocytes underwent IIF almost immediately over a temperature range of less than 3 degrees C. This dramatic shift in the kinetics of IIF suggests that there were two distinct mechanisms responsible for IIF during freezing. The effect of the cooling rate on the kinetics of IIF was also investigated in isotonic PBS. At 1 degrees C/min none of the oocytes contained ice, whereas, at 5 degrees C/min all the oocytes contained ice. The mean IIF temperatures for cooling rates between 1 and 120 degrees C/min were almost constant with an average of -12.82 +/- 0.6 degrees C (SEM). In addition, constant temperature experiments were conducted in isotonic PBS. The percentages of oocytes with IIF were 0, 50, 60, and 95% for -3.8, -6.4, -7.72, and -8.85 degrees C. In undercooling experiments, IIF was not observed until approximately -20 degrees C (at which temperature the whole suspension was frozen spontaneously), suggesting the involvement of the external ice in the initiation of IIF between approximately -5 and -31 degrees C during freezing of oocytes.
authors.affiliation: Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toner
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Cravalho
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karel
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Armant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D007053:Ice; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D009865:Oocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D007053:Ice; D012996:Solutions