title: Effects of dietary calcium, phosphorus, calcium: phosphorus ratio and vitamin K on performance, bone strength and blood clotting status of pigs.
abstract: Three factorial experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of various Ca:P ratios (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1) in diets having deficient (.3%), adequate (.6%) and excess (.9%) levels of dietary P on rate and efficiency of gain and bone strength of 192 pigs from 18 to 40 kg BW. A corn-soybean meal diet fortified with minerals and vitamins (but not vitamin K) was fed. Levels of Ca and P were achieved by adjusting the amounts of dicalcium phosphate and ground limestone in the diet. The corn was free of detectable mycotoxins. A hemorrhagic condition occurred in Exp. 1 in pigs fed the higher dietary Ca levels; all eight of the pigs fed 2.7% dietary Ca died of internal hemorrhage within the initial 28 d of the experiment. Vitamin K (5 mg menadione [as menadione dimethylpyrimidinole bisulfite]/kg) was added to half of the diets of the remaining animals and the experiment was continued for an additional 14 d. Prothrombin and whole blood clotting times were increased (P less than .01) in pigs fed high Ca without vitamin K but were normal in pigs fed high Ca with added vitamin K. Similar trends in clotting times occurred in a second experiment. A third experiment was conducted to determine whether the addition of vitamin K could reverse the hemorrhagic condition induced by feeding high dietary Ca for 28 d. As in the other two experiments, clotting times were increased (P less than .01) in pigs fed high Ca and no vitamin K. Addition of vitamin K after 28 d resulted in a return to basal prothrombin values by d 50. In regard to the original objectives, increasing the Ca:P ratio from 1:1 to 2:1 or 3:1 tended to reduce rate and efficiency of gain at all levels of P. Increasing the Ca:P ratio to 2:1 resulted in increased bone strength only when P was at or above the dietary requirement.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Cromwell
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Stahly
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D008297:Male; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011517:Prothrombin Time / Q000662:veterinary; D013552:Swine / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014812:Vitamin K; D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium