Rapid admixture blood warming: technical advances.
The technique of rapid admixture blood warming of cold erythrocyte units is designed to warm erythrocyte units rapidly (less than 30 sec) while simultaneously providing saline for dilution. However, questions have been raised about the recommended use of a standard 250-ml bolus of 70 degrees C admixture saline, the uniformity and speed of blood unit warming, the difficulties inherent in keeping saline bags at 70 degrees C, and the safety of the methodology. To answer these questions, a series of tests were performed and modifications of the technique were introduced. The mean weight of 1000 successive units of erythrocytes for adult infusion was 305 g (range 220 to 410). The maximum temperature was 44 degrees C, using an internal temperature probe (1-cm temperature gradations; 2-sec recording intervals) when the smallest unit was admixed with a 250 ml 70 degrees C saline bolus; the largest unit had a minimum temperature of 30 degrees C. Plasma Hgb, osmotic fragility, and K of the minimum size erythrocyte unit showed no significant deviation from its control. Both thermographic photographs and the internal temperature recordings of the erythrocyte units demonstrated that solely due to fluid turbulence, uniform mixing occurs within approximately 30 sec of beginning the admixture process. Inverting the blood units caused a thermal layering of fluids and an unacceptable maximum blood temperature of 50 degrees C. There was no difference between the mixing time or efficacy in the presence of standard or large-bore iv tubing or additional in-line filters. Volumes of the 250-ml saline bags for admixture decreased markedly with deviations in electrolyte composition after greater than 2 wk at 70 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Iserson
K V
KV
Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson.
Knauf
M A
MA
Anhalt
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D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D004630:Emergencies; D006361:Heating / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy*; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D009996:Osmotic Fragility; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D011786:Quality Control; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013817:Thermography; D014021:Tissue Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
D006454:Hemoglobins; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011188:Potassium