title: Mechanism(s) for the metabolism of mitoxantrone: electron spin resonance and electrochemical studies.
abstract: Mitoxantrone has been reported to lack certain properties that characterize quinone containing antitumor agents that undergo enzymatic reduction. These properties are the stimulation of NADPH oxidation, the stimulation of oxygen consumption by microsomes and reductases and, the absence of oxygen free radicals during these reactions. Having these properties implies the presence of a futile redox cycle that requires the generation and the oxidation of a semiquinone free radical. It would follow that if mitoxantrone does not redox cycle in the presence of reductases, then the semiquinone free radical is not produced or, if it is formed, it reacts quickly to form diamagnetic products. However, using liver microsomes, there are reports of the formation of the mitoxantrone free radial anion. In this paper we investigated the mitoxantrone free radical anion generated electrochemically and found that in the presence of oxygen it behaved like other semiquinones. That is, it is oxidized to the parent compound (presumably generating oxygen free radicals), indicating the ability to redox cycle. The reduction potential to generate such free radical in aqueous medium is very high (-0.79 V) when compared to diaziquone (-0.36 V) and Adriamycin (-0.6 V). This suggests that mitoxantrone may not be a substrate for reductases. Under reductive conditions with purified NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase which very easily reduces diaziquone and Adriamycin, mitoxantrone was not reduced. However, under the same conditions, mitoxantrone was oxidized by the prototype oxidase horseradish peroxidase with the production of a mitoxantrone free radical. This oxidation was accompanied by a drastic change in color and the formation of a dark precipitate. Because microsomes contain a variety of enzymes, we suggest that the previously observed free radical in microsomes is probably due to the oxidation of mitoxantrone. In this theory, this product is probably a polymer which would not require oxygen to be formed. Thus, under oxidative conditions, the mitoxantrone free radical cation will also display impaired redox activity.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Cancer Center, Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Baltimore 21201.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
mesh_terms: D001711:Biotransformation; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D007700:Kinetics; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase / Q000378:metabolism*; D011048:Polarography; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: C063665:aminatrone 1; D008942:Mitoxantrone; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase