title: Obesity-related hypertension: evaluation of the separate effects of energy restriction and weight reduction on hemodynamic and neuroendocrine status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although weight reduction generally lowers blood pressure, it is unclear whether the response is due to concurrent dietary changes or to reduced body mass itself. In this study, the independent effects of energy restriction and weight reduction were examined prospectively in 24 obese, hypertensive, normoglycemic women whose dietary intake was tightly controlled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sodium, potassium, and calcium intake, the polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio, and the proportional composition of carbohydrate, fat, and protein were constant throughout the 5-month protocol. Hemodynamic and neuroendocrine status was evaluated in four 10-day hospital phases: two prior to weight loss (energy balance and then 800-kcal intake), and two after an average loss of 13 kg to normal body weight (800 kcal and then return to energy balance).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting serum insulin, triiodothyronine:reverse triiodothyronine ratio, resting metabolic rate, and heart rate declined, and sodium and potassium balances were negative during energy restriction. Catecholamines, renin, aldosterone, plasma volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure showed no consistent response to changes in energy intake. By contrast, weight reduction independently lowered blood pressure, plasma volume, cardiac output, and plasma renin activity. Body fat pattern remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that weight loss has a blood pressure-lowering effect that is distinct from energy restriction and that is related to changes in blood volume and cardiac output.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Weinsier
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Darnell
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Dustan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001835:Body Weight; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D007328:Insulin; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium