title: Gordon memorial lecture. Physics and physiology of incubation.
abstract: 1. The earliest mention of artificial incubation occurs in Aristotle's Historia Animalium written in the 4th century BC. A brief survey of the history of incubation is given from that time to the present. 2. Artificial incubation is also practised by birds belonging to the family of the Megapodes: the Brush Turkey and the Mallee Fowl build a mound and maintain the required temperature of the eggs laid in it. 3. The importance of functional eggshell porosity and incubator ventilation rate for maintaining optimal gas tensions in the embryonic medium (the gas space below the shell) is discussed. 4. Among the early scientific studies (reviewed by Landauer, Lundy, Freeman) particular attention is paid to Barott's (1937) systematic work on temperature, relative humidity and oxygen concentration. 5. The requirements of the embryo with regard to temperature, humidity and gaseous environment are defined. The importance of using gas tensions instead of gas concentrations is once again emphasised. 6. The problems of incubation at high altitude are explained and a successful method for hatching eggs at any terrestrial altitude is described. 7. Although hens can be selected for the functional porosity of their eggs, the procedure does not offer any worthwhile advantages. 8. If functional eggshell porosity and embryonic oxygen uptake are known, then optimal incubator ventilation rate can be predicted when a given optimum gas space oxygen tension is assumed.
authors.affiliation: Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Visschedijk
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000502:physiology*; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006813:Humidity; D007185:Incubators / Q000662:veterinary*; D010100:Oxygen; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen