title: A comparison of ketamine/xylazine and ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine anesthesia in the rabbit.
abstract: Parenteral anesthetic combinations such as ketamine and xylazine have become the agents of choice for anesthesia in the rabbit, because they are effective, easily administered and inexpensive. A number of recent reports have recommended including acepromazine in this combination, but a critical evaluation of this combination in the rabbit has not been reported. Five adult New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized intramuscularly with ketamine (35 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg) with or without acepromazine (0.75 mg/kg). The study was conducted in a double blind fashion, where each rabbit was administered both combinations at a minimum of 7 day intervals. Physiologic parameters were evaluated including heart rate, respiratory rate, central arterial blood pressure, pedal, palpebral and postural reflex activity. The duration of general anesthesia, estimated by the time elapsed between the loss and return of the palpebral reflex, was greater (means = 99 +/- 20 minutes) when acepromazine was employed in the combination compared to (means = 77 +/- 5 minutes) when ketamine/xylazine were used alone. Mean central arterial blood pressure reached a lower level when acepromazine was utilized (means = 46 +/- 8 mm/Hg) than when it was not (means = 57 +/- 12 mm/Hg.). The addition of acepromazine in a ketamine/xylazine combination resulted in a 28% longer period of anesthesia, a 19% lower mean central arterial blood pressure and a 32% longer recovery of postural reflexes. The ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine combination is a useful regimen for normovolemic animals when anesthetic duration greater than that produced by ketamine/xylazine alone is required.
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Lipman
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Erdman
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000662:veterinary; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D007649:Ketamine; D011817:Rabbits; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013843:Thiazines; D013997:Time Factors; D014991:Xylazine
chemical_list: D013843:Thiazines; D014991:Xylazine; D000075:Acepromazine; D007649:Ketamine