title: Ultrasonic heating of the skull.
abstract: Comparatively simple analysis shows that diagnostic ultrasound devices, in some cases, may approach output levels that can produce significant heating of tissues, particularly if the propagation path includes bone. Experimental tests of these predictions using rodents show that temperature increments of the order of 3 degrees C/W/cm2 are produced in skull bone with sharply focused fields at medically relevant frequencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Rochester, New York 14627.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Carstensen
authors.forename: S Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Child
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nyborg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014463:Ultrasonography