title: Vaginal infection and preterm labour.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the vaginal flora of women in preterm labour (PTL) and determine whether the presence of specific vaginal microflora is significantly associated with onset of PTL.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive prospective study of the vaginal microflora of women in early labour comparing women in PTL with term controls. Microbiological assessment included cultures for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, yeasts, genital mycoplasmas and Trichomonas vaginalis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for confounding obstetric and demographic variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Queen Victoria Hospital, Adelaide.
  
  
  METHODS
  428 Women in PTL compared to 568 women in labour at term.
  
  
  METHODS
  PTL and preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) in relation to specific vaginal microflora.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After multiple logistic regression analysis, two distinct bacteriological groupings were associated with PTL less than 37 weeks gestation, namely, the bacterial vaginosis group of organisms, Gardnerella vaginalis and Bacteroides spp., and a group of enteropharyngeal organisms, E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Haemophilus spp. and S. aureus. G. vaginalis was found in 12% of women in PTL compared to 6% at term [regression odds ratio (ROR) 1.8, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.1-3.1] whereas Bacteroides spp. were detected in 45% of women in PTL compared with 35% at term (ROR 1.6, CI 1.2-2.1). The prevalence of G. vaginalis (17%) and Bacteroides spp. (50%) was even higher in women in PTL less than 34 weeks gestation. The enteropharyngeal group of organisms were more commonly present in women in PTL less than 37 weeks (E. coli 10% vs 6%, ROR 1.4, CI 0.8-2.4; Klebsiella spp. 3% vs less than 1%, ROR 5.4, CI 1.1-26.7; Haemophilus spp. 2% vs less than 1%, ROR 5.5, CI 1.1-28.6; S. aureus 6% vs 4%, ROR 1.8, CI 0.9-3.3) and were isolated even more frequently in women in PTL less than 34 weeks (E. coli 15%; Klebsiella spp. 4%; S. aureus 7%). Bacteroides spp., Klebsiella spp., and Haemophilus spp. were all found to be associated with PPROM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are two distinct bacteriological groupings commonly found in women in PTL, especially in PTL less than 34 weeks gestation. These bacteriological groups are women with bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy and women who demonstrate enteropharyngeal bacteria in the vagina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Queen Victoria Hospital, Adelaide Medical Centre for Women and Children.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: O'Loughlin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jolley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vigneswaran
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001442:Bacteroides Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology*; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006194:Gardnerella vaginalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000382:microbiology*; D010920:Placenta / Q000382:microbiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000382:microbiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology*