Synergistic enhancement of globin gene expression by activator protein-1-like proteins.
DNA sequences corresponding to the four major DNase I hypersensitive sites upstream of the beta-globin gene cluster are essential for the achievement of high levels of globin gene expression and development regulation. In this study, we focused on one of these sites, hypersensitive site 2, which behaves as a powerful enhancer in transient expression and transgenic mouse experiments. We identified a tandem repeat of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) consensus sequence that binds AP-1-like proteins from nuclear extracts of K562 and HeLa cells. These proteins have the same binding properties as HeLa AP-1 but differ in the electrophoretic mobility and in functional assays. Transient-expression experiments in K562 of various deletion and point mutation constructs derived from hypersensitive site 2 indicate that the enhancer activity and the inducibility of a linked gamma-globin promoter are dependent upon the synergistic action of proteins bound to the tandem AP-1 repeat.
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Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0724.
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D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D002460:Cell Line; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I / Q000494:pharmacology; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics*; D006427:Hemin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D014157:Transcription Factors; D006427:Hemin; D005914:Globins; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I