title: High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of monoamines and some of their gamma-glutamyl conjugates produced by the brain and other tissues of Helix aspersa (Gastropoda).
abstract: 1. Earlier reports from this and other laboratories have indicated that wide variations exist in estimates of the concentrations of norepinephrine in the brain and heart of the snail Helix aspersa. This is a report on investigations of norepinephrine concentrations in Helix aspersa tissues using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In addition, the effects of treatment with some amino acid precursors or enzyme inhibitors on the concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and some of their metabolites were investigated. 2. The levels of norepinephrine in the brain were low (46 ng/g) in comparison to dopamine (2.1) micrograms/g) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (2.6 micrograms/g). Epinephrine was not observed in either snail heart of snail nervous tissue. 3. Administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine resulted in elevated snail brain dopamine, while 3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine treatment increased norepinephrine. Treatment with blockers of tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase reduced dopamine concentrations without affecting 5-hydroxytryptamine. 4. The dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid was observed only after administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine or dopamine and then only in very small amounts. At no time was the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid or the 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid observed in brain, heart, or whole-body extracts of the snail. 5. Incubation of nervous tissue with either dopamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine resulted in the production of electrochemically active metabolites which were identified by oxidation characteristics and cochromatography with synthesized standards as the gamma-glutamyl conjugates of the amines. Treatment of snails with 5-hydroxytryptamine or dopamine also resulted in the production of gamma-glutamyl conjugates. 6. The present experiments show that great care must be exercised when measuring monoamines and their metabolites in gastropod tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Sloley
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Juorio
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Durden
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015306:Biogenic Monoamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015103:Droxidopa / Q000494:pharmacology; D006372:Helix, Snails / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015306:Biogenic Monoamines; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine; D015103:Droxidopa