title: Prodromal symptoms in affective disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper was to review the clinical and conceptual implications of the studies investigating prodromal symptoms of mania, depression, and panic disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four studies specifically addressing the issue of prodromal symptoms in mood and anxiety disorders were selected by computer search (Medline) and manual search of Index Medicus and the psychiatric literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the studies have described a prodromal phase in the development of mania, depression, and panic attacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The appearance of prodromal symptoms may precede the full syndrome by weeks or months; if these symptoms are detected, recurrences of affective disorders (bipolar illness, unipolar depression, panic disorder) could be treated earlier and perhaps more effectively. DSM-III has emphasized the traditional clinical syndromes and cross-sectional descriptions. Appraisal of prodromal and residual phases may complement this approach. The longitudinal study of prodromes, the fully developed disorder, and residual states calls for an assessment of personality, neurotic traits, and their interaction in the evolution of affective disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kellner
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D015415:Biomarkers; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010200:Panic; D010555:Personality Inventory
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers