title: Pharmacokinetics and serum bactericidal activities of quinolones in combination with clindamycin, metronidazole, and ornidazole.
abstract: To enhance the antimicrobial spectrum of the quinolones against anaerobic organisms and gram-positive bacteria, we investigated in two studies the parenteral combinations of ciprofloxacin (200 mg) and ofloxacin (200 mg) with metronidazole (500 mg) or clindamycin (600 mg) and the oral combinations of enoxacin (400 mg) and fleroxacin (400 mg) with metronidazole (400 mg), clindamycin (300 mg), or ornidazole (500 mg) (only with fleroxacin). The pharmacokinetics and serum bactericidal activities (SBAs) against 5 aerobic and 2 anaerobic species (total, 58 strains) were determined in two groups of 10 healthy volunteers by using a randomized crossover study design. The additions of metronidazole, clindamycin, and ornidazole did not affect the pharmacokinetics of the quinolones. The combination of clindamycin with ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and, to a lesser extent, fleroxacin resulted in an increase of the SBA against gram-positive strains (mean peak titers): Staphylococcus aureus, ciprofloxacin alone, 1:5.5; ciprofloxacin-clindamycin, 1:19.9; ofloxacin alone, 1:3.6; ofloxacin-clindamycin, 1:17.5; fleroxacin alone, 1:4.3; fleroxacin-clindamycin, 1:8.1; Streptococcus pneumoniae (fleroxacin and enoxacin were not tested), ciprofloxacin alone, 1:2.0; ciprofloxacin-clindamycin, 1:53; ofloxacin alone, 1:2.6; and ofloxacin-clindamycin, 1:49.2. The high SBA of quinolones against gram-negative bacteria was not affected by the combinations; however, relatively low activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected. In general, against anaerobic bacteria, low bactericidal activities were determined in both studies (mean peak titers ranged from 1:2.1 to 1:3.1; mean trough titers range from 1:2.0 to 1:2.9). In clinical settings with severe mixed infections, a parenteral therapy consisting of modern quinolones together with clindamycin or imidazole derivatives seems to be active and offers no obvious interactions.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, Klinikum Steglitz, Freie Universität Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boeckh
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lode
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Deppermann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grineisen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shokry
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Held
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wernicke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koeppe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krasemann
mesh_terms: D042462:4-Quinolones; D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000187:drug effects; D001770:Blood Bactericidal Activity; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009950:Ornidazole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D042462:4-Quinolones; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008795:Metronidazole; D002981:Clindamycin; D009950:Ornidazole