title: Beyond drug effects and dependent variables: the use of the Poisson-Erlang model to assess the effects of D-amphetamine on information processing.
abstract: Several studies have shown that d-amphetamine (DAMP) speeds mean reaction time (RT). However, the use of mean RT may obscure important aspects of the drug response. Therefore we applied the Poisson-Erlang (PE) stochastic model of choice reaction time proposed by Pieters (1985) to the RT distribution. This model proposes that the RT distribution is generated by two states: Processing (P) and Distraction (D). RT represents the sum of the time spent in each of these states. P is the time taken to complete a set of cognitive operations which are required to give a correct response. D represents the time taken by all other activities. RTs were collected using a task (SERS) in which stimulus and response complexity each had two levels, easy and hard. Subjects were tested pre- and postdrug. Drug conditions were: placebo, 10 mg d-amphetamine (DAMP), 4 mg of the dopamine agonist, pimozide, and a combination of DAMP and pimozide (COMBO). Parameters of the model were derived using methods described by Pieters. Four measures were analyzed: Processing Time (PT); Mean Time per distraction (XTD); Distraction Rate (DR); and Total Distraction Time per trial (TDT). Mean RT is also presented. Analyses of the effects of task conditions on the parameters of the model were made using the predrug sessions. Mean RT was increased by both stimulus and response complexities as was PT. TDT was increased by the task conditions. The PE measures did not change over days. DAMP speeded mean RT. However, this effect did not interact with the task factors. DAMP speeded processing and reduced distraction. Processing was speeded only in the hard response condition, distraction time was reduced only in the easy response condition. The results indicate that the PE model can be successfully applied to fast RT tasks. More importantly, the parameters of the model revealed important pharmacological effects that were not apparent in mean RT. DAMP speeds cognitive operations related to motor preparation and reduces the effects of distraction. Consistent with past studies there are no indications that DAMP interacted with stimulus processing. The distraction effect appears to be mediated by an increase in the rate of distraction and a decrease in the average time of these distractions.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Halliday
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000187:drug effects; D010868:Pimozide / Q000494:pharmacology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D010868:Pimozide; D003913:Dextroamphetamine