ACE inhibitors in the treatment of heart failure.
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure (CHF). Abnormal activation of the RAAS adversely affects cardiac performance and impairs functional status, increasing both afterload and preload through direct and indirect mechanisms. Conventional first-line therapy for CHF consists of diuretics and/or digitalis. Diuretics offer rapid relief of symptoms, effective volume control, and ease of administration, but are associated with a number of disadvantages, including further activation of neurohormonal systems resulting in augmented vasoconstriction. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which block the RAAS by inhibiting production of angiotensin II from angiotensin I, are emerging as the vasodilators of choice in combination with diuretics with or without concomitant digitalis. Direct comparative studies have shown that ACE inhibitors provide acute and long-term symptomatic, hemodynamic, and exercise-related benefits as well as improved functional class and, possibly, slowed progression of disease with enhanced survival in specific subgroups. Captopril was the first orally effective ACE inhibitor associated with improved exercise tolerance and functional class in large multicenter trials of patients with severe heart failure and mild to moderate heart failure. Enalapril reduced the probability of death in patients with severe heart failure in the CONSENSUS trial. The new ACE inhibitor quinapril has been shown to improve hemodynamic status both acutely and chronically and to produce dose-related improvements in exercise tolerance. ACE inhibitors have a favorable safety profile, although hypotension can occur with initial doses, particularly in volume-depleted patients or at times when excessive initial doses are administered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cardiology Division, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park, Maryland 20912.
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D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans
D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004232:Diuretics