title: Antibiotic susceptibility of type b Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and antibiotic concentration in cerebrospinal fluid.
abstract: Antibiotic susceptibilities of 38 type b Haemophilus influenzae and 28 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid, blood and other specimens between 1973 and 1988 were studied. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin against 10 beta-lactamase positive and 28 negative H. influenzae isolates were 32-64 and 0.25 micrograms/ml, respectively. The MIC of chloramphenicol against one of the beta-lactamase positive H. influenzae strains was 8 but MICs against the rest of the organisms were 0.5-1 micrograms/ml. MICs of cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and cefuroxime against all H. influenzae strains were 0.016, 0.008 and 0.5 micrograms/ml, respectively. No S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to penicillin G and MICs of this drug were 0.016-0.032 micrograms/ml. MICs of cefotaxime, cefriaxone and cefuroxime against all S. pneumoniae strains were 0.016-0.032, 0.016-0.032 and 0.032-0.063 micrograms/ml, respectively. MICs of chloramphenicol against 15, 4 and 9 of S. pneumoniae isolates were 2, 8 and 16 micrograms/ml, respectively. Antibiotic concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis after intravenous administration of ampicillin (50-70 mg/kg x 4/day), penicillin G (31-63 mg/kg x 4/day), cefotaxime (50 mg/kg x 4/day) and chloramphenicol (25 mg/kg x 4/day) were 4.70 +/- 1.83 (n = 11), 0.57 +/- 0.32 (n = 7), 4.97 +/- 2.60 (n = 9) and 8.52 +/- 3.54 micrograms/ml (n = 3), respectively. The initial choice of antibiotics in older children with bacterial meningitis is a combination of ampicillin (75 mg/kg x 4/day) and cefotaxime (50 mg/kg x 4/day) to cover ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes in Japan. These antibiotics should be changed according to the causative organisms and their antibiotic susceptibilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murono
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kakehashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
mesh_terms: D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008581:Meningitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010406:Penicillins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D010406:Penicillins; D002701:Chloramphenicol