title: Viewing molecules with scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy.
abstract: Two new microscopic techniques make it possible to obtain images of biologically interesting molecules directly in air, vacuum, or under water. Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy both have the capacity to visualize atoms on the surface of rigid structures and provide details of molecular structure for lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. In addition to providing visualizations of individual molecules, these scanning probe techniques allow direct imaging of complexes between molecules or between molecules and higher-order subcellular structures such as membranes and cytoskeletal components. Both microscopes can be operated under a variety of ambient conditions ranging from high vacuum to above atmospheric pressure. Specimens need not be dry; both techniques have been used to image molecules in aqueous media under nearly physiological conditions. It is proposed that as these techniques mature they will allow direct observation of many molecular interactions under physiological conditions or even in vivo while they are occurring within the cell.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Edstrom
authors.forename: X R
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004247:DNA / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D016252:Microscopy, Scanning Tunneling / Q000379:methods*; D008870:Microtubules / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D010764:Phosphorylase Kinase / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010763:Phosphorylase b / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D010763:Phosphorylase b; D010764:Phosphorylase Kinase