title: Recurrent adverse pregnancy outcome and antiphospholipid antibodies.
abstract: Antiphospholipid antibodies, which include lupus-like anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibody, have been linked to a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes, although their exact pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly defined. The relative risk of complications such as intrauterine growth retardation, spontaneous abortions, and stillbirth in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies also remains undetermined. Heightened attention has been focused on the association, leading to investigations into the pathogenesis. Uncontrolled studies have also explored therapeutic regimens such as aspirin, steroids, and heparin, and clinical trials have used various treatment protocols. Although knowledge into the association of antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent adverse pregnancy outcome is limited and continues to evolve, this association provides new insights into the disease and offers promise for pharmacologic prophylaxis. In this article, current concepts on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy are reviewed and recommendations are made for clinical care of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-8063.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Reece
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gabrielli
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: X Z
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hobbins
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000906:Antibodies / Q000032:analysis*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D002308:Cardiolipins / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000906:Antibodies; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D002308:Cardiolipins; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor; D010743:Phospholipids; D001241:Aspirin