title: Long-term low-dose mutation studies in human cells: metanil yellow and orange II.
abstract: We tested the mutagenic effects of two commonly used fold colors, metanil yellow and orange II, in AHH-1 human lymphoblast cells. The cell line, which is competent for oxidative metabolism of various chemicals, was exposed to both compounds in high-dose x short-term (3 day) or high-dose x long-term (10-day) and low-dose x long-term (20-day) treatments. Concentrations of metanil yellow and orange II as low as 22 nM and 12 nM, respectively, were sufficient to induce mutation rates which were equal to twice the spontaneous mutation rate at the HPRT locus in AHH-1 cells.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Thilly
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shirnamé-Moré
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D001711:Biotransformation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens; D009154:Mutation; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D009153:Mutagens; C005108:metanil yellow; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System