Delimitation of generalized anxiety disorder: clinical comparisons with panic and major depressive disorders.
We compared 40 outpatients with "pure" generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) with 152 panic disordered patients with varying degrees of phobic avoidance, and 241 primary major depressives with single and recurrent episodic patterns. Despite sociodemographic and symptomatologic overlaps with these comparison groups, GAD emerged as a relatively distinct disorder, characterized by chronic low-grade symptomatology with observed anxiety at interview, as well as nausea, headache, tension, and insomnia. These anxious "traits," which appear to be part of the habitual self of the patient, are subject to fluctuation over time, and may form the temperamental substrate or precursor of panic and other anxiety and depressive disorders.
Nisita
C
C
Institute of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy.
Petracca
A
A
Akiskal
H S
HS
Galli
L
L
Gepponi
I
I
Cassano
G B
GB
D000328:Adult; D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000175:diagnosis; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010200:Panic; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012931:Social Environment