title: Combined use of alcohol and nicotine gum.
abstract: This study evaluated the effects of chewing nicotine gum immediately before and just after drinking a moderate amount of alcohol. Four research questions were addressed. First, does chewing nicotine gum prior to drinking alcohol attenuate the increased craving to smoke that is typically associated with alcohol use? Second, does drinking prior to chewing reduce the gum's effectiveness? Third, are significant side effects observed with nicotine gum, and is their severity affected by alcohol use? Finally, can we identify subjects who are more likely to respond well to the gum on the basis of smoking history or pattern or other descriptive-demographic, psychologic, or historical variables? Smokers who had abstained for at least 12 h were studied in a fully crossrandomized experimental design that contrasted nicotine gum (before or after drinking) versus sugarless gum, and alcohol versus a no-alcohol comparison condition. Nicotine gum use was associated with significantly greater immediate reduction in craving to smoke, regardless of whether it preceded or followed alcohol, but the effects were weak and short-lived in either case. Moderate use of alcohol after chewing the gum eliminated virtually all of its beneficial effects. Mild side effects were common with nicotine gum, but equally so regardless of alcohol use. A small battery of demographic and historical variables failed to identify those subjects who responded well to nicotine gum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mintz
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Phipps
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jarvik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D002638:Chewing Gum; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum; D009538:Nicotine