title: Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection among drug users in Amsterdam.
abstract: The prevalence, risk factors, and incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were studied in a cohort of drug users in Amsterdam. In intravenous drug users, the seroprevalence was 74% (224/304) versus 10% (4/42) in nonintravenous drug users. Risk factors independently associated with HCV antibody seropositivity were history and duration of intravenous drug use and frequency of injections. Daily smoking of heroin in the previous 6 months was independently associated with the absence of HCV antibodies. Periods of fever, tiredness, and diarrhea in the preceding 6 months were associated with HCV antibodies even after correction for human immunodeficiency virus infection. The incidence rate of HCV infection appeared high and stable over the years 1986 to 1989. Thus, HCV infections are common among intravenous drug users and are mainly due to the intravenous use of drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Environment, Municipal Health Service, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van den Hoek
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van Haastrecht
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goudsmit
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Wolf
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Coutinho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003932:Heroin; D006716:Homosexuality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011477:Sex Work; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000150:complications; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D003932:Heroin