title: Syndromology: an updated conceptual overview. IX. Facial dysmorphology.
abstract: The role of minor anomalies in dysmorphology is discussed followed by consideration of facial measurements. Photographic documentation, facial change with time, and facial gestalt are emphasized in the process of syndrome diagnosis. Finally, several recent techniques for craniofacial evaluation are presented including facial anthropometry, cephalometrics, laser scanning, three-dimensional craniofacial surface imaging from CT scans, and magnetic resonance imaging.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004194:Disease; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D013577:Syndrome