title: Nitrate therapy in patients with coronary artery disease--preparations and doses with and without development of tolerance.
abstract: Rapid tolerance development with respect to hemodynamic, anti-anginal and anti-ischemic effects is a relevant clinical problem associated with any longterm treatment with nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate or isosorbide 5-mononitrate. Tolerance occurs with any dosing regimen that results in nitrate accumulation in the plasma or nearly-constant plasma concentrations, as is the case with multiple daily doses of oral nitrates or continuous application of transdermal patch systems. Nitrate tolerance can be prevented by the interval treatment. This encompasses incorporation of an application-free interval which prevents meaningful nitrate accumulation such that, from a low baseline level, renewed drug administration leads to an increase in the nitrate plasma concentration greater than 2.5-fold. From controlled studies, dosing regimens for interval treatment proven to be effective have been designated for isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide 5-mononitrate, as well as for transdermal nitroglycerin patch systems. The early attenuation of nitroglycerin, seen within the first 12 h of its use, according to the results of a recently completed study, can be counteracted through continuously increasing plasma concentrations during this period. Interval treatment does not enable 24-h therapeutic protection. Studies with ST-Holter monitoring, however, have shown that adequate coverage can be provided for the period during which the vast majority of ischemic episodes occur. Clinically-relevant rebound phenomena do not occur during interval treatment. Pharmacological approaches to prevent nitrate tolerance, on the basis of the limited and, in part, conflicting data available, do not provide an alternative to interval treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center, Munich.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dirschinger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reiniger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000188:drug therapy; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004361:Drug Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates