title: [Fluorosis due to fluoride in drinking water. A health risk even in Norway?].
abstract: About 99% of the Norwegian population are supplied with surface water with very low fluoride levels. Accordingly, they need to use fluoride preparations to prevent dental caries. Groundwater with excess fluoride is a problem mainly in a few areas of South-Eastern Norway, where in some samples of borehole water the fluoride concentration has even exceeded 10 ppm. A warning is given against the use of high-fluoride water when preparing drinks and foods for children. Infants given dried milk formulas diluted with water are at particular risk of developing fluorosis. The recommended daily meals for a three month-old child contain 900 ml water. At a level of 2 ppm, the fluoride content of this volume will exceed the upper limit of the safe and adequate intake for a child this age by 3-4 times. Water used for this purpose should preferably not contain more than 0.5 ppm fluoride. While only few Norwegians are at risk of being exposed to high-fluoride water this problem affects many persons in other parts of the world. With reference to a joint Kenyan-Norwegian research project, the paper is illustrated by cases of dental fluorosis from a Kenyan village supplied with 9 ppm fluoride water. Dental fluorosis of such severity has never been encountered in Norway.
authors.affiliation: Det odontologiske fakultet Universitetet i Oslo.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Løkken
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valderhaug
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005457:Fluoridation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009664:Norway; D012307:Risk Factors; D014881:Water Supply
vernacular_title: Fluorose på grunn av fluorid i drikkevann. En helserisiko også i Norge?