Genome regulation in mammalian cells.
A theory is presented proposing that genetic regulation in mammalian cells is at least a two-tiered effect; that one level of regulation involves the transition between gene exposure and sequestration; that normal differentiation requires a different spectrum of genes to be exposed in each separate state of differentiation; that the fiber systems of the cell cytoskeleton and the nuclear matrix together control the degree of gene exposure; that specific phosphorylation of these elements causes them to assume a different organizational network and to impose a different pattern of sequestration and exposure on the elements of the genome; that the varied gene phosphorylation mechanisms in the cell are integrated in this function; that attachment of this network system to specific parts of the chromosomes brings about sequestration or exposure of the genes in their neighborhood in a fashion similar to that observed when microtubule elements attach through the kinetochore to the centromeric DNA; that one function of repetitive sequences is to serve as elements for the final attachment of this fibrous network to the specific chromosomal loci; and that at least an important part of the calcium manifestation as a metabolic trigger of different differentiation states involves its acting as a binding agent to centers of electronegativity, in particular proteins and especially phosphorylated groups, so as to change the conformation of the fiber network that ultimately controls gene exposure in the mammalian cell. It would appear essential to determine what abnormal gene exposures and sequestrations are characteristic of each type of cancer; which agonists, if any, will bring about reverse transformation; and whether these considerations can be used in therapy.
Eleanor Roosevelt Institute for Cancer Research, Denver, Colorado 80206.
T T
TT
Puck
A
A
Krystosek
D C
DC
Chan
D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation
D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D002118:Calcium