title: Diagnostic test restraint and the specialty consultation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect consultants had on the diagnostic process in the management of patients admitted to the medical service of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study utilizing prospective evaluation by residents, retrospective chart review, and direct communication with the patient, a family member, or the patient's physician one year after admission to the hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical inpatient service of an urban university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 580 patients admitted to the medical service during one month in 1984 for whom complete data were available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three percent of the patients had consultations. Seventy percent (198/284) of the patients admitted by generalists had consultations, while 57% (170/296) of the patients admitted by subspecialists had consultations. Of the 1,422 major diagnostic tests performed on these patients, 504 (35%) were first recommended by consultants, and the consultants recommended cancellation of only ten major diagnostic tests. Patients who were seen by consultants had a length of stay that was more than double that of patients not seen by consultants. Consultation was associated with prolonged stay when patients were stratified by important clinical variables and remained an important independent factor in a multivariate model. The prolongation of hospitalization was principally due to delays in scheduling and interpreting sophisticated tests recommended by the consultants. When stratified into prognostically similar clinical groupings, there was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality between patients seen and those not seen by a consultant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efforts to foster diagnostic restraint in the management of hospitalized patients should be broadened to include attention to the specialty consultation process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Braham
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ron
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ruchlin
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hollenberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pompei
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Charlson
mesh_terms: D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006746:Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008511:Medicine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000191:economics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013038:Specialization