title: A family of constitutive C/EBP-like DNA binding proteins attenuate the IL-1 alpha induced, NF kappa B mediated trans-activation of the angiotensinogen gene acute-phase response element.
abstract: The gene encoding angiotensinogen, the glycoprotein precursor of the potent vasopressor peptide angiotensin II, is transcriptionally activated in hepatocytes during the acute-phase response through interactions of mutually cooperative glucocorticoid receptors and proteins that bind to an acute-phase response element (APRE) 5'-AGTTGGGATTTCCCAACC-3'. The APRE binds a family of constitutive proteins (BPcs) and a cytokine inducible protein (BPi) that is indistinguishable from nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B). The interactions of purified proteins with the APRE were studied by in vitro binding and in vivo transcriptional trans-activation assays. BPc is a family of heat-stable DNA binding proteins, the different sized members of which are capable of forming heterodimers. BPcs are recognized by anti-C/EBP antiserum and produce a footprint similar to bacterially expressed C/EBP on the APRE. BPi has a 4- to 5-fold greater affinity for the APRE than the BPcs, and contacts guanosine residues distinct from those contacted by the BPcs, demonstrating that these two classes of proteins contain functionally distinct DNA binding domains. Assays of APRE-luciferase reporter plasmids transfected into HepG2 cells show that a mutated APRE that binds only BPi functions as an IL-1 alpha inducible enhancer, whereas a mutated APRE that binds only BPc does not. The APRE mutant that binds the C/EBP-like BPcs to the exclusion of BPi functions as an uninducible basal enhancer both in the native context of the angiotensinogen gene and when multimerized and placed upstream of a minimal angiotensinogen promoter. The wild-type APRE that binds both BPi and BPc is less inducible by IL-1 alpha than the mutated APRE that binds only BPi. Gel shift competition assays demonstrate in vitro that the mechanism of transcriptional regulation by the APRE involves a competition between BPc and the inducible BPi for binding to the APRE. IL-1 alpha stimulation of hepatocytes leads to nuclear translocation of the NF kappa B-like BPi which competes with the constitutive C/EBP-like BPcs for overlapping binding sites on the APRE and thereby replaces weak transcriptional activators with a stronger one.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Brasier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ron
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tate
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Habener
mesh_terms: D000808:Angiotensinogen / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005796:Genes; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010957:Plasmids; D051381:Rats; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D013698:Templates, Genetic; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000808:Angiotensinogen