Pharmacokinetic and residue studies of quinolone compounds and olaquindox in poultry.
Nalidixic acid and similar antimicrobial agents have been available for more than 20 years, mainly for treating infections caused by Gram-negative enterobacteria. Recently, several chemically related drugs, including oxolinic acid, pipemidic acid, piromidic acid and flumequine, have been developed. They are either naphthyridine-carboxylic acid or quinoline-carboxylic acid derivatives and, with nalidixic acid, are so-called quinolones. A major advance in antimicrobial chemotherapy was the synthesis of newer quinolones containing at least 1 fluorine atom and a piperazinyl group. These new fluoroquinolones have an extended antimicrobial spectrum compared to the first quinolone generation, and are highly active against most Gram-negative pathogens including the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pharmacokinetic properties and residue levels of these quinolones and fluoroquinolones for which clinical experience or experimental information exists in poultry are reviewed here. On the other hand, administration of the quinoxaline-di-N-oxide, olaquindox, for medical purposes raises questions concerning the pharmacokinetic disposition of the drug and the risk of its residues in poultry. This paper presents information about the pharmacokinetic profile of olaquindox and the presence of its residues in chickens.
Anadón
A
A
Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIC, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
Martinez-Larrañaga
M R
MR
Diaz
M J
MJ
Velez
C
C
Bringas
P
P
D042462:4-Quinolones; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002645:Chickens / Q000378:metabolism*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
D042462:4-Quinolones; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D011810:Quinoxalines; C013168:olaquindox