title: Hypnotically induced auditory hallucinations and the mouth-opening maneuver: a failure to duplicate findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to replicate the part of a study by Bick and Kinsbourne in which hypnotically induced auditory hallucinations in normal volunteer subjects were abolished by requiring the subjects to open their mouths.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four normal volunteer subjects were hypnotized, and an attempt was made to induce auditory hallucinations. The subjects in whom hallucinations were successfully induced were then asked to perform the mouth-opening maneuver and the control maneuvers of putting their fingers in their ears or squeezing their eyes shut in an effort to end the hallucinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen subjects reported having hallucinations. None of them reported that a hallucination was abolished by opening the mouth or closing the eye; four reported ending hallucinations by putting their fingers in their ears.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opening the mouth does not affect auditory hallucinations induced by hypnosis in normal persons. The most likely reason for the discrepancy between the results of this experiment and those of the Bick and Kinsbourne study is that the design of the latter study was faulty because it permitted demand characteristics to influence the results.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Waldo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D004423:Ear / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000502:physiology*; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013067:Speech Perception; D014796:Visual Perception