title: CD4-independent, productive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of hepatoma cell lines in vitro.
abstract: Five hepatoma cell lines, including CZHC/8571, PLC/PRF/5, Hep3B, HepG2, and HUH7, were inoculated with three diverse isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Productive infection was noted in all hepatoma cell lines, and expression of viral p24 antigen lasted for over 3 months, but its level decreased in proportion to the number of viable cells. HIV-1 antigens were also found in the cells by immunohistochemical staining and radioimmunoprecipitation assay, as were viral RNA by in situ hybridization and HIV-1-like particles by electron microscopy. Virus yield assays were also positive on supernatant fluids collected from hepatoma cultures inoculated with HIV-1. Despite their susceptibility to infection, all five hepatoma cell lines were negative for CD4 by immunofluorescence and for CD4 mRNA by slot-blot hybridization. In addition, HIV-1 infection of hepatoma cell lines was not blocked by anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody or soluble CD4. Together, these findings clearly demonstrate that all five hepatoma cell lines were susceptible to productive infection by HIV-1 in vitro via a CD4-independent mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016.
authors.forename: Y Z
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Friedman-Kien
authors.forename: Y X
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: X L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mirabile
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moudgil
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zucker-Franklin
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; D002460:Cell Line; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D011533:Proviruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens; D004279:DNA, Viral