title: To what extent do congestive heart failure patients in sinus rhythm benefit from digoxin therapy? A systematic overview and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reappraise the effectiveness of digoxin for the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients with sinus rhythm in light of data from recently published randomized controlled trials and to quantitatively assess its usefulness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computerized searches of the MEDLINE database were performed, and the reference list of each retrieved article was reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of more than 360 citations and the reference lists of 19 review articles and 61 potentially relevant articles revealed seven double-blind randomized controlled trials that were included in this overview.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study quality was assessed and descriptive information concerning the study populations, the specific interventions, and clinically relevant outcome measurements was extracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The common odds ratio for CHF deterioration while receiving digoxin versus placebo was 0.28, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.16 to 0.49. Predictors of digoxin benefit included presence of a third heart sound and the severity and duration of CHF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from seven trials of high methodologic quality suggest that, on average, one out of nine patients with CHF and sinus rhythm derive a clinically important benefit from digoxin (with a 95% confidence interval of 1/33 to 1/5).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jaeschke
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Oxman
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Guyatt
mesh_terms: D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D004077:Digoxin