title: [Ski shoe versus knee joint--3: Risk for falling backward].
abstract: In contrast to the drop in the incidence of fractures of the lower leg that has been observed in recent years, the incidence of knee injuries has not decreased in skiing. There has even been a relative increase of severe knee lesions and isolated ACL ruptures, prompting us to conduct a comprehensive study of the causes of this phenomena. The goal of the study was to develop a new measuring device for alpine skiing research by combining motion analysis, pressure and force measurement, comprehensive examine the forward/backward movement in skiboots in the lab and by means of telemetry on the slope (Skiboot versus knee joint part 1/Sportverlerletzung. Sportschaden 3, 1989, pp. 149-161) and to come up with a proposal for a new safety concept to reduce the high number of knee injuries in alpine skiing in the future. The first study was devoted to the forward movement in skiboots (Skiboot versus knee joint part 2/Sportverletzung. Sportschaden 4, 1990, pp. 1-13). The results showed that a skiing style in backward lean position was adopted by skiers wearing boots with a stiff forward flexion and was supported by the fixed backward spoiler. In order to quantify the influence of the backward spoiler a special skiboot was constructed allowing the rear spoiler to give way at a variable, defined stiffness and register the angular displacement and horizontal force Fh. The results showed most clearly that even a medium rear spoiler resistance will sign, reduce the peak force values by a factor of 5.5. The acceleration at the knee joint level is significantly higher (factor 1.6, p less than 0.05) in case of a rigid spoiler. The lab tests could be confirmed on the slope (sign. reduction of max. force by factor 8). It also proved that normal skiing can be performed in such a boot without limitations. In consideration of our facts it is concluded that the principle of safety bindings must definitely apply in future in equal measure also to the ski boot. As a proposal for future safety ski boot, that allowed for the first time the rear part to give way after a certain amount of force (adjustable preload). The backward release bindings, which can often produce dangerous malfunctions if a strong force acts on them for a short period of time, could thus be complemented by a safety system in the boots. In all probability this would be a contributing factor to reducing the high incidence of knee injuries in skiing.
authors.affiliation: Institut für biomechanische Analysen im Sport und interdisziplinäre Studien (BASiS) TUV-PS, München.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schaff
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hauser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000503:physiopathology; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012775:Shoes / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards; D012865:Skiing / Q000293:injuries*
vernacular_title: Skischuh versus Kniegelenk--Teil 3: Die Risikosituation Rückwärtsfall.