title: Glucose production and glycogen cycle enzyme activities in avian liver explants: procedural optimization.
abstract: 1. There are few studies which both describe the in vitro regulation of glycogen metabolism in nonmammalian animals and list methods to optimize assay conditions for these studies. 2. A mechanical tissue chopper was used to obtain 25-65 mg liver explants from 14- to 28-day old domestic turkeys to determine assay conditions (substrates, buffers, time), regulators (metals, salts and hormones) and points of endogenous regulation of glycogenolysis (protein phosphorylation and enzyme activity). 3. High- and low-bicarbonate-based buffers (Earle's balanced salts, EBSS and Hanks' balanced salts, HBSS, respectively) were used to determine buffer effects. 4. Glucose release into the incubation environment was greater in HBSS than EBSS. Adding HEPES to further buffer conditions did not change release rates. Adding bicarbonate to HBSS resulted in release rates similar to EBSS. 5. Calcium increased glycogenolysis in the presence of absence of equimolar concentrations of EGTA; potassium had no effect. 6. Porcine insulin (100 ng/ml) did not inhibit glycogenolysis; however, glucose release was increased by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. A noted catecholamine-induced increase in in vitro glycogenolysis and phosphorylase activity indicates that points of regulation are under phosphorylation-dephosphorylation regulation.
authors.affiliation: Nonruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, MD 20705.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Rosebrough
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Von Vleck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002021:Buffers; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006006:Glycogen Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008112:Liver Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010762:Phosphorylase a / Q000378:metabolism; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014422:Turkeys / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D002395:Catecholamines; D008112:Liver Glycogen; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D011433:Propranolol; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D010762:Phosphorylase a; D006006:Glycogen Synthase; D005947:Glucose; D007545:Isoproterenol