title: A comparison of the natural survival of beagle dogs injected intravenously with low levels of 239Pu, 226Ra, 228Ra, 228Th, or 90Sr.
abstract: The natural survival, relative to properly chosen controls, of 26 beagle dogs injected once intravenously with an average of 0.58 +/- 0.04 kBq 239Pu/kg, 23 dogs injected with 2.31 +/- 0.43 kBq 226Ra/kg, 13 dogs injected with 1.84 +/- 0.26 kBq 228Ra/kg, 12 dogs injected with 0.56 +/- 0.030 kBq 228Th/kg, and 12 dogs injected with 21.13 +/- 1.74 kBq 90Sr/kg was evaluated statistically. The amounts of these radionuclides are related directly to the estimated maximum permissible body burdens for humans suggested in ICRP II (1959). They constitute a level of exposure that initially was assumed to cause no deleterious effects in dogs. This study had two objectives: (1) identification of homogeneous control groups against which to evaluate the survival of the irradiated groups and (2) comparison of the survival characteristics and estimation of mortality or hazard rate ratios for control dogs vs dogs injected with the baseline dosages given above. It was shown, by goodness-of-fit plots, that the Cox proportional hazards model was an appropriate method of analysis. Therefore, covariates that possibly could influence survival were tested for significance. Only the effects of grand mal seizure, which is caused in epileptic dogs by an external stimulus and can be fatal if untreated, were significant (P less than 0.0001). Consequently, in the final model, death from grand mal seizure was considered as accidental. After censoring the dogs dying from grand mal seizure, it was established that the data for the control groups from previous and contemporary experiments could be pooled. The change in hazard rates relative to controls resulting from exposure to the baseline radionuclide level was modest, 1.6 times for 239Pu (P = 0.033), 1.0(4) for 226Ra (P = 0.86), 1.9 for 228Ra (P = 0.035), 2.5 for 228Th (P less than 0.001), and 0.52 for 90Sr (P = 0.041). Bone tumor induction was clearly elevated in dogs injected with 239Pu and 228Th. When the effect of these bone tumors on survival was removed by censoring, the dogs injected with 239Pu were indistinguishable from the controls. In contrast, the effects of bone tumor on group survival of the 228Ra and 228Th dogs were not significant. Thus, no additional life-shortening effects beyond those attributable to bone tumor were suggested by these data for 239Pu, but other, as yet unspecified, confounders are suggested for 228Ra and 228Th.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiobiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112.
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Bruenger
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D011005:Plutonium / Q000633:toxicity*; D011883:Radium / Q000633:toxicity*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013326:Strontium Radioisotopes / Q000633:toxicity*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013910:Thorium / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013326:Strontium Radioisotopes; D011005:Plutonium; D013910:Thorium; D011883:Radium