title: Animal models.
abstract: A review of the major categories of animal test procedures used in the toxicological assessment of drugs is presented. Problems that persist include low incidence responses, the need for innovation in toxicological methods and current societal attitudes about drugs and chemicals. A better understanding of the biological phenomena involved in toxicological responses is needed to properly interpret animal data and eventually extrapolate these findings to humans.
authors.affiliation: Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Plaa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D008954:Models, Biological