title: Comparison of alfentanil and ketamine infusions in combination with midazolam for outpatient lithotripsy.
abstract: Sixty unpremedicated outpatients undergoing elective extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy using an unmodified Dornier HM-3 lithotriptor were randomly assigned to receive an intravenous infusion of either alfentanil or ketamine as an adjuvant to midazolam for sedation and analgesia. Although both drug regimens allowed the maximal number of shock waves and energy level, the alfentanil group had significantly better calculi fragmentation (78% vs. 50% of patients with fragments less than 2 mm). Ketamine infusion provided superior intraoperative cardiorespiratory stability; however, it was associated with more disruptive movements (22 vs. 5) and dreaming (35% vs. 5%) during the procedure (P less than 0.05). Postoperatively, confusion also occurred more frequently in the ketamine-treated patients (31% vs. 5%, P less than 0.05). Alfentanil infusion was associated with more episodes of hemoglobin oxygen desaturation to less than 90% (12 vs. 2, P less than 0.05), itching (23% vs. 4%, P less than 0.05), and ability to recall intraoperative events (45% vs. 12%, P less than 0.05). The incidence of postoperative nausea was decreased (not significantly) in the alfentanil group (32% vs. 54%). The mean anesthesia time was similar in both groups; however, discharge times (means +/- standard deviations) were shorter in the alfentanil group (142 +/- 42 min vs. 161 +/- 31 min, P = 0.05). These data suggest that although both techniques proved effective for anesthesia in outpatients undergoing immersion lithotripsy, alfentanil is superior to ketamine as part of a sedative-analgesic technique because of the improved recovery profile and calculi fragmentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Monk
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rater
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015760:Alfentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000698:Analgesia; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015760:Alfentanil; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam