title: Analysis of programmed stimulation methods in the evaluation of ventricular arrhythmias in patients 20 years old and younger.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate programmed ventricular stimulation in patients less than 21 years of age undergoing electrophysiologic testing. A standardized protocol was applied in 55 consecutive patients (mean age 14 years) with the following clinical presentations: sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) (n = 17); ventricular fibrillation (VF) (n = 7); syncope with heart disease (n = 10); nonsustained VT (n = 6); and syncope with an ostensibly normal heart (n = 15). The stimulation protocol consisted of 1 and 2 ventricular extrastimuli during sinus rhythm, followed by 1 to 4 (S2, S3, S4, S5) extrastimuli during pacing at 2 ventricular sites. Of the 17 patients with sustained VT, 12 had induction of the arrhythmia (sensitivity = 71%). Overall, 18 of 55 patients had inducible sustained VT, with this response significantly enhanced by use of S4 or S5 protocols (p = 0.02). Although no syncope patients with an ostensibly normal heart had inducible sustained VT, 7 had polymorphic nonsustained VT in response to ventricular stimulation. The mean number of extra-stimuli preceding the induction of nonsustained or sustained VT or VF did not differ. The induction of VF in 5 cases during this study was preceded in each case by extrastimuli intervals less than or equal to 190 ms. Thus, data indicate that aggressive stimulation protocols appear to be required for induction of sustained VT in most young patients, nonsustained polymorphic VT as a response to aggressive programmed stimulation is of uncertain significance, and that coupling intervals less than or equal to 190 ms may correlate with the induction of VF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3908.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Silka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kron
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: McAnulty
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013575:Syncope / Q000150:complications; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology