title: Stimulated rise in neuronal calcium is faster and greater in the nucleus than the cytosol.
abstract: Calcium is an important regulator of a variety of neuronal activities including gene expression. However, it is not clear how Ca2+ influx affects intracellular Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i) in the nucleus. We have taken advantage of laser photometry, the Ca2(+)-sensitive dye Indo-1 that allows ratio imaging, and confocal microscopy to eliminate the influences of unequal cell geometry and dye distribution. We show that Ca2+ influx into sympathetic neurons causes a significantly greater and faster increase in [Ca2+]i in the nucleus than in the cytosol. The differential increase in nuclear [Ca2+]i was apparent when Ca2+ entered from the extracellular medium during K+ depolarization, ionomycin or acetylcholine treatment, and brief periods of electrical stimulation. When intracellular Ca2+ was mobilized by caffeine the rise in nuclear [Ca2+]i was again greater than in any other region of the neuron. The increased nuclear Ca2+ levels were uniform throughout the nucleus and not associated with the nuclear envelope. The differential rise in nuclear Ca2+ was eliminated by acridine orange binding to nucleic acids. Nonexcitable cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and fibroblasts) did not show differential distribution of Ca2+ after ionomycin treatment. These results support the idea that activity-dependent gene regulation in sympathetic neurons may be mediated by changes in Ca2+ concentration at the level of the chromatin material.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Przywara
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Bhave
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhave
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wakade
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wakade
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D015759:Ionomycin; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium