title: Intrathecal morphine: dosage and efficacy in younger patients for control of postoperative pain following spinal fusion.
abstract: Intrathecal morphine in an average dose of 0.01 mg/kg was given to 33 patients between ages 11 and 16 years who had spinal arthrodesis for idiopathic scoliosis. The morphine was administered intrathecally as a 10-cc bolus at the conclusion of the arthrodesis, but before closure. The goal was to study safety in terms of respiratory depression and pain relief. Respirations occurred spontaneously in 30 of the 33 patients within 15 minutes of cessation of anesthesia. Respiratory depression occurred in five patients, four of whom had arterial blood pCO2 levels greater than 60 mm Hg. Thirty-one patients had relief of pain for 8 to greater than 40 hours, averaging 18 hours. Two patients had no noticeable pain relief. There appeared to be no relation between dose and pain relief in this limited dose range. We were unable to duplicate the long duration of pain relief reported elsewhere. We also were unable to decrease the side effects of respiratory depression and nausea to a level reported by others. It may be that the 10 cc bolus injected intrathecally circulates to the brain and ventricles faster than desired, or that factors relating to type of anesthesia or dose need to be considered. Low-dose intrathecal morphine does provide noticeable pain relief in younger patients undergoing spinal fusion. The side effects of nausea and respiratory depression can be managed safely with medication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Oakland, CA 94611.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Blackman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shively
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine