title: Changes in brain glucose metabolism in cocaine dependence and withdrawal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors investigated changes in brain function associated with cocaine dependence and withdrawal to provide clues regarding the processes that lead to the uncontrollable self-administration of cocaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  They measured regional brain metabolism with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography in 15 outpatients with the diagnosis of cocaine abuse and 17 normal comparison subjects. Ten of the patients were studied less than 1 week after they had last had cocaine, and five were studied 2-4 weeks after withdrawal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients studied within 1 week of cocaine withdrawal but not those studied within 2-4 weeks of cocaine withdrawal had higher levels of global brain metabolism as well as higher levels of regional brain metabolism in the basal ganglia and orbitofrontal cortex than did normal subjects, probably as a consequence of less brain dopamine activity. There was also a significant relationship between the number of days since cocaine withdrawal and regional brain glucose metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex and in the basal ganglia, and the correlations between cocaine craving and metabolic activity were significant in the prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the time-dependent fall in metabolic activity suggests that the higher metabolic activity observed less than a week after cocaine withdrawal may represent a nonspecific expression of drug withdrawal, the selectivity of changes in glucose metabolism for the basal ganglia and for the orbitofrontal cortex suggests that the regional metabolic changes seen in cocaine abusers during detoxification are related to changes in brain dopamine activity.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973.
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Volkow
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hitzemann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bendriem
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alpert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000378:metabolism; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D003042:Cocaine; D005947:Glucose; D004298:Dopamine