Calcium and the heart: an essential partnership.
Calcium ions are important in many aspects of normal cardiac function as well as in the response to certain pathologic states. The contribution that myocardial calcium influx makes to the cardiac action potential and the pharmacologic efficacy of compounds designated as calcium channel blockers is examined with respect to current knowledge regarding the structure and characteristics of cardiac sarcolemmal calcium channels. Once intracellular, calcium provides the link between cardiac electrical activity and actual mechanical shortening of cardiomyocytes through a complex interaction of regulatory and structural contractile proteins. This is followed by calcium clearance from the cytosol; the mechanisms by which this occurs are manipulated by drugs such as the digitalis glycosides to enhance myocardial contractility. The importance of intracellular 'second messengers' (eg, cyclic AMP) in constituting a final common pathway for the effects of certain cardiotonic agents is defined. The significance of abnormal calcium homeostasis under conditions of heart failure, myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation and cardiomyopathy is examined. The role of calcium in the mediation of myocardial damage under conditions of ischemia and secondary to a phenomenon known as 'the calcium paradox' is discussed. The finding that neonatal hearts are more vulnerable to ischemic contracture than adult hearts may be partially explained by differences between neonatal and adult myocardial calcium handling. Understanding of the interactions that exist between the calcium ion and the cardiomyocyte requires a sound knowledge of this essential partnership by both the physiologist and the practising physician.
Ikonomidis
J S
JS
Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario.
Salerno
T A
TA
Wittnich
C
C
D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn
D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015220:Calcium Channels; D002118:Calcium