title: Migration testing of plastics and microwave-active materials for high-temperature food-use applications.
abstract: Temperatures have been measured using a fluoro-optic probe at the food/container or food/packaging interfaces as appropriate, for a range of foods heated in either a microwave or a conventional oven. Reheating ready-prepared foods packaged in plastics pouches, trays or dishes in the microwave oven, according to the manufacturers' instructions, resulted in temperatures in the range 61-121 degrees C. Microwave-active materials (susceptors) in contact with ready-prepared foods frequently reached local spot temperatures above 200 degrees C. For foods cooked in a microwave oven according to published recipes, temperatures from 91 degrees C to 200 degrees C were recorded, whilst similar temperatures (92-194 degrees C) were attained in a conventional oven, but over longer periods of time. These measurements form the basis for examining compliance with specific and overall migration limits for plastics materials. The testing conditions proposed depend on the intended use of the plastic - for microwave oven use for aqueous foods, for all lidding materials, and for reheating of foods, testing would only be required with aqueous simulants for 1 h at 100 degrees C; for unspecified microwave oven use, testing with olive oil would be required for 30 min at 150 degrees C; and for unspecified use in a conventional oven testing with olive oil would be required for 2 h at 175 degrees C. For microwave-active materials, it is proposed that testing is carried out in the microwave oven using a novel semi-solid simulant comprising olive oil and water absorbed onto an inert support of diatomaceous earth. The testing in this instance is carried out with the simulant instead of food in a package and heating in the microwave oven at 600 W for 4 min for every 100 g of simulant employed. There is an option in every case to test for migration using real foods rather than simulants if it can be demonstrated that results using simulants are unrepresentative of those for foods. The proposed testing conditions were validated as being realistic by measurement of the specific migration of various components from different plastics into foods under actual conditions of use and comparing with migration into simulants. Migration of plasticizers from PVC and VC/VDC copolymer films was monitored for both microwave reheating and cooking of foods. Total oligomer concentrations were measured from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) trays, and volatile aromatics from thermoset polyester trays, using both types of container in microwave and conventional ovens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Norwich, UK.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Castle
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Jickells
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Gilbert
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000272:Adipates / Q000378:metabolism; D003296:Cooking; D003297:Cooking and Eating Utensils; D004000:Dichloroethylenes / Q000378:metabolism; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008872:Microwaves; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000378:metabolism; D010969:Plastics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011091:Polyesters / Q000378:metabolism; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates / Q000378:metabolism; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride / Q000378:metabolism; D014752:Vinyl Chloride / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000272:Adipates; D004000:Dichloroethylenes; D010968:Plasticizers; D010969:Plastics; D011091:Polyesters; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates; C029297:vinylidene chloride; C013966:dioctyl adipate; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; D014752:Vinyl Chloride