title: Enkephalin analogues containing beta-naphthylalanine at the fourth position.
abstract: To examine the importance of the aromatic side chains of enkephalin on opiate activity, we report the synthesis and conformational analysis of a series of analogues related to enkephalin with beta-naphthylalanine in place of phenylalanine at the fourth position. Three linear analogues (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-(L and D)-beta Nal(1)-Leu-NH2 and Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-beta Nal(2)-Leu-NH2) were initially synthesized to examine the effect of the substitution on biological activity. The increased activity of these peptides at the mu-opiate receptor, compared to native Leu-enkephalin, prompted us to examine the more conformational constrained analogues, Tyr-c[D-A2bu-Gly-(L and D)-beta Nal(1)-Leu], incorporating a alpha, gamma-diaminobutyric acid at the second position and cyclization to the carboxylic end of the leucine. These two cyclic analogues provide insight into the necessity for the L chirality of the aromatic residue at position 4. The Tyr-c[D-A2bu-Gly-L-beta Nal(1)-Leu] analogue is highly potent and displays a slight preference for the mu receptor. The conformational analysis indicates that despite the high flexibility of the tyrosine side chain, the aromatic rings of the tyrosine and naphthylalanine are relatively distant from each other. The presence of two intramolecular hydrogen bonds help maintain the conformation of the 14-membered backbone ring that keeps the side chains directed away from each other. These findings are in agreement with our model of an extended structure required for mu selectivity and a folded form with close aromatic ring placement for delta selectivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Mierke
authors.forename: O E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Said-Nejad
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Schiller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goodman
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000032:analysis*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism; D015091:beta-Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004745:Enkephalins; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D015091:beta-Alanine; C063914:beta-naphthylalanine; D000409:Alanine