title: Carbon dioxide gas as a perfusion medium for the sapphire probe in laser ablation of human atheromatous plaques: comparison study with saline.
abstract: The effectiveness of CO2 gas as a perfusion medium was compared to that of saline in laser ablation of human atheromatous plaque. In an experimental circulation-occlusion model using flowing whole blood, human cadaveric arterial samples were irradiated by a sapphire probe with the Nd-YAG laser. The following experiments were performed: 1) lasing without perfusion, 2) lasing with saline perfusion of the probe, and 3) lasing with CO2 perfusion. Different perfusion flow rates of saline and CO2 were used. Results showed that the mean ablation area was 1.6-fold larger with CO2 than with saline perfusion (P less than 0.05, Student's t test). The mean lateral injury at the site adjacent to the ablation crater and at the area directly facing the probe was not significantly different with either perfusion medium. The larger ablation area with CO2 was probably due to the fact that CO2 is a good insulator for maintaining a higher probe temperature and keeps the probe free of blood debris. In conclusion, our results show that CO2 perfusion facilitates more effective laser ablation of atheromatous plaque than saline perfusion by the sapphire probe with the continuous wave Nd-YAG laser.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: X M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Manninen
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kankkunen
authors.forename: H X
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naukkarinen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suhonen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soimakallio
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods; D012965:Sodium Chloride
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D012965:Sodium Chloride