title: Frictional resistance of ceramic and stainless steel orthodontic brackets.
abstract: Frictional resistance of orthodontic appliances is recognized by most clinicians to be detrimental to tooth movement. The purpose of this study was to compare planar, static frictional forces among stainless steel and ceramic brackets. Both nitinol and stainless steel rectangular arch wires were passed freely through the slots of a pair of brackets from each type. Tests were carried out in air and in artificial saliva. A 300-gm load was suspended from the arch wire to simulate the normal force, and an incremental horizontal force was applied until movement of the arch wire was initiated. Under all conditions, the stainless steel brackets had lower coefficients of friction than the ceramic brackets. The stainless steel wire generated less friction than nitinol, and friction increased in the presence of artificial saliva in comparison with air alone. These results show that, under experimental conditions, ceramic brackets, nitinol arch wires, and saliva all increase static frictional resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pratten
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Popli
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Germane
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gunsolley
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D013193:Stainless Steel; C013616:nitinol