title: Metabolism and actions of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose in vivo.
abstract: The synthetic D-galactose analog 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose (dGalF) offers unique advantages for studies of the D-galactose pathway by non-invasive techniques using 19F-NMR spectroscopy or positron emission from the 18F-labeled compound. The metabolism of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose was studied in rodents using the unlabeled, the 18F-labeled, and the 14C-labeled D-galactose analog. Analyses for the metabolites of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose were performed by HPLC, enzymatic methods, and 19F-NMR spectroscopy in vivo and in vitro. The metabolism of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose was most active in the liver which took up the major part of the administered dose of the 14C-labeled D-galactose analog, but renal excretion was also pronounced. This was confirmed by in vivo scanning of the rat using the 18F-labeled sugar (1.5 microCi/g; 25 nmol/g) and examination by positron-emission tomography and gamma camera. The dose dependence of the levels of the hepatic metabolites of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose was investigated for doses between 25 nmol/g body mass and 1 mumols/g body mass. After 1 h, the major part of the acid-soluble uracil nucleotides consisted of UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-hexoses when the dose was at least 0.1 mumols/g. With higher doses, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose 1-phosphate became the predominant initial metabolite. After a dose of 1 mumols/g 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose 1-phosphate accumulated rapidly (5.3 +/- 0.4 mumols/g liver after 30 min) followed by the formation of UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose and UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (0.7 +/- 0.1 mumols/g and 1.8 +/- 0.1 mumols/g, respectively, after 5 h). The diversion of uridylate, due to the accumulation of UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-hexoses, was associated with a rapid depletion of hepatic UTP, UDP-glucose, and UDP-galactose. The UTP content was decreased to 11 +/- 6% of normal within 15 min after administration of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose at a dose of 1 mumols/g. The UTP-depleting action was minimal, however, at a dose of 25 nmols/g or less, indicating that interference in uridylate metabolism would be negligible at the doses required for positron-emission tomography of the liver using the 18F-labeled compound. At higher doses, the UTP deficiency induced by 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose could be useful in the chemotherapy of D-galactose-metabolizing tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Grün
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oberdorfer
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ostertag
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keppler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D005643:Fucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D005690:Galactose; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D051379:Mice; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014915:Whole-Body Counting
chemical_list: D009711:Nucleotides; D005643:Fucose; C049289:2-deoxy-2-fluorogalactose; D005690:Galactose