title: Randomized controlled trial of tissue plasminogen activator in proximal deep venous thrombosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and safety of recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA, supplied as Activase) with heparin alone or rt-PA plus heparin in the treatment of venographically documented proximal deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the leg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four patients underwent 65 randomizations to rt-PA alone (n = 36), rt-PA plus heparin (n = 17), or heparin alone (n = 12) in a prospective, multicenter, randomized, open-label trial, with efficacy assessed by a radiology panel unaware of treatment assignment. Patients randomly assigned to rt-PA received 0.05 mg/kg/hour for 24 hours via a peripheral vein, with a maximum dose of 150 mg. All patients then received heparin and warfarin for the remainder of the hospitalization. Follow-up venography was performed 24 to 36 hours after initiation of therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete or more than 50% lysis occurred in 10 (28%) patients treated with rt-PA, five (29%) patients with rt-PA plus heparin, and no patient treated with heparin. No lysis occurred in 16 (44%) patients treated with rt-PA plus heparin, and 10 (83%) patients who received heparin alone (p = 0.04). There was one major complication, a nonfatal intracranial hemorrhage in a patient who received rt-PA alone. At 7 to 10 days after initiation of treatment, the level of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase nearly doubled among all patients, including those assigned to receive heparin alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) rt-PA and rt-PA plus heparin cause more clot lysis than heparin alone; (2) the addition of heparin to rt-PA does not improve the lysis rate; (3) DVT treated with heparin is commonly associated with a rise in the transaminase level; (4) heparin does not increase the risk of bleeding from rt-PA therapy; and (5) alternative dosing regimens and modes of administration of rt-PA should be investigated to improve further its efficacy and safety in the treatment of acute DVT.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors.forename: S Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Goldhaber
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Meyerovitz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Vogelzang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Citrin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heit
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sobel
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Plante
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D010690:Phlebography; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006493:Heparin; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator