The human vertebral column at the end of the embryonic period proper. 4. The sacrococcygeal region.
The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae at 8 postovulatory weeks (the end of the embryonic period proper) have been studied by means of graphic reconstructions. The cartilaginous sacrum is now a definitive unit composed of five separable vertebrae, each of which consists of a future centrum and bilateral neural processes. The base of each neural process consists of an anterolateral or alar element, not present in the lumbar region, and a posterolateral part, which includes costal and transverse elements. The usual illustrations, in which the costal component is placed in the alar element, are incorrect. The future dorsal foramina (containing dorsal rami) face laterally in the embryo and are in line with the thoracicolumbar intervertebral foramina. Considerable differential growth is required to change the dorsal openings from a lateral to a dorsal positions. The intervertebral foramina transmit ventral rami, but pelvic foramina are not yet present. The lumbosacral plexus is completed by S.N.1-3; S.N.4, 5 and Co.N.1 form the pelvic plexus. The inferior hypogastric plexus and the hypogastric nerves are present. The sacrum takes part in the spina bifida occulta that characterises the entire length of the embryonic vertebral column. The coccygeal vertebrae, which are variable, were 4-6 in number in the present series. The first is the best developed. The ventriculus terminalis ends usually at the level of Co.V.1 and the spinal cord generally at Co.V.5. The coccygeal notochord ends commonly in bifurcation or trifurcation. 'Haemal arches' were not observed.
O'Rahilly
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Department of Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis 95616.
Müller
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Meyer
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DB
D000886:Anthropometry; D003050:Coccyx / Q000196:embryology*; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000196:embryology; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000196:embryology; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus / Q000196:embryology; D012447:Sacrum / Q000196:embryology*; D016136:Spina Bifida Occulta / Q000196:embryology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000196:embryology; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000196:embryology