title: Bacterial superantigens as anti-tumour agents: induction of tumour cytotoxicity in human lymphocytes by staphylococcal enterotoxin A.
abstract: Activation of lymphocytes by interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells that show promising effects on tumour growth in clinical trials. We examined the effect of the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) on anti-tumour activity of freshly prepared human lymphocytes. Picomolar amounts of SEA rapidly induced cytotoxic activity against K562 and Raji cells as well as some natural-killer(NK)-resistant tumour cell lines. Cytotoxic activity was not dependent on target cell expression of either major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II antigens as shown using mutated cell lines. Cell-sorting experiments showed that the activity was expressed by NK (CD5-CD56+) as well as T (CD5+) cells, although the former contained the majority of cytotoxic activity. NK cells could not be directly activated by SEA. In contrast, SEA activated purified T cells to the same extent as in bulk cultures. It is suggested that SEA activation of NK cells is secondary to that brought about by lymphokines produced by T cells. Activation of LAK cells with SEA was comparable in magnitude as well as target cell spectrum to that of IL-2. In addition to the LAK-like cytotoxic activity induced by SEA, a superimposed cytotoxicity towards target cells expressing MHC class II antigens coated with SEA was observed. This staphylococcal-enterotoxin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SDCC) was exclusively mediated by T cells. It is well established that MHC class II antigens function as receptors for staphylococcal enterotoxins on mammalian cells and that the complex between MHC class II antigen and--SEA apparently functions as a target structure for activated T cells with target cell lysis as a consequence. Activation of T lymphocytes with IL-2 also resulted in the capability to mediate SDCC. Staphylococcal enterotoxins represent a novel way of inducing anti-tumour activity in human lymphocytes, which could be of value in therapeutic applications.
authors.affiliation: Kabi Pharmacia Therapeutics AB, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lando
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hedlund
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dohlsten
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kalland
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004768:Enterotoxins; D007376:Interleukin-2; C026066:enterotoxin A, Staphylococcal