title: Stimulation of free radical generation in human leukocytes by various agents including tumor necrosis factor is a calmodulin dependent process.
abstract: The mechanism(s) involved in the generation of free radicals in human leukocytes by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMP), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), arachidonic acid (AA), and recombinant-tumor necrosis factor-1-alpha (r-TNF-1 alpha) was investigated. Calmodulin antagonists, chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine, inhibited free radical generation in human leukocytes by these stimulants. Dexamethosone, an inhibitor of phospholipase A2, could also block free radical generation in human leukocytes induced by r-TNF 1 alpha. PMA, FMP, LPS and TNF can activate phospholipase A2 and induce the release of AA from the cell membrane lipid pool. AA induced free radical generation in human leukocytes can be inhibited by calmodulin antagonists. Hence, it is likely that calmodulin dependent events play a crucial role in the generation of free radicals by human leukocytes in response to various stimulants including TNF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: U N
authors.initials: UN
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Padma
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sagar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koratkar
mesh_terms: D002147:Calmodulin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood*; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005609:Free Radicals; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000097:blood*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014268:Trifluoperazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D005609:Free Radicals; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013481:Superoxides; D014268:Trifluoperazine; D003907:Dexamethasone; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D002746:Chlorpromazine