title: Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy in relation to oral clefts.
abstract: Studies on maternal smoking in relation to oral cleft defects have yielded inconsistent findings, with results ranging from no association to sixfold increases in risk. The authors examined this relation in a case-control study conducted in Boston, Massachusetts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and the state of Iowa during the years 1983-1987, in which mothers of malformed infants were interviewed within 6 months after delivery about prenatal events and exposures. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy for 400 infants with cleft lip with or without cleft palate and for 215 infants with cleft palate alone was compared with that for 2,710 infants with other malformations (controls). Relative risks (and 95% confidence intervals) were estimated for smokers of 1-14, 15-24, and greater than or equal to 25 cigarettes per day relative to never smokers; the respective estimates for cleft lip with or without cleft palate were 1.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9-1.6), 1.4 (95% CI 1.0-2.1), and 0.7 (95% CI 0.3-1.6), and for cleft palate alone, estimates were 1.0 (95% CI 0.7-1.5), 0.9 (95% CI 0.5-1.5), and 0.8 (95% CI 0.3-2.2). Relative risks were also close to unity for case subgroups divided according to the presence or absence of an associated malformation. Multivariate control of several potential confounders did not alter these estimates. Based on this large series of cases, maternal smoking during pregnancy does not appear to increase the risk of oral clefts.
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Unit, Boston University School of Public Health, Brookline, MA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Werler
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lammer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States