title: Surface coil spectroscopic imaging: time and spatial evolution of lactate production following fluid percussion brain injury.
abstract: Detailed temporal and spatial distributions of lactate production are presented for graded fluid-percussion brain injury in the rat. A one-dimensional proton spin-echo spectroscopic imaging (1D SESI) technique, performed with a surface coil, is presented and evaluated. This technique, which represents a practical compromise, provides spatially localized proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) brain spectra from a series of small voxels (less than 0.15 cm3) in less than 10 min, thus enabling both spatial and temporal monitoring of lactate production. These high-resolution lactate maps are correlated with hyperintense regions observed in T2-weighted images taken 10 h after impact, which, in turn, correlate with histology. The data demonstrate that, following severe trauma there is delayed production and propagation of lactate to regions of the brain that are remote from the trauma site. The extent of lactate production depends on the severity of impact. More significantly, the data show that following severe trauma, local lactate concentrations exceed 15 mumol/g, the concentration that has been claimed as the threshold for brain injury. Therefore high lactate levels cannot be ruled out a priori as a possible factor in brain injury following severe head trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sanada
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Pitts
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Litt
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000378:metabolism*; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000378:metabolism; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism*; D003903:Deuterium; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates; D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003903:Deuterium