Structure-based design of nonpeptide inhibitors specific for the human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease.
By using a structure-based computer-assisted search, we have found a butyrophenone derivative that is a selective inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) protease. The computer program creates a negative image of the active site cavity using the crystal structure of the HIV-1 protease. This image was compared for steric complementarity with 10,000 molecules of the Cambridge Crystallographic Database. One of the most interesting candidates identified was bromperidol. Haloperidol, a closely related compound and known antipsychotic agent, was chosen for testing. Haloperidol inhibits the HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases in a concentration-dependent fashion with a Ki of approximately 100 microM. It is highly selective, having little inhibitory effect on pepsin activity and no effect on renin at concentrations as high as 5 mM. The hydroxy derivative of haloperidol has a similar effect on HIV-1 protease but a lower potency against the HIV-2 enzyme. Both haloperidol and its hydroxy derivative showed activity against maturation of viral polypeptides in a cell assay system. Although this discovery holds promise for the generation of nonpeptide protease inhibitors, we caution that the serum concentrations of haloperidol in normal use as an antipsychotic agent are less than 10 ng/ml (0.03 microM). Thus, concentrations required to inhibit the HIV-1 protease are greater than 1000 times higher than the concentrations normally used. Haloperidol is highly toxic at elevated doses and can be life-threatening. Haloperidol is not useful as a treatment for AIDS but may be a useful lead compound for the development of an antiviral pharmaceutical.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0446.
R L
RL
DesJarlais
G L
GL
Seibel
I D
ID
Kuntz
P S
PS
Furth
J C
JC
Alvarez
P R
PR
Ortiz de Montellano
D L
DL
DeCamp
L M
LM
Babé
C S
CS
Craik
D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000201:enzymology; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics; D012984:Software
D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D006220:Haloperidol