title: Forensic drug testing for opiates. II. Metabolism and excretion rate of morphine in humans after morphine administration.
abstract: Urine levels of free and total morphine were determined by GC/MS for four male subjects who received single doses of 20 mg of morphine sulfate intramuscularly. Peak concentrations were observed within 10 h for both conjugated and free morphine; thereafter, levels declined rapidly. Initially, free morphine represented from 25 to 34% of the total amount of morphine present, but this ratio declined after 12 h to an average of only 5.9% of total morphine. Free morphine accounted for an overall mean of 6.8% of the dose excreted in urine and conjugated morphine for 58.6%. The mean excretion half-life for free morphine was 6.6 h and for conjugated morphine was 8.2 h. The lower concentration and shorter half-life of free morphine resulted in a shorter detection time for free morphine versus total morphine at a 300-ng/mL cutoff. An equivalent detection time for free morphine was obtained when its cutoff was lowered to 25 ng/mL. The possibility that morphine is metabolized to codeine was unequivocally ruled out by the finding of an absence of codeine at or above the LOD of the GC/MS assay in all clinical specimens collected after morphine administration.
authors.affiliation: Navy Drug Screening Laboratory, Naval Air Station, Norfolk, Virginia 23511-6295.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Cone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003061:Codeine / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine; D003061:Codeine