title: Transducin activation in electropermeabilized frog rod outer segments is highly amplified, and a portion equivalent to phosphodiesterase remains membrane-bound.
abstract: An electropermeabilized preparation of frog retinal rod outer segments (ROS) has been developed to examine the light sensitivity and amplification of visual transduction reactions in a minimally disturbed environment. Electropermeabilized ROS are indistinguishable from whole and osmotically intact ROS in the light microscope and retain 3-fold more protein than mechanically disrupted ROS. They differ from mechanically fragmented ROS in several respects. Illumination results in more amplified activation of the GTP-binding protein transducin (Gt) than previously observed: bleaching as little as approximately 1 rhodopsin molecule (Rho*) in every 10 disks within a single ROS activates 37,000 molecules of Gt per Rho*, equivalent to 70% of the light-activatable Gt present on a single disk face. This amplification is maintained over approximately 1 decade of light intensity but drops sharply as disk faces begin to absorb a second photon. Lower amplification is observed in fragmented ROS and derives from the fact that physical disruption of ROS causes Gt to bind GTP and elute from the membrane, thus decreasing the amount remaining and available for light activation. Illumination of electropermeabilized ROS in the presence of GTP or of the nonhydrolyzable substrate guanosine 5'-(gamma-thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S) causes redistribution of Gt: an amount (approximately 20 mmol/mol Rho) equivalent to the amount of inhibitory gamma subunit of phosphodiesterase (PDE) remains internal and bound to nucleotide, and the remaining activated Gt diffuses out in a manner graded with light intensity. This suggests that PDE activation by Gt alpha may not require dissociation of Gt alpha bound to the gamma subunit of PDE in a form than can elute from ROS. Two further differences between electropermeabilized and mechanically disrupted ROS are noted: the addition of ATP to electropermeabilized ROS does not affect the light sensitivity or kinetics of the GTP binding reaction, and a specificity for light-induced GTP versus GDP binding is observed.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gray-Keller
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Biernbaum
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bownds
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D008027:Light; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D011892:Rana catesbeiana; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000378:metabolism; D012374:Rod Cell Outer Segment / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D015293:Transducin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013873:Thionucleotides; D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D012243:Rhodopsin; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D015293:Transducin