title: Determination of penicillin in pharmaceutical formulations by flow injection analysis using an optimised immobilised penicillinase reactor and iodometric detection.
abstract: An automated assay for the determination of penicillin in formulations suitable for use in pharmaceutical quality control is presented. The method is based on the classical iodometric penicillin assay which is incorporated in a flow injection analysis (FIA) system. The required hydrolysis is performed on-line by using an immobilised penicillinase reactor. Packed-bed and single-bead-string enzyme reactors are compared. It turns out that a packed-bed penicillinase reactor (10 cm x 1.5 mm i.d.) provides complete hydrolysis within short residence time, while only little back-pressure is generated. This enzyme reactor is stable for at least 9 months. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring results in the formation of the corresponding penicilloic acid, which consumes iodine. The iodine consumption is determined colorimetrically by measuring the decrease of the absorbance of the blue coloured iodine/starch complex. The optimum reactor length and flow rate for the colourimetrical detection reaction are determined. The optimised method is applied to the assay of penicillin in formulations and the results are compared with the "true" results obtained with a reference method: a mercurimetric titration. The reliability of the flow injection method is evaluated quantitatively by determining the maximum total error (MTE). The reliability is shown to be highest when measuring at a 0.3-mM level. Eight formulations including capsules, tablets and injectables containing penicillin G, amoxicillin or flucloxacillin are assayed. The MTE does not exceed the 6% level and the most probable MTE is between 1.5 and 3.5%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Opstal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolters
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Blauw
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: van Krimpen
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: van Bennekom
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bult
mesh_terms: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D007455:Iodine; D010405:Penicillinase; D010406:Penicillins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D010406:Penicillins; D007455:Iodine; D010405:Penicillinase