title: Symptomatic carotid ischaemic events: safest and most cost effective way of selecting patients for angiography, before carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the safest, least costly, and most effective way to select patients with symptomatic carotid ischaemic events for carotid angiography before carotid endarterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University departments of clinical neurosciences and clinical neurology.
  
  
  METHODS
  485 Patients with carotid territory transient ischaemic attacks of the brain (n = 224) or eye (n = 162) or retinal infarction (n = 99) were referred to a single neurologist between 1976 and 1986.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical examination by auscultation over the precordium, supraclavicular fossae, and neck vessels (all patients). Cerebral angiography of patients suitable for carotid endarterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Financial cost and number of disabling strokes after angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  296 Patients were investigated by cerebral angiography. Ischaemic symptoms had occurred in the distribution of 298 internal carotid arteries (symptomatic) that were imaged, two patients having bilateral symptoms. The presence or absence of a carotid bruit and the maximum percentage diameter stenosis of the origin of the symptomatic internal carotid artery were correlated. The prevalence of mild disease (diameter stenosis greater than or equal to 25%) of the symptomatic internal carotid artery was 57%, and if an ipsilateral carotid bruit was heard the probability of mild stenosis rose to 92%. The prevalence of moderate disease of the symptomatic internal carotid artery (stenosis greater than or equal to 50%) was 39%, and if a bruit was heard the probability doubled to 78%. The prevalence of severe internal carotid disease (stenosis greater than or equal to 75%) was 22%, and if a bruit was heard the probability was more than double, at 49%. The direct cost to both the NHS and the private health sector of investigating patients with symptomatic carotid ischaemia was estimated for several strategies of carotid artery imaging and expressed in terms of financial cost and number of strokes after angiography incurred in detecting all patients with diameter stenosis of the symptomatic internal carotid artery of greater than or equal to 25%, 50%, or 75%. To detect diameter stenosis of the internal carotid artery of greater than or equal to 25% it is most cost effective to proceed directly to cerebral angiography in patients with a carotid bruit over the symptomatic carotid bifurcation and to screen patients without a carotid bruit by duplex carotid ultrasonography; patients in whom duplex ultrasonography discloses stenosis of greater than or equal to 25% are then referred for cerebral angiography. To detect only more severe internal carotid disease (stenosis of greater than or equal to 50%) the same policy applies, unless the local duplex ultrasonographic service is particularly efficient and reliable, when it is probably most cost effective and safer to screen all patients by this method irrespective of the findings on cervical auscultation. To detect stenosis of 75% or greater it is most cost effective to screen all patients with duplex ultrasonography, whether a carotid bruit is present or not, because this approach reduces the number of angiograms required, is the least expensive, and results in the least number of strokes after angiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients selection for cerebral angiography before carotid endarterectomy needs to be appropriate and cost effective. Sound clinical evaluation and duplex carotid ultrasound are required. The findings of this study should not be applied to other medical centres without first considering possible differences in the prevalence of carotid artery disease, the efficiency and reliability of duplex ultrasonography, the local complication rates of cerebral angiography, and the local costs of the imaging procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hankey
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Warlow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004469:Economics, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004691:Endarterectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007238:Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012171:Retinal Vessels; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical / Q000191:economics; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000191:economics*