title: Biochemical and structural adaptation of autologous skeletal muscle used for counterpulsation.
abstract: We have studied in a normal animal model (sheep), the biochemical and morphological adaptation of electrically stimulated skeletal muscle used for extra aortic counterpulsation. Immunocytochemical analysis of latissimus dorsi, using monoclonal antibodies to slow and fast myosin heavy chains, indicated an increase in the population of mixed fibres after stimulation for one week. By one month, up to 70% of fibres expressed both slow and fast myosin heavy chains in addition to the 15% of fibres expressing only slow myosin heavy chains. After 4 months, the population of mixed fibres was further transformed towards purely slow fibres to give values of 40 and 67% of fibres expressing only slow myosin heavy chain at 4 and 6 months, respectively. Increased staining, both in intensity and area, for NADH tetrazolium reductase activity (an enzyme of the oxidative metabolic pathway) was detected by 28 days. An increase in mitochondrial number was observed also by 28 days, further indicating a shift towards an oxidative metabolism. The molecular adaptation of latissimus dorsi was achieved by stimulation every fourth cardiac cycle at 35 Hz, 3 V, initiated 48 hours after the operation; this being a marked reduction in the delay from operation prior to stimulation. Evaluation of other regimes indicated that more frequent modes, or an increase in voltage or frequency, caused damage to the muscle during the early phase of molecular adaptation. A thorough understanding of the time sequence of the different adaptive processes is required to determine the ideal regime of stimulation initiated promptly after mobilisation of the muscle; aimed at harvesting the maximum amount of energy from the autologous muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, U.K.
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Cumming
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Pattison
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lovegrove
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dewar
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goldspink
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yacoub
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001243:Assisted Circulation / Q000379:methods*; D015908:Counterpulsation / Q000379:methods*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000637:transplantation* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009218:Myosins / Q000032:analysis; D012756:Sheep; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D009218:Myosins