title: Hyperventilation and panic attacks.
abstract: The role of hyperventilation in the aetiology of panic attacks is still unclear. This paper briefly reviews the role of hyperventilation and abnormal respiration to panic attacks and examines the experimental evidence. Evidence has been found that physiological variables such as paCO2 and pH are involved in the aetiology of panic attacks and panic disorder but the extent and the nature of the involvement of cognitive variables is undetermined. Based on current evidence, there is a need to integrate cognitive variables with the physiological framework proposed by the hyperventilation theory. Until clear experimental evidence is produced about the relationships between cognitive and physiological factors, the applicability of hyperventilation in the aetiology and treatment of panic attacks remains in question.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kenardy
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Oei
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000097:blood; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010200:Panic / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen