title: Tissue levels, source, and regulation of 3'-AMP: an intracellular inhibitor of adenylyl cyclases.
abstract: Tissue levels of 3'-AMP were measured in several rat tissues and the sensitivities of the respective adenylyl cyclases were compared with respect to "P" site-mediated inhibition by 3'-AMP2'-deoxy-3'AMP (2'd3'-AMP), and 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine. IC50 values for these P site inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases varied widely among tissues, e.g., with skeletal muscle being least sensitive to 3'-AMP (IC50 greater than 170 microM) and brain being most sensitive (IC50 approximately 10 microM). These differences were noted when activation was with Mn2+ but diminished with Mn2+ plus forskolin and conceivably may reflect the distribution of different isozymes of adenylyl cyclase. 3'-AMP levels also varied significantly among rat tissues, with spleen having the highest levels (approximately 280 nmol/g), kidney, liver, heart, and brain having decreasing 3'-AMP content, and skeletal muscle levels being immeasureably low (less than 0.1 nmol/g). When rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin, the 3'-AMP content of livers increased from approximately 47 nmol/g in control animals to approximately 84 nmol/g, a change largely reversed by maintenance of diabetic animals with insulin. The data suggest that tissue 3'-AMP levels may be regulated and in certain tissues may be sufficient to inhibit adenylyl cyclase in vivo. Three potential sources of 3'-AMP and 2'd3'-AMP, the most potent naturally occurring P site inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase, were examined. No evidence was found for the formation of either nucleotide from the respective cyclic nucleotide by a unique cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase or from the respective nucleoside by a hypothetical adenosine 3'-kinase and ATP. Substantial 3'-AMP and 2'd3-AMP were formed by spleen and liver homogenates from the respective oligonucleotides (RNA, mRNA, and DNA) in a time- and protein-dependent manner. The data imply the existence of enzymes in these tissues to catalyze the formation of 3'-AMP and 2'd3'-AMP from nucleic acids and suggest that these activities may account for the formation of P site agonists under in vivo conditions. The data suggest that these P site inhibitors are a potential link between fluctuations in nucleic acid metabolism and altered sensitivity of membrane-bound adenylyl cyclase to stimulatory signals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-8661.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bushfield
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shoshani
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000067956:Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism; D008345:Manganese / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000067956:Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005576:Colforsin; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D008345:Manganese; D000242:Cyclic AMP