title: Personality antecedents of depressive tendencies in 18-year-olds: a prospective study.
abstract: Antecedents of depressive tendencies at age 18 were longitudinally evaluated using data from nursery school through high school. Depression was measured by CES-D scores from which the contribution of self-reported anxiety was partialed. As early as age 7, boys who subsequently acknowledged dysthymia were aggressive, self-aggrandizing, and undercontrolled whereas girls with later depressive tendencies were intropunitive, oversocialized, and overcontrolling. Similar gender differences were observed in pre- and early adolescence. At age 14, dysthymic boys were more likely to use both marijuana and harder drugs whereas dysthymic girls showed no tendency to use marijuana but did show a marked tendency to experiment with hard drugs. These girls also displayed low self-esteem. Preschool IQ correlated positively with dysthymia in girls and negatively in boys. The psychodynamics of gender differences in depressive affect were discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Gjerde
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Block
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D010553:Personality Development; D010556:Personality Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D012649:Self Concept; D012951:Socialization