title: Effect of inspired air temperature on genioglossus activity during nose breathing in awake humans.
abstract: Experimental data suggest the presence of sensory receptors specific to the nasopharynx that may reflexly influence respiratory activity. To investigate the effects of inspired air temperature on upper airway dilator muscle activity during nose breathing, we compared phasic genioglossus electromyograms (EMGgg) in eight normal awake adults breathing cold dry or warm humidified air through the nose. EMGgg was measured with peroral bipolar electrodes during successive trials of cold air (less than or equal to 15 degrees C) and warm air (greater than or equal to 34 degrees C) nasal breathing and quantified for each condition as percent activity at baseline (room temperature). In four of the subjects, the protocol was repeated after topical nasal anesthesia. For all eight subjects, mean EMGgg was greater during cold air breathing than during baseline (P less than 0.005) or warm air breathing (P less than 0.01); mean EMGgg during warm air breathing was not significantly changed from baseline. Nasal anesthesia significantly decreased the mean EMGgg response to cold air breathing. Nasal airway inspiratory resistance, measured by posterior rhinomanometry in six subjects under similar conditions, was no different for cold or warm air nose breathing [cold 1.4 +/- 0.7 vs. warm 1.4 +/- 1.1 (SD) cmH2O.l-1.s at 0.4 l/s flow]. These data suggest the presence of superficially located nasal cold receptors that may reflexly influence upper airway dilating muscle activity independently of pressure changes in awake normal humans.
authors.affiliation: Charles A. Dana Research Institute, Beth Israel Hospital Sleep Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Basner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ringler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schwartzstein
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sparrow
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D000758:Anesthesia; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology*; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature; D013823:Thermoreceptors / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide