title: High incidence of mental retardation in Turner syndrome patients with ring chromosome X formation.
abstract: In this report we describe and comment the high incidence of mental subnormality in a series of 21 Turner syndrome patients with ring chromosome X, diagnosed in Leuven in the period 1965-1989. In 7 of the 21 (one third) a varying degree of mental retardation, from borderline intelligence to severe mental retardation was found. In 4 of them (18.5%) mental retardation was moderate to severe.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fryns
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kleczkowska
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Den Berghe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics*; D007360:Intelligence; D007621:Karyotyping; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D012303:Ring Chromosomes; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations / Q000235:genetics*; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics; D014960:X Chromosome