title: Three-dimensional computer reconstruction of the eustachian tube and paratubal muscles.
abstract: A new method of anatomic dissection and image reconstruction using computer techniques for better understanding of eustachian tube (ET) functioning is presented. Coronal sections of two noncleft fetal skulls were photographed and projected on a graphic tablet. Contours of the pertinent structures were digitized using a mouse. Coordinates of all digitized points were entered into a special computer program. The data were transformed into three-dimensional representations of anatomic structures. The levator veli palatini muscle (M-LVP) was found to have a close relationship with the ET running underneath it and passing at the inside of the pharyngeal edge of the medial cartilage before entering the soft palate. On M-LVP contraction, this part of the medial ET cartilage appears to be the sole point of impact for ET opening. The tensor veli palatini muscle (M-TVP) is connected with the lateral cartilage of the ET and leaves the ET, rounding the pterygoid hamulus before entering the palatal aponeurosis. On this anatomic basis, action of the muscle by isotonic contraction appears to be more likely than isometric contraction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, State University Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Spauwen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hillen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lommen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Otten
mesh_terms: D002356:Cartilage / Q000196:embryology; D003196:Computer Graphics; D005064:Eustachian Tube / Q000196:embryology*; D005333:Fetus; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D010156:Palatal Muscles / Q000196:embryology*; D010159:Palate / Q000196:embryology; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000196:embryology*