title: Microdose intravaginal levonorgestrel contraception: a multicentre clinical trial. II. Expulsions and removals. World Health Organization. Task Force on Long-Acting Systemic Agents for Fertility Regulation.
abstract: This paper investigates the relationship between expulsions and removals, and demographic characteristics of 1005 women from 19 centres using a vaginal ring releasing 20 micrograms levonorgestrel per 24 hours. Emphasis is placed on discontinuations of method use due to expulsions, on the number and rate of expulsions, and the time at which the first expulsion occurred. The overall life-table discontinuation rate due to expulsion was 7.1% at one year. Life-table discontinuation rates increased with parity and were highest in Asian and lowest in European women. In respect to the number of expulsions experienced by women (expulsions did not necessarily lead to discontinuation), the women of high parity and those from Asia and Europe have the highest rates. The life-table first expulsion rate is 29% at one year. Such rates are highest in Chinese and Asian women. Following a first expulsion, the second expulsion rate is 45% by the end of the subsequent six months. The majority of first expulsions occur at defaecation (134 or 57% of 234 women), urination (12%) and during menstruation (17%). Rings were removed by 121 (12%) women on 201 occasions and for a variety of reasons. The main medical reasons were vaginal discharge and irritation, bleeding pain and dyspareunia. Others removed the ring during defaecation, intercourse or because the ring came out of place. Women also removed rings for curiosity, to show their husbands and to clean.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koetsawang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuadros
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Dhall
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wyss
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodriquez la Puenta
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kononova
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D003267:Contraception; D003274:Contraceptive Devices, Female; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009644:Norgestrel
chemical_list: D009644:Norgestrel; D016912:Levonorgestrel