title: Changes in myocardial high-energy phosphate stores and carbohydrate metabolism during intermittent aortic crossclamping in dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass at 34 degrees and 25 degrees C.
abstract: The effect of cooling to 25 degrees C on myocardial metabolism was studied during four periods of global ischemia (10 minutes each) followed by 15 minutes of reperfusion in dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass. Systemic and heart temperature at normothermia (group N, 34 degrees C; n = 15) was compared with general hypothermia (group H, 25 degrees C; n = 16). Before and at the end of each aortic crossclamp period in small myocardial biopsy specimens the adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate, inorganic phosphate, glycogen, and lactate content was analyzed. Also, lactate and inorganic phosphate were measured in the coronary effluents during the repetitive periods of reperfusion. Hemodynamic function was not different at 60 minutes after cardiopulmonary bypass compared with pre-cardiopulmonary bypass values, and was not different between the groups N and H. The tissue content of adenosine triphosphate and glycogen decreased progressively during the experimental period, resulting in slightly depressed values in both groups at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass. Pronounced effects of ischemia and reperfusion on tissue content of creatine phosphate, inorganic phosphate, and lactate were observed after each period of ischemia. The net decrease in tissue creatine phosphate content was not different between groups N and H (41 +/- 4 versus 38 +/- 4 mumol.gm-1 dry weight; mean +/- standard error of the mean) after 10 minutes of ischemia. However, during ischemia the net inorganic phosphate increase in myocardial tissue was significantly higher in group H (70 +/- 7 mumol.gm-1) than in group N (44 +/- 3 mumol.gm-1). These findings do not support the notion that myocardial protection is improved during hypothermia. Moreover, quantitatively the release of inorganic phosphate and lactate did not correlate with the amount accumulated in the myocardial tissue during the preceding periods of ischemia. The release appeared to be temperature dependent, that is, significantly reduced at 25 degrees C. The present data demonstrate why clinical outcome is satisfactory in both surgical procedures, when in general the periods of aortic crossclamping do not exceed 10 minutes each and the reperfusion periods in between the ischemic episodes last about 15 minutes. Besides, the findings indicate that hypothermia is not strictly necessary under these circumstances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: van der Veen
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van der Vusse
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Nagel
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Coumans
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Reneman
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods; D003250:Constriction; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D004285:Dogs; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005947:Glucose