title: In vivo metabolism of 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose.
abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated that 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose (3-FG) is metabolized to 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-sorbitol (3-FS), via aldose reductase, and 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-fructose (3-FF), via the sorbitol dehydrogenase reaction with 3-FS, in rat cerebral tissue (Kwee, I. L., Nakada, T., and Card, P. J. (1987) J. Neurochem. 49, 428-433). However, the biochemistry of 3-FG in other mammalian organs has not been investigated making the application of 3-FG as a metabolic tracer uncertain. To address this issue we investigated 3-FG metabolism and distribution in isolated cell lines and in rabbit tissues in vivo with 19F NMR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In general, the production of 3-FS is well correlated with the known distribution of aldose reductase in all the systems studied. Further metabolism of 3-FS to 3-FF was verified to occur in cerebral tissue. Surprisingly, two new fluorinated compounds were found in the liver and kidney cortex. These compounds are identified as 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-gluconic acid, which is produced via glucose dehydrogenase activity on 3-FG, and 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-gluconate-6-phosphate. Based on enzyme studies, it is argued that the 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-gluconate-6-phosphate is derived directly from 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-gluconic acid and not as a product of pentose phosphate activity. Direct oxidation and reduction are the major metabolic routes of 3-FG, not metabolism through glycolysis or the pentose phosphate shunt. Thus, 3-FG metabolism coupled with 19F NMR appears to be very useful for monitoring aldose reductase and glucose dehydrogenase activity in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Fales
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Byrd
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Balaban
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003837:Deoxy Sugars / Q000378:metabolism*; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D005665:Furosemide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D011817:Rabbits; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D003837:Deoxy Sugars; C007253:3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose; D005665:Furosemide; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase