title: [The cephalic arterial system in dogs, especially on the anastomoses between the intracranial and extracranial circulations].
abstract: The cephalic arterial system with a special reference to the anastomoses between the extracranial and intracranial circulations was investigated by means of the corrosion casts of 30 dogs. We researched into the cephalic arterial system in dogs according to Bugge's theory. His theory is as follows: ontogenetically it is composed of 4 arterial systems (the internal and external carotids, vertebral and stapedial arteries), although these arteries trans-figure from the primitive basic pattern to the adult one with particular anastomoses between the branches in each of the species. The modification of this basic pattern occurs as a result of the obliteration or persistence of certain parts of the 4 original arterial systems when they are accompanied with various anastomoses. And he emphasizes that the mode of the appearance of each anastomosis is constant in each of the species. In this paper the obtained result is as follows. The stapedial artery that occurred in an early stage of embryonic period obliterates the proximal part except for the supraorbital, infraorbital and mandibular branches. Anastomosis X between the vertebral and external carotid arteries is formed in all the cases. Anastomosis Y between the internal carotid and ascending pharyngeal arteries is found at 20% on the right side and 30% on the left. Anastomosis a1 between the internal ophthalmic artery and each of the orbital arteries derived from the supraorbital branch is recognized at 93% on the right side and 97% on the left, and the other a1 between the internal ophthalmic artery and anastomosis a6 is formed in 7% on the right side and 3% on the left. Anastomosis a2 between the supraorbital and infraorbital branches is recognized in all the cases. Anastomosis a3 between the distal part of the external carotid artery and the proximal portion of the mandibular branch is found out in all. Anastomosis a4 between the distal portion of the internal carotid artery and the supraorbital branch or each of its distal branches in the orbita is recognized at 90% on both sides. Anastomosis a5 between the distal part of the internal carotid artery and the proximal part of the infraorbital branch or the middle meningeal artery is found at 97% on the right side and 87% on the left.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanuma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitazawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002342:Carotid Artery, External / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006257:Head / Q000098:blood supply*; D013199:Stapes / Q000098:blood supply*; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology