title: Transdermal absorption of radioprotectors using permeation-enhancing vehicles.
abstract: Radioprotectors are not currently used clinically due to concerns regarding toxicity and uncertainties regarding tumor protection. Topical radioprotection of skin might find clinical applications with protectors such as WR-2721, but laboratory studies in which protectors have been applied in water have not been promising. We have studied the absorption of 14C-WR-2721 and [14C]cysteine dissolved in skin permeation-enhancing vehicles through the skin of hairless mice and compared the absorption to that in water. Skin concentration of WR-2721 was increased most by dimethylformamide (DMF), but only propylene glycol increased absorption as far as the dermis, as measured by plasma concentration. Skin concentration of cysteine was improved by DMF, 2-pyrrolidone (2-P), and methyl-2-pyrrolidone (M-2-P); only dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) resulted in increased plasma levels of the protector. Pretreating skin with DMSO before application of WR-2721, irrespective of the vehicle, improved its concentration within the skin. Plasma levels were improved (10 and 12 times) only with 2-P and DMF. Therefore, by choosing the appropriate vehicle, it is possible to breach the barrier of the stratum corneum and enhance the presence of the protector in all layers of the skin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sodicoff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lamperti
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ziskin
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D004999:Amifostine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D003545:Cysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004126:Dimethylformamide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D005559:Formamides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D005559:Formamides; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D004126:Dimethylformamide; C038678:N-methylpyrrolidone; D003545:Cysteine; C028537:2-pyrrolidone; D004999:Amifostine; C002950:methylformamide; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide