title: ADP ribosylation factor is an essential protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is encoded by two genes.
abstract: ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) is a ubiquitous 21-kDa GTP-binding protein in eucaryotes. ARF was first identified in animal cells as the protein factor required for the efficient ADP-ribosylation of the mammalian G protein Gs by cholera toxin in vitro. A gene (ARF1) encoding a protein homologous to mammalian ARF was recently cloned from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sewell and Kahn, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:4620-4624, 1988). We have found a second gene encoding ARF in S. cerevisiae, ARF2. The two ARF genes are within 28 centimorgans of each other on chromosome IV, and the proteins encoded by them are 96% identical. Disruption of ARF1 causes slow growth, cold sensitivity, and sensitivity to normally sublethal concentrations of fluoride ion in the medium. Disruption of ARF2 causes no detectable phenotype. Disruption of both genes is lethal; thus, ARF is essential for mitotic growth. The ARF1 and ARF2 proteins are functionally homologous, and the phenotypic differences between mutations in the two genes can be accounted for by the level of expression; ARF1 produces approximately 90% of total ARF. Among revertants of the fluoride sensitivity of an arf1 null mutation were ARF1-ARF2 fusion genes created by a gene conversion event in which the deleted ARF1 sequences were repaired by recombination with ARF2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stearns
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Botstein
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hoyt
mesh_terms: D020823:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D015825:Chromosomes, Fungal; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D005838:Genotype; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010957:Plasmids; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D020823:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors