title: Relations of body habitus, fitness level, and cardiovascular risk factors including lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in a rural and urban Costa Rican population.
abstract: Increased general and abdominal obesity has been independently associated with diabetes, increased risk of stroke, and coronary artery disease (CAD). It is more prevalent in developed countries and in urban areas of nonindustrialized nations than in less developed and rural areas. To evaluate the associations between general and abdominal obesity (as determined by total body fat, waist to hip ratio, umbilical to triceps ratio, and umbilical to subscapular ratio) with glucose, plasma lipoproteins, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and B concentrations, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size (LDL 1-7), we randomly selected 222 men and 243 women from rural and urban areas of Puriscal, Costa Rica. Abdominal obesity, as assessed by the waist to hip ratio, was independently and significantly associated with higher triglyceride levels (p less than 0.01) and with lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p less than 0.05) in men and women and with higher glucose levels (p less than 0.05) and smaller LDL particle size (p less than 0.01) in women. Abdominal obesity, as assessed by the umbilical to subscapular ratio, was independently and significantly associated with higher total cholesterol (p less than 0.005) and apo B (p less than 0.01) levels. Umbilical to triceps ratio was positively associated with blood pressure in men. Urban men had increased general and abdominal obesity (p less than 0.0001), number of cigarettes smoked per day (p less than 0.0001), and diastolic blood pressure (p less than 0.05) and had a decreased fitness level (p less than 0.0001) as well as higher (p less than 0.05) plasma glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol concentrations and lower (p less than 0.05) apo A-I and HDL cholesterol levels compared with rural men. The differences between rural and urban women were not as striking. Urban women had increased general and abdominal obesity, glucose, and apo B levels (p less than 0.05) and a decreased fitness level (p less than 0.0001). Our data indicate that general and abdominal obesity, increased cigarette smoking, diastolic blood pressure, and decreased fitness level are more prevalent in an urban than in a rural area in Costa Rica, particularly in men. The higher prevalence of such risk factors in the urban area is associated with a more atherogenic plasma lipoprotein profile.
authors.affiliation: Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Gussak
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Siles
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ordovas
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003364:Costa Rica / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011897:Random Allocation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008074:Lipoproteins; D014280:Triglycerides