title: Effect of intracellularly applied sodium ions on the dark voltage of isolated retinal rods.
abstract: Isolated retinal rods of the frog consisting of the outer segment and the ellipsoid were patch-clamped and recorded in the whole-cell mode. The recording pipettes were filled with solutions of different composition in order to alter the cytoplasmic content of sodium, phosphate, and calcium ions, and guanine nucleotides. When a simple medium with potassium as the principal cation was used, the dark voltage slowly approached more negative values. This tendency of spontaneous hyperpolarization was reduced significantly when cGMP or GTP were present in the pipette medium. Sodium ions, on the other hand, clearly increased the speed of hyperpolarization. In the presence of sodium (20 mM), the stabilizing effect of GTP did not occur and that of cGMP was clearly diminished. Phosphate (20 mM) neutralized the sodium effect. High calcium levels (100 microM) did not measurably influence the time course of hyperpolarization. We conclude that the normal cytoplasmic sodium level in rods does not exceed 10 mM and that higher internal sodium concentrations interfere with the sodium-calcium exchange mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Nöll
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baumann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000494:pharmacology; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010710:Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D011893:Rana esculenta; D012964:Sodium / Q000502:physiology*; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D010710:Phosphates; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D012964:Sodium; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D002118:Calcium