title: Monoclonal antibodies as blood grouping reagents.
abstract: The large volume requirements for high quality ABO and Rh(D) typing reagents can now be supplied by selected monoclonal antibodies. Superior anti-A and anti-B monoclonal reagents can be prepared, from blends of at least two antibodies, to optimize the intensity of agglutination for slide tests and the potency for the detection of the weaker sub-groups, including Ax and Bw, by tube techniques. New quality control steps have been described for some highly sensitive anti-A/anti-B antibodies to avoid the detection of traces of A on B cells or traces of B on A1 cells, which results from the non-specific activity of A and B transferases. Excellent anti-A,B reagents may also be made by blends of at least two antibodies to optimize both A and B reactions, but the need for their continued use is now debatable. The development of high titre IgM monoclonal anti-D reagents offers simple rapid saline Rh(D) typing of both patients and donors, but they cannot reliably detect weak D (Du) and some D variants, e.g. the epitopes on D category VI cells. However, this can be achieved by blending an IgM anti-D with IgG (polyclonal) anti-D which can detect these types after conversion of negative saline tests to an antiglobulin phase. In addition, high grade Du, D categories and variants can be reliably detected (for typing donors) by selected monoclonal IgM and IgG anti-Ds by use of suitably enhanced tests without the use of an antiglobulin test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Voak
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System / Q000276:immunology; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000379:methods*; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D005916:Globulins / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008951:MNSs Blood-Group System / Q000276:immunology; D010455:Peptides / Q000276:immunology; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D005916:Globulins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008951:MNSs Blood-Group System; D010455:Peptides; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; C026410:Rho(D) antigen; D003165:Complement System Proteins