title: Characteristics of the tyrosine recognition signal for internalization of transmembrane surface glycoproteins.
abstract: A tyrosine residue in the cytoplasmic domain of a class of cell surface receptors is necessary, but not sufficient, for internalization through coated pits. To identify the amino acid context enabling a tyrosine to serve as a signal for endocytosis, we mutated the short cytoplasmic domain of a mutant influenza virus hemagglutinin that is competent for internalization, HA-Y543, and determined the effect of each change on internalization. From these results and a comparison of sequences of other proteins recognized by coated pits, a "tyrosine internalization signal" was proposed. Site-directed mutagenesis was employed to insert complete, or incomplete "tyrosine internalization signals" into the cytoplasmic domain of a protein normally not endocytosed, human glycophorin A. Only the complete signal caused internalization of mutant glycophorins by coated pits. The signal is formed by a short amino acid sequence, with polar or basic residues preferred at certain positions on either side of the tyrosine. Amino acids, which in proteins of known structure are frequently found in turns, are clustered near the tyrosine on the side of the signal nearest the transmembrane domain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 72935-9038.
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ktistakis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002966:Clathrin / Q000502:physiology; D003034:Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D006021:Glycophorins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals / Q000502:physiology*; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000502:physiology*; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002966:Clathrin; D006021:Glycophorins; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D014443:Tyrosine