title: Inhibition of HIV-1 in monocyte/macrophage cultures by 2',3'-dideoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate, free and in liposomes.
abstract: The antiviral effects of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC), 2',3'-dideoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate (ddCTP) and liposome-encapsulated ddCTP [L(ddCTP)] were compared in cultured human monocyte-macrophages (M/M) infected with HIV-1. These treatments inhibited virus replication at nanomolar drug levels with activities in the order ddC greater than ddCTP = L(ddCTP). Studies on drug stability and uptake suggest that a large part of the free ddCTP is dephosphorylated before entering the cells, whereas L(ddCTP) remains stable over days and is taken up, probably by endocytosis. The response to L(ddCTP) suggests that the capability of liposomes for targeting drugs to macrophages in vivo could potentially be exploited to improve the therapeutic index of dideoxynucleoside drugs.
authors.affiliation: Theoretical Immunology Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szebeni
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wahl
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Betageri
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wahl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gartner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Popovic
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002214:Capsules; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002621:Chemistry; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003845:Deoxycytosine Nucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; D004337:Drug Carriers; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007700:Kinetics; D008081:Liposomes / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D016047:Zalcitabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D002214:Capsules; D003845:Deoxycytosine Nucleotides; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; D004337:Drug Carriers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008081:Liposomes; C037406:2',3'-dideoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate; D016047:Zalcitabine