title: Efficacy of experimental Newcastle disease water-in-oil oil-emulsion vaccines formulated from squalane and squalene.
abstract: Water-in-oil inactivated Newcastle disease oil-emulsion vaccines were formulated with the terpene oils squalane or squalene, or mixtures thereof, and injected into 4-week-old broilers. Vaccine efficacy based on hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers was comparable to that of control mineral oil vaccines. Tissue reaction to intramuscular injection of the terpene oil emulsion vaccines was greatly reduced 3 weeks post-vaccination compared with that of mineral oil-based vaccine. Viscosity of the terpene oil vaccines was satisfactory but increased three to four times that of mineral oil vaccine when the antigen phase volume increased from 5% to 20%.
authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30605.
authors: H D
authors: HD
authors: Stone
authors: Z X
authors: ZX
authors: Xie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002645:Chickens / Q000276:immunology*; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D009132:Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000276:immunology*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013185:Squalene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D013185:Squalene; C019556:squalane