title: Assessing the adequacy of fentanyl anesthesia: plasma concentrations and lower esophageal contractility.
abstract: Assessing the adequacy of anesthesia in the paralyzed patient is usually based on sympathetic and hemodynamic responses to noxious stimulation. Absence of such responses does not guarantee adequate anesthesia. A device monitoring the amplitude of provoked lower esophageal, contractility (PLEC) and the rate of spontaneous lower esophageal contractility (SLEC) has been developed as a potential monitor of the adequacy of anesthesia. This study determined the reliability of this device for monitoring anesthetic depth in 20 patients receiving fentanyl infusions who were undergoing coronary artery surgery and who were hemodynamically stable in the preoperative period. Premedication included midazolam 0.05 mg/kg i.m. and ranitidine 2 mg/kg p.o. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 50 micrograms/kg administered over 10 min and maintained by a fentanyl infusion 0.2 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. Following endotracheal intubation, a disposable esophageal monitoring probe, equipped with provoking and measuring balloons, was inserted and both the amplitude of provoked (PLEC) and the rate of spontaneous lower esophageal contractions (SLEC) were displayed and recorded. Precisely defined clinical signs of inadequate anesthesia included both somatic and hemodynamic responses to noxious stimulations. The presence of these responses was correlated with PLEC and SLEC and with fentanyl concentrations in plasma at specific times of noxious stimulation during the period preceding initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass. A total of 208 episodes of noxious stimulation were recorded at insertion of the nasal temperature probe (n = 8), at penetration of the skin by towel clips (n = 25), at skin incision (n = 20), at sternotomy (n = 20) and during multiple episodes of electrocauterization (n = 135). These provoked 52 clinical responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Schwieger
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hug
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004947:Esophagus / Q000187:drug effects*; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005283:Fentanyl