Symptom sensitivity and sex differences in physical morbidity: a review of health surveys in the United States and The Netherlands.
Health surveys have found higher female morbidity rates, as reflected by indices such as general health status, number of acute conditions or physical symptoms and medical care utilization. Such findings can lead to the conclusion that women are the "sicker sex" in terms of objective health status. However, the size of the sex difference varies with the different indices used to operationalize the morbidity concept. Apart from sex specific conditions, the female morbidity excess seems most substantial with regard to general health status, acute and mild chronic conditions and physical symptoms. Findings from a large health survey in the Netherlands, presented in this article, confirm this picture. Some major methodological sources of bias, that have been held responsible for part of the sex differences found in health surveys, such as the poor definition of the morbidity concept and aspects of the data collection process, are discussed. One explanation for the higher morbidity of women, i.e., the differential perception of physical symptoms by men and women, is elaborated in more detail. The authors suggest that part of the sex differences found in health surveys can be explained by a higher female symptom sensitivity, defined as a readiness to perceive physical sensations as symptoms of illness. Research supporting this symptom sensitivity hypothesis is reviewed and explanations are given. It is suggested that further research on sex differences in morbidity should control for methodological sources of sex bias and should focus explicitly on differences in the perception of physical symptoms by men and women.
Gijsbers van Wijk
C M
CM
Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
van Vliet
K P
KP
Kolk
A M
AM
Everaerd
W T
WT
D015982:Bias; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D009426:Netherlands; D012737:Sex Factors; D012803:Sick Role; D012951:Socialization; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health