title: Effects of increased pericardial pressure on the coupling between the ventricles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanical coupling between the ventricles occurs directly through the myocardium (ventricular-ventricular coupling) and indirectly through the pericardium (ventricular-pericardial-ventricular coupling). We postulated that the magnitude of ventricular-pericardial-ventricular coupling would increase at high pericardial pressures, while ventricular-ventricular coupling would be unaltered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canine hearts were removed and placed in cold cardioplegic solution. Balloons were inserted into each ventricle and the left and right ventricular pressure (dP1, dPr) and volume (dV1, dVr) changes caused by increasing the pressure and volume of the other ventricle and by increasing pericardial pressure (dPp) were measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hearts from 10 random source dogs, weight 12.5-18 kg, were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At control pericardial pressure levels, the magnitude of the pericardial-ventricular interactions was greater than the ventricular-ventricular interactions: dP1/dPp was significantly greater than dP1/dPr, at 0.71 (SEM 0.04), n = 6, v 0.18 (0.03), p less than 0.01, and dV1/dPp was significantly greater than dV1/dPr, at -0.83 (0.09) v -0.24 (0.06), p less than 0.05. Raising the pericardial pressure increased the mechanical coupling between the ventricles: dP1/dPr approximately, dV1/dPr approximately, dPr/dP1 approximately, and dVr/dP1 approximately increased significantly (p less than 0.05) by 0.48 (0.03), 0.67 (0.13), 0.38 (0.05), and 0.61 (0.09) respectively. This increased coupling occurred through pericardial pressure changes. If pericardial pressure was maintained constant, the coupling between the ventricles was unaltered. This same pattern was observed in four in situ experiments. For these experiments, at the raised pericardial pressure levels, dP1/dPr increased, from 0.51 (0.03) to 0.79 (0.01), p less than 0.05, if pericardial pressure was allowed to vary, but was unaltered with a constant pericardial pressure, at 0.42 (0.03) v 0.44 (0.04), p greater than 0.5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ventricular interdependence was increased with raised pericardial pressure and this increased coupling was due primarily to an increased ventricular-pericardial-ventricular coupling. This increased coupling may help to explain the paradoxical pulse observed in cardiac tamponade.
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia Heart Institute, Presbyterian Medical Center, PA 19104.
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Santamore
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002305:Cardiac Tamponade / Q000503:physiopathology; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010496:Pericardium / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D016276:Ventricular Function