[Coordinate regulation of immune and inflammatory responses by cytokines].
In response to antigenic stimulation, T cells and macrophages secrete a set of glycoproteins termed lymphokines and monokines such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and lymphotoxin. These glycoproteins mediate immune and inflammatory responses by regulating proliferation, differentiation and maturation of lymphocytes, hemopoietic cells and endothelial cells. Along with factors such as M-CSF, IL-7, LIF, IFN-beta and TGF-beta produced by stromal cells, all these molecules are collectively called cytokines. Most cytokines are pleiotropic and have multiple biological activities. Accordingly, regulatory network is formed between lymphoid cells, hemopoietic cells and endothelial cells. All or a part of this network can be activated in different ways by unique combinations of cytokines. IL-3, IL-4 and IL-5 produced by TH2 cells enhance whereas IFN-gamma produced by TH1 cells suppresses IgE mediated allergic response. Through production of a spectrum of cytokines, T cells and macrophages play a vital role in coordinating the function of different body compartments in immune and inflammatory responses. The activation of cytokines genes in T cells and macrophages is transient. Therefore, an inflammatory response that involves proliferation and maturation of hemopoietic progenitor cells may be restricted to the site of cytokine production. The inducible nature of the hemopoiesis associated with inflammatory response is in contrast to the constitutive, steady state hemopoiesis that occurs in the bone marrow microenvironment in the absence of immunological stimuli.
Department of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, California 94304-1104.
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Arai
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J
Nishida
K
K
Hayashida
K
K
Hatake
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T
Kitamura
A
A
Miyajima
N
N
Arai
T
T
Yokota
D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D016207:Cytokines; D006410:Hematopoiesis; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology
D001685:Biological Factors; D016207:Cytokines