title: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of infection in renal transplantation: clinical efficacy, absorption of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, effects on the microflora, and the cost-benefit of prophylaxis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of long-term prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) for prevention of bacterial infection following renal transplantation, the absorption of TMP-SMZ in transplant patients, the effects of prophylaxis on the microflora, and the cost-benefit of prophylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-two adult patients selected to undergo renal transplantation participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients randomized to receive TMP-SMZ experienced fewer hospital days with fever (3.3% versus 7.7%, p less than 0.001) and significantly fewer bacterial infections during the transplant hospitalization after removal of a urethral catheter (0.76 versus 1.88 per 100 days, p less than 0.005) and following discharge from the hospital (0.08 versus 0.30 per 100 days, p less than 0.001). During the transplant hospitalization, a daily dose of 320/1,600 mg was highly effective for prophylaxis whereas 160/800 mg daily gave unexpectedly low blood levels and was effective only for prevention of urinary tract infections after catheter removal. Prophylaxis was most effective in prevention of infections of the urinary tract (24 versus 54, p less than 0.005) and bloodstream (one versus nine, p less than 0.01) and infections caused by enteric gram-negative bacilli (four versus 46, p less than 0.001), enterococci (six versus 22, p = 0.006), or Staphylococcus aureus (one versus nine, p = 0.01). Prophylaxis did not prevent urinary tract infection associated with urethral catheters in the early posttransplant period, but after catheter removal, reduced the risk of urinary tract infection threefold (p less than 0.001). No significant differences in colonization by TMP-SMZ-resistant gram-negative bacilli were identified between the two groups; patients given TMP-SMZ were, paradoxically, less likely to become colonized by candida, probably because of less exposure to antibiotics for treatment of infection. Recipients of prophylaxis did not have a higher rate of infection caused by TMP-SMZ-resistant bacteria or Candida; however, their infections were more likely to be caused by resistant bacteria than infections in patients in the placebo group (62% versus 18%, p less than 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylaxis with TMP-SMZ, which is well tolerated, significantly reduces the incidence of bacterial infection following renal transplantation, especially infection of the urinary tract and bloodstream, can provide protection against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and is cost-beneficial. Subnormal absorption of TMP-SMZ in the early posttransplant period mandates 320/1,600 mg daily for optimal benefit. Prophylaxis has little discernible effect on the microflora.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Sollinger
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Belzer
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Maki
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000517:prevention & control; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D012307:Risk Factors; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination