title: Comparison of the up-and-down method and the fixed-dose procedure for acute oral toxicity testing.
abstract: The acute oral toxicity data for 10 compounds, generated by using two alternative methods in rats, the up-and-down method and the fixed-dose procedure, were compared with those obtained from the classical LD50 test. In this evaluation, both alternative methods offered a reduction in animal use, while providing adequate information to rank the compounds according to the EEC classification for acute oral toxicity. In addition to the ranking, these alternative methods also provided useful information on signs of toxicity and gross autopsy findings, although the results varied depending on the method used. Of the three methods, the up-and-down method required the fewest animals. Although the up-and-down method used only females, the LD50 values obtained were in good agreement with those obtained by the classical method, which used both sexes. It is concluded that the up-and-down method and the fixed-dose procedure are acceptable alternative methods to the classical LD50 test, and the choice of method depends on the type of toxicity information required.
authors.affiliation: Human & Environmental Safety Division, Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, Cincinnati, OH 45239-8707.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yam
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Reer
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Bruce
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013997:Time Factors; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods*