The haemostatic balance in groups of thrombosis-prone patients. With particular reference to fibrinolysis in patients with myocardial infarction.
The concept of the haemostatic balance was reviewed, and its potential role in the regulation of tissue repair and the pathogenesis of thrombotic processes was surveyed. Physiological activation of coagulation appears to be dominated by effects of degenerated and injured cells of the vascular wall causing local release of thromboplastin and exposition of activating surfaces. Inhibition of coagulation impairs its progression and the non-thrombogenic nature of the normal endothelium is chiefly caused by the binding of inhibitory components (antithrombin-III, protein C) to specific receptor sites. Physiological activation of fibrinolysis appears to be triggered by and limited to the fibrin because of a specific affinity to fibrin of plasminogen and plasminogen activators. Systemic activation of fibrinolysis is prevented by primary (alpha 2-antiplasmin) and secondary (alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin) plasmin inhibitors. A plasminogen binding protein (histidine-rich glycoprotein), plasmin inhibitors and activator inhibitors appear to contribute to the regulation of the initial phase of fibrinolysis. A deviation from normal of the dynamic balance, regulating fibrin formation and resolution, may lead to a haemorrhagic and/or a thrombophilic state. Described were the optimization of selected methods for assessment of variables involved in the haemostatic balance. An overestimation of plasminogen concentrations in plasma may occur in patients with elevated levels of fibrinogen or fibrin degradation products, when using assays based on the activation of plasminogen by streptokinase followed by the hydrolysis of a synthetic chromogenic substrate. This source of error could be eliminated by presence of fibrinogen in excess in the plasminogen assay, thereby securing maximum stimulation of the plasminogen-streptokinase complex. The presence of cryoglobulin in plasma interferes with the assessment in euglobulins of plasminogen activator activities. Experiments indicate that tissue-type plasminogen activator adsorb cryoglobulins and that a cold-promoted activation of the factor XII-dependent proactivator system of fibrinolysis is related to the presence of cryoglobulins. Experiments supported the existence of an as yet not characterized factor XII-dependent proactivator. Strictly optimized procedures for the preparation of euglobulins for the accurate determination of plasminogen activators were recommended. The determination of plasminogen activator inhibition in plasma was optimized and simplified. The amidolytic assay of antithrombin-III was shown to be influenced by adsorption to laboratory utensils and aggregation of thrombin. This error could be corrected by protection with additives (Tween 80, polyethyleneglycol 6,000), which also improved the solubility of the chromogenic substrates in aqueous media. The role of thrombosis in myocardial infarction was reviewed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Department of Chemical Chemistry, Ribe County Hospital, Esbjerg.
J
J
Gram
D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000502:physiology; D020152:Antithrombin III Deficiency; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications*; D003328:Coronary Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D003450:Cryoglobulins / Q000502:physiology; D005337:Fibrin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000502:physiology*; D015844:Heparin Cofactor II / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000502:physiology; D011486:Protein C / Q000502:physiology; D020151:Protein C Deficiency; D013924:Thrombophlebitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications
D003450:Cryoglobulins; D011486:Protein C; D015844:Heparin Cofactor II; D000990:Antithrombin III; D005337:Fibrin; D010960:Plasminogen Activators