title: The effects of ion implantation on the beaks of orthodontic pliers.
abstract: The surface of stainless steel may be hardened by bombarding the material with a stream of nitrogen ions generated by a nuclear accelerator. In the present study this technique was used to determine the hardening effect of ion implantation on the beaks of stainless steel orthodontic pliers. Ten orthodontic pliers (Dentarum 003 094) were divided into two equal groups, designated control and experimental. The beaks of the experimental pliers were subjected to ion implantation, after which the tips of the beaks of all the pliers were stressed in an apparatus attached to an Instron testing machine. A cyclical load of 500 N was applied to the handles of the pliers, while a 0.9 mm (0.036 inch) round, stainless steel wire was held between the tips of the beaks. The effect of the stress was assessed by measurement with a traveling microscope of the gap produced between the tips of the beaks. Measurements were taken before loading and after 20, 40, 60, and 80 cycles. Statistical analysis of variance and the two-sample t tests indicated that there was a significant increase in the size of the gap as the pliers were stressed from 0 to 80 cycles (p less than 0.001). Furthermore, the mean gap was significantly greater in the control group than in the experimental group (p less than 0.001). This study suggests that ion implantation increases the hardness of the tips of the beaks of orthodontic pliers.
authors.affiliation: University of the Witwatersrand, S. Africa.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mizrahi
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Cleaton-Jones
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luyckz
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Fatti
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006244:Hardness; D008422:Materials Testing; D009584:Nitrogen; D009678:Nuclear Energy; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel; D009584:Nitrogen