title: Inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans replication by nitrogen oxides supports the role of these molecules as effectors of macrophage-mediated cytostasis.
abstract: Activated macrophages are able to inhibit the replication of intracellular microbes and tumor cells. In the murine system, this cytostatic effect is associated with the oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline, nitrite, and nitrate and is thought to be mediated by an intermediate of this reaction, possibly nitric oxide (NO.). By exposing replicating Cryptococcus neoformans cells to conditions under which NO. is chemically generated, we have observed a cytostatic effect similar to that caused by activated murine macrophages. Nitric oxide is formed as a decomposition product of nitrite salts in acidic, aqueous solutions. Although C. neoformans replicates well in the presence of high nitrite concentrations at physiologic pH, its growth in acidic media can be inhibited by the addition of low concentrations of sodium nitrite. The degree of cytostasis is dependent on both the pH and the nitrite concentration of the NO. generating solution. The cytostatic effector molecule appears to be a gas since, in addition to inhibiting C. neoformans replication in solution, it is able to exert its inhibitory effect across a gas-permeable but ion-impermeable membrane. At high nitrite concentrations, a fungicidal effect occurs. We propose that the growth inhibition of C. neoformans upon exposure to chemically generated NO. or some related oxide of nitrogen represents a cell-free system simulating the cytostatic effect of activated murine macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alspaugh
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Granger
mesh_terms: D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D005609:Free Radicals; D005740:Gases; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012977:Sodium Nitrite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D005740:Gases; D006454:Hemoglobins; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005947:Glucose; D012977:Sodium Nitrite