title: Methodologies for clinical ethics.
abstract: Truly professional medical ethics requires a methodology that generates both moral discernment and consistently right judgments. In this article the author briefly reviews difficulties involved in ethical decision-making, the historical development of casuistry, and four ethical methodologies employed in clinical medicine today. These latter, which are outlined and compared, are as follows: the methodology developed by David Thomasma in the 1960s and 1970s; one created by Jonsen, Siegler, and Winslade; another developed by the author; and the Bochum Protocol authored by Hans-Martin Sass et al. of the Bochum Center for Medical Ethics in the Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania 16444.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Drane
mesh_terms: D032764:Casuistry; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D003657:Decision Making; D026689:Ethical Analysis; D028781:Ethical Relativism; D026822:Ethicists; D026690:Ethics, Clinical; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005060:Europe; D006808:Humanism; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D007843:Latin America; D010684:Philosophy; D028725:Theology; D014481:United States; D028722:Virtues