title: Oxygenated cardioplegia ameliorates the adverse effects of small amplitude electrical recording of activity on myocardial metabolic and functional recovery.
abstract: Small amplitude electrical activity has been recorded from the myocardium during cardioplegic arrest in the absence of electromechanical activity. The presence of persistent electrical activity has been associated with impaired myocardial metabolic and functional recovery. To determine whether or not oxygenated cardioplegia would provide sufficient oxygen to support the increased metabolic activity associated with persistent electrical activity during cardioplegic arrest, we randomized 14 adult mongrel dogs to receive either non-oxygenated or oxygenated cardioplegia during 90 min of ischaemia. Cardiac index (CI), left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) and dp/dt were measured before bypass and after 90 min of ischaemia and 45 min of reperfusion. Myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and lactate extraction were measured before and after bypass. Intramyocardial voltage was monitored during cardioplegic arrest, and MVO2 was measured during cardioplegia infusion. The onset of small amplitude electrical activity was associated with a rise in intramyocardial voltage and an increase in MVO2. CI, LVSWI and dp/dt were better preserved in those animals receiving oxygenated cardioplegia. MVO2 and lactate consumption following cardioplegia arrest were also higher in this group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) small amplitude electrical activity during cardioplegic arrest is associated with a rise in MVO2. (2) Oxygenated cardioplegia increases myocardial protection by providing oxygen for the increased metabolic activity associated with the presence of this small amplitude electrical activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Landymore
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Marble
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: MacAulay
authors.forename: Q Y
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D007773:Lactates; C041711:St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution; D019344:Lactic Acid; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D008274:Magnesium; D002122:Calcium Chloride