Experimental models and biological mechanisms for tumor promotion.
Studies of skin tumor induction in the mouse have demonstrated that the process of carcinogenesis can be divided into two discrete stages: initiation and promotion. Research over the last twenty years has shown that this two-stage model generally applies to tumor induction in epithelial tissues. In many cases, the initiating event is the induction of a dominant mutation in a cellular proto-oncogene. The promotion stage is complex, and represents a composite of events involving alteration in the expression of specific genes, proliferation of the initiated cell and its clonal descendants, and accumulation of additional genetic alterations.
Drinkwater
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McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced; D051379:Mice; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced*; D051381:Rats; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced
D002273:Carcinogens