title: Contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound: development and evaluation of polymer-coated microbubbles.
abstract: Although the concept of an ultrasound contrast agent dates from Gramiak's work in 1968 in which indocyanine green was injected into the ascending aorta and heart, no universally accepted contrast agent for ultrasound now exists. This is primarily due to problems with stability, size and/or toxicity of the agents which have been investigated. Development of an effective ultrasound contrast agent would be highly significant for the health care industry, since it would greatly expand the scope of ultrasound (a noninvasive and safe procedure) as a diagnostic technique. While encapsulated gas bubbles offer particular advantages in stability over hand-agitated systems, they frequently present problems with size. Capsules larger than 10 microns in diameter become entrapped in the capillary bed of the lung. This paper describes the use of ionotropic gelation of the naturally occurring polysaccharide, alginate, for microencapsulation of air. Two procedures have been investigated. A novel jet head has been developed which allows co-extrusion of a solution of sodium alginate and air to produce nascent microencapsulated air bubbles which fall into a hardening solution of calcium ions. A second method employs ultrasound to introduce cavitation-induced bubbles into the alginate before capsule formation by spraying. Power spectra of these preparations demonstrate echogenicity (that is strong scatter of the incident ultrasound wave back to the emitting transducer, which also acts as a receiver), with resonant peaks that are a function of capsule size and wall characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wheatley
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schrope
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D003287:Contrast Media; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008863:Microspheres; D010316:Particle Size; D011108:Polymers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D003287:Contrast Media; D011108:Polymers