title: Changes in blood pressure during isometric contractions to fatigue in the cat after brain stem lesions: effects of clonidine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to determine whether areas in the periaqueductal grey matter, medial dorsal raphe, or ventrolateral medulla might be involved with the integration of blood pressure and heart rate during isometric exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cats were anaesthetised with alpha chloralose (75 mg.kg-1) and catheters inserted into the right jugular vein and carotid artery. Isometric contractions were generated using a microprocessor controlled stimulator and sleeve electrode around the tibial nerve. Bilateral lesions were made in the dorsal periaqueductal grey matter (P1.0, LR2.0, HD + 1.5 mm) or two sites in the ventrolateral medulla (P12.0, RL 2.0, HD -10 mm; or P12.0, RL 2.0, HD -8.5 mm). Lesions were also made in the medial dorsal raphé nuclei (P1.0, RL 0.0, HD +1.5 mm). Clonidine was injected into the cerebral aqueduct to determine whether it would exert an antipressor effect during muscle contraction after the lesions were made. Only one site of lesion was made in a group of animals. Bilateral injections of clonidine (250 ng in 0.5 microliter) were made into the intact ventrolateral medulla (P11.5, RL 4.0, HD -8.5 mm) to explore its role further. Fatiguing contractions were performed before and after the lesions were made, or clonidine was injected, and changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured. Verification of the lesion sites or the microinjection sites, and the extent of the lesion or spread of the clonidine, was made from histological examination of brain tissue after each experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult cats of either sex, n = 20, weight 2.4 (SD 0.4) kg, were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fatiguing isometric contractions in control conditions caused mean arterial pressure to increase by 45-50 mm Hg and heart rates by 20-25 beats.min-1. Bilateral lesions in the dorsal periaqueductal grey matter did not alter resting mean arterial pressure but attenuated the pressor response during contractions. Injections of clonidine into the cerebral aqueduct had no further antipressor effects after the lesions. Lesions of the medial dorsal raphé nuclei or injections of clonidine into the intact medial dorsal raphé nuclei did not affect the pressor response to fatiguing isometric contractions. Injections of clonidine into the intact ventrolateral medulla eliminated the pressor response to isometric contractions. Bilateral lesions of the ventrolateral medulla near the rostral lateral border of the inferior olivary tract nuclei (P12.0, LR 2.0, HD -10 mm) also attenuated the muscle pressor response, while subsequent injections of clonidine into the cerebral aqueduct depressed the changes in blood pressure further.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ergoreceptor information may be processed through the periaqueductal grey matter through the ventrolateral medulla to control arterial blood pressure during isometric exercise to fatigue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614-0002.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Freels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002415:Cats; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006614:Hindlimb; D007267:Injections; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000502:physiology; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000502:physiology; D011903:Raphe Nuclei / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003000:Clonidine