title: A retinoic acid receptor-specific element controls the retinoic acid receptor-beta promoter.
abstract: The morphogen retinoic acid (RA) regulates gene transcription by interacting with specific nuclear receptors that recognize DNA sequences near responsive promoters. While much has recently been learned about the nuclear receptor proteins, little is known about the genes that are directly regulated by RA and their cis-acting response elements recognized by these receptors. Here we have analyzed the RA receptor-beta (RAR beta) gene promoter that is controlled by RA. We find that a RA-responsive element (RARE) is located adjacent to the TATA box. The RARE shows a direct repeat symmetry which is essential for its function. While thyroid hormone-responsive elements can also function as RAR response elements, we show here that this RARE is activated by endogenous RARs and RAR beta, but cannot be regulated by thyroid hormone receptors and other known nuclear receptors. In addition, we find that RAR gamma is a poor activator of this RARE. However, the response element is bound with high affinity by both RAR beta and RAR gamma as well as by thyroid hormone receptors. Thus, interaction between specific response elements and receptors is insufficient for gene activation.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, California 92037.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: X K
authors.initials: XK
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Husmann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graupner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfahl
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D016385:TATA Box; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D004247:DNA