title: Co-infection of macrophages modulates interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor-induced activation against intracellular pathogens.
abstract: Co-infection of macrophages (M phi) with Toxoplasma gondii and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) has been observed in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this study we have demonstrated that co-infected murine M phi respond differently to cytokine stimulation than M phi infected with either of the microorganisms alone. Whereas treatment with interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) activated both single and co-infected groups of M phi to kill T. gondii, treatment with TNF did not influence the rate of MAC growth in co-infected M phi, in contrast with the inhibition of growth observed in MAC-infected M phi. These results suggest that in AIDS patients suffering infection with multiple intracellular pathogens, the ability of cytokines to stimulate microbicidal or static activity in mononuclear phagocytes can be impaired by the presence of more than one of the intracellular organisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, California 94301.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Bermudez
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Remington
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008561:Membrane Fusion; D051379:Mice; D009162:Mycobacterium avium / Q000276:immunology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma