title: Validation of the orifice formula for estimating effective heart valve opening area.
abstract: Interest in the Gorlin formula for estimating heart valve effective orifice area (EOA) has recently been rekindled and the formula itself has been challenged. In this validation study, explanted native heart valves, unimplanted mechanical prostheses, unimplanted bioprostheses and explanted bioprostheses have been tested in vitro in a pulsatile flow simulator. Pressures have been measured 30 mm upstream and 100 mm downstream from the plane of the valve sewing ring (to give pressure drop, pd in kPa). Flow (Q in 1 min-1) has been measured directly by electromagnetic flowmeter and orifice areas have either been taken from manufacturer supplied data (mechanical valves) or have been digitised from video images at maximum orifice (biological valves). The formula EOA = Q/(6.96 x pd 1/2) - 0.7 fitted the data with good correlation, r = 0.96 (n = 179). The orifice assumption on which this formula is based (cf. Gorlin formula) is confirmed though it is recommended that the formula should be modified to account for (i) the pressure recovery phenomenon and (ii) the fact that forward flow through a valve only occurs over a portion of the cycle in pulsatile flow. Heart rates used in the study ranged from 40 to 140 min-1, stroke volumes ranged from 20 to 114.3 ml, cardiac outputs from 2.0 to 8.0 1 min-1 and peripheral resistance from 0.1 to 1.6 kPa 1-1 min (1 - 12 mmHg l-1 min). Application of the formula was independent of the flow conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kenyon
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Lawford
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Sprigings
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D002302:Cardiac Output; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011312:Pressure; D013318:Stroke Volume