title: Variabilities in prenatal development of orofacial system.
abstract: Reliable information on embryonic and fetal development of the human oro-facial system is meager. Much of the data available at present is not entirely reliable, because it was derived from a small number of specimens. An embryological approach with human materials is important for establishing a normal standard of development including individual variabilities as well as clarifying the embryogenesis and etiology of defective development (Nishimura et al. 1977). It is important in human craniofacial embryology to know the variabilities, that is, individual differences in developmental phenomena of the oro-facial region during human prenatal life. In recent times the importance of morphologic investigations of human development has received less emphasis. Yet, without thorough knowledge of the basic facts of prenatal human development, erroneous assumptions can be made in more dynamic approaches and lead investigators astray. Knowledge of prenatal development of human orofacial structures and some of their deviations will therefore be welcomed by many basic scientists and clinicians in the field of facial clefts and other craniofacial malformations. The author was engaged in the collection and systematic study of human embryos and fetuses with Dr. Hideo Nishimura, Emeritus Professor of Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, and has been studying the normal and abnormal development during prenatal life. Several results obtained from the study of a large number of specimens are presented laying stress on the orofacial development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Shimane Medical University Izumo, Japan.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000209:etiology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000209:etiology; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000196:embryology*; D009056:Mouth Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology; D010159:Palate / Q000196:embryology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology; D014059:Tongue / Q000196:embryology / Q000648:ultrastructure