title: Effects of epinephrine pretreatment and solution pH on ocular and systemic absorption of ocularly applied timolol in rabbits.
abstract: The ratio between ocular and systemic drug concentrations describes the relative safety of ophthalmic dosage forms of the same drug in terms of its systemic side effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of epinephrine pretreatment and solution pH on the aqueous humor:plasma and iris-ciliary body:plasma ratios of peak timolol concentrations after ocular application of timolol. Timolol eyedrops (5 mg/mL, 25 microL) were applied ocularly in pigmented rabbits. Raising pH of the eyedrops from 6.2 to 7.5 did not affect the ratio between ocular and systemic peak drug concentrations, since both ocular and systemic concentrations of timolol were increased. Administration of epinephrine (20 mg/mL, 50 microL) 5 min prior to timolol eyedrop administration reduced the peak timolol concentrations in plasma 65-80%. Epinephrine did not affect the ocular concentrations of timolol. The decreased peak concentrations in plasma were due to the conjunctival and nasal vasoconstricting effects of epinephrine and to the subsequent slower absorption of timolol. Our study demonstrates that compared with currently available eyedrops (pH 6.9), the ocular:systemic concentration ratio of ophthalmic timolol can be improved four- to sixfold in rabbits by combining epinephrine-induced conjunctival and nasal vasoconstriction and improved ocular absorption from pH 7.5 eyedrops.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kyyrönen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urtti
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011817:Rabbits; D013999:Timolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D013999:Timolol; D004837:Epinephrine