title: Facial dysmorphologic and skeletal cephalometric findings associated with conotruncal cardiac anomalies. off.
abstract: Anomalous conotruncal cardiac morphology and facial dysmorphology have been associated with neural crest-pharyngeal arch abnormalities. To assess these associations, 20 patients 3 to 18 years old with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) or persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA) were evaluated by cardiologic, facial dysmorphic, and cephalometric criteria. The average number of facial abnormalities of neural crest derivation was two, while pharyngeal arch derivative abnormalities were observed with an average of five defects per subject. The total group had many more facial malformations than normal populations (P less than .00001). The occurrence of defects was not significantly different between TOF and PTA patients. Thirteen TOF patients 8 years, 9 months to 18 years, 10 months old (x = 13 years, 4 months) had lateral cephalograms analyzed for skeletal relationships. The TOF patients exhibited higher than usual distribution of dolichofacial growth patterns (6 of 13), Class II skeletal relationships (6 of 13), mandibular retrusion (7 of 13), and maxillary protrusion (6 of 13). Trends were not absolute, since opposite patterns were individually expressed, and referencing by race tended to show more normal values for respective groups.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Georgia, Augusta.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Arensman
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Ussery
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000002:abnormalities; D006801:Humans; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000196:embryology; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000196:embryology*; D014339:Truncus Arteriosus, Persistent / Q000196:embryology*