title: Occlusion time dependency of regional noradrenaline release and cardiac arrhythmias during reperfusion of acutely ischaemic heart in the dog in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to study the occlusion time dependency of reperfusion induced increases in regional cardiac noradrenaline release from the ischaemic area in relation to the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias.
  
  
  METHODS
  The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated for 15, 30 and 60 min in three separate groups of dogs (n = 10 per group). Each occlusion period was followed by a 30 min reperfusion period. The coronary sinus and the epicardial vein running in parallel with the left anterior descending coronary artery were cannulated for measurement of noradrenaline and lactate.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 adult mongrel dogs, 22.5(SEM 1.1) kg, were used for the study. The animals were anaesthetised with sodium pentobarbitone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During occlusion, epicardial venous blood noradrenaline concentrations remained unchanged up to 30 min, but increased from 0.133(0.027) ng.ml-1 to 0.289(0.069) ng.ml-1 after 60 min of occlusion (p less than 0.05). However, epicardial venous blood lactate concentrations increased immediately upon occlusion, and remained elevated (p less than 0.05) during the whole period of occlusion in all groups. Neither noradrenaline nor lactate concentrations in coronary sinus blood increased during occlusion. During reperfusion, nine dogs showed early ventricular fibrillation. The highest incidence of fibrillation (n = 5/10) was found in the 15 min occlusion group, but the difference was not significant between groups. Epicardial venous blood noradrenaline concentrations increased to 0.371(0.076) ng.ml-1, 0.470(0.178) ng.ml-1, and 1.824(0.713) ng.ml-1 upon reperfusion following 15, 30 and 60 min occlusion, respectively (each p less than 0.05). Maximum increases in epicardial venous blood noradrenaline concentrations during reperfusion were correlated with duration of preceding occlusion (r = 0.60, n = 21, p less than 0.01). Maximum increases in mean arrhythmic ratios observed during the first 10 min of reperfusion were proportionally related to mean epicardial venous blood noradrenaline concentrations. The increases in epicardial venous blood noradrenaline concentrations and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in the 60 min occlusion group were greater (p less than 0.05) than in the other two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that noradrenaline is released progressively from the ischaemic area during occlusion for 60 min. The amount of noradrenaline washed out upon reperfusion and the incidence of reperfusion ventricular arrhythmias both appear to be dependent upon duration of preceding occlusion. The results suggest that cardiac noradrenaline released locally from the ischaemic region may contribute to the genesis of reperfusion ventricular arrhythmias, but not to that of reperfusion ventricular fibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lamontagne
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Champlain
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nadeau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000097:blood*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D004285:Dogs; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008026:Ligation; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D009638:Norepinephrine