title: [Torsional changes in the lower limbs in childhood].
abstract: Based on their observation of approximately 1000 patients aged from 4 to 14 years and on a comparison of their experience with the data reported in the literature, the authors discuss the problem of modifications in torsion of the lower limbs during pediatric age. After a brief discussion of anatomy and the natural progression of the angle of femoral anteversion and tibial torsion, they stop to accurately describe the most frequently occurring defects in torsion, both isolated and combined. After affirming the contribution that axial vision has made to an understanding of the subject, they emphasise the current usefulness of the method in cases in which a clinical examination allows for doubts to persist and, in particular, if qualitative and quantitative diagnosis is required in relation to the therapeutic protocol. The authors conclude by suggesting that therapy be carried out during the growth age (much before 14 years of age) while they suggest waiting until skeletal maturity in order to make a general evaluation and to decide on treatment of combined defects.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Istituto di Ricerca Scientifica, Sede di Roma.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guzzanti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Lazzaro
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Toniolo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D011859:Radiography; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D014102:Torsion Abnormality / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy
vernacular_title: Le alterazioni della torsione degli arti inferiori in età pediatrica.