title: The effect of sampling time on radiation-induced translocation yield in spermatogonial stem cells of male mice, differing in chromosomal constitution and sexual activity.
abstract: We have investigated the frequency of reciprocal translocations in the first differentiating spermatogonia entering the first meiotic division after 2 x 2.5 Gy X-rays, given 24 h apart, as well as the development of this parameter in later stem-cell generations by studying multivalent configurations at the first meiotic division. Diakinesis-metaphase I cells were found for the first time between 30 and 40 days after irradiation. Subsequently, meiotic stages were sampled at 120, 180 and 280 days post irradiation. From day 40 post irradiation on, half of the males were allowed to impregnate females which enabled us to estimate the length of the post-irradiation sterile period, the development of litter size and the possible effect of sexual activity on the development of reciprocal translocation-containing stem cells. Half of the males were karyologically normal, the other half were homozygous for a reciprocal translocation (T/T) that affects testis weight and about halves sperm production. Irrespective of male karyotype, the first meiocytes had an induced translocation frequency of 9.00 +/- 2.56% (n = 8 males), followed by frequencies of 20.70 +/- 4.87% (n = 15) at 180 days and 20.20 +/- 4.30% (n = 20) at 280 days (males with and without mating behavior showing no difference). At 120 days post irradiation, +/+ males had a frequency of 14.59 +/- 2.97% irrespective of sexual activity. T/T males (120 days post irradiation) that had mated showed a frequency of 18.63 +/- 0.85% (n = 4) compared with 13.64 +/- 2.36% (n = 7) for those that had not. The observed rise of multivalent-carrying spermatocytes in time was highly significant. Notwithstanding the differences in testis weight and epididymal sperm count between the karyotypes, fertile matings occurred on average 72 days after irradiation, though with relatively wide margins. For the T/T karyotype, the first litter was statistically smaller than the subsequent litters. At 78 days post irradiation, testis weights were back in the subnormal range for both karyotypes and hardly improved in time. Restoration of fertility thus coincided with the period just prior to the return to subnormal testis weights. The first diakinesis-metaphase I cells precede those that are numerous enough to accomplish 'return to fertility' by about 2 weeks. Thus differentiation of stem-cell spermatogonia already follows a few days after irradiation. A pattern of spermatogonial cell divisions compatible with 'return to fertility' is only established some 2 weeks later.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wessels-Kaalen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Boer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008098:Litter Size / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008540:Meiosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D009929:Organ Size / Q000528:radiation effects; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal; D013093:Spermatogonia / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013737:Testis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000528:radiation effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014178:Translocation, Genetic / Q000528:radiation effects*