title: The prevalence and character of the muscularis mucosae of the human urinary bladder.
abstract: We report the results of a histological evaluation of 335 consecutive autopsy specimens of apparently normal urinary bladder for the presence of a complete, partial or minimal muscularis mucosae. There were 164 females (49%) and 171 males (51%), ranging in age from 20 weeks of gestation to 102 years. A muscularis mucosae was present in 117 bladders (35%). The female to male ratio was 2:1, with 45% of female and 25% of male bladders containing a muscularis mucosae. The muscularis mucosae was complete in one case (1%), partial in 23 cases (6%) and minimal in 93 cases (28%). The occurrence of a partial or complete muscularis mucosae was ten times more likely in women than men. The presence of a muscularis mucosae in both women and men was not associated with any known disease process, nor was it related to patient age.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Abdul-Karim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000033:anatomy & histology*