title: Hysterosalpingogram, laparoscopy and hysteroscopy in the assessment of the infertile Nigerian female.
abstract: Sixty-nine infertile Nigerian females were evaluated with hysterosalpingogram (HSG), laparoscopy and hysteroscopy as part of infertility workup at the endocrine-infertility clinic of the Jos University Teaching Hospital. HSG showed evidence of tubo-peritoneal disease in 45 (65%) women. This was confirmed by laparoscopy in 41 women giving an accuracy of 91% and a false positive rate of 9%. Intrauterine abnormalities were shown on HSG in 4 women and confirmed in 3 women at hysteroscopy giving an accuracy rate of 75% or a false positive rate of 25%. Intrauterine abnormalities were detected in 21 women in whom HSG was normal, giving a false negative rate of 30.4% for HSG. Tuboperitoneal disease was found at laparoscopy in 6 women in whom HSG was normal, giving a false negative rate for HSG of 8%. Our data confirm that laparoscopy and hysteroscopy are superior to HSG in detecting tubo-peritoneal and uterine abnormalities. Despite these findings, we believe that the three procedures are complementary in the evaluation of infertile couples in this country.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Jos, Plateau State.
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Otubu
authors: A S
authors: AS
authors: Sagay
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Dauda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography / Q000592:standards*; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000592:standards*; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000592:standards*; D009549:Nigeria; D015203:Reproducibility of Results