title: Field evaluation of the use of an ELISA to detect chloroquine and its metabolites in blood, urine and breast-milk.
abstract: The evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for chloroquine and its metabolites in blood, urine and breast-milk is reported. ELISA blood levels, following standard treatment with chloroquine of pregnant and non-pregnant women, showed mean values comparable to other analytical methods. Blood chloroquine concentrations were estimated at day 0, 350-400 ng/ml; day 2, 1000-1500 ng/ml; day 14, 350-400 ng/ml; day 28, 180-350 ng/ml. In a separate sample a significant association was observed between history of chloroquine use in the previous 2 weeks and blood ELISA values (P less than 0.01). Mean ELISA values in breast-milk were higher than in corresponding whole blood samples. High concentrations of chloroquine in urine were observed. There was a weak association of the ELISA of urine and blood samples collected at the same time (P = 0.076). This study confirms the low sensitivity (less than 55%) of the Dill-Glazko test in urine, which is 100-1000 times less sensitive than the ELISA; the latter can detect 10-20 ng chloroquine per ml. A cut-off value for blood positivity 2 weeks following therapeutic drug ingestion was determined (40% ELISA inhibition), which can be used to make decisions about subject selection in drug sensitivity tests or population surveys. There are several advantages with the ELISA under field conditions. These include direct measurement of whole blood concentration; avoidance of problems of urine collection; suitability of finger-prick samples, especially with young children; application to population surveys to monitor drug use; and selection of subjects for drug sensitivity tests and monitoring of blood levels during in vivo tests.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Klever
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Brabin
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Eggelte
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Van der Kaay
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Alpers
mesh_terms: D002738:Chloroquine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008288:Malaria / Q000378:metabolism*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000378:metabolism; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002738:Chloroquine