title: An amino-terminal c-myc domain required for neoplastic transformation activates transcription.
abstract: The product of the c-myc proto-oncogene is a nuclear phosphoprotein whose normal cellular function has not yet been defined. c-Myc has a number of biochemical properties, however, that suggest that it may function as a potential regulator of gene transcription. Specifically, it is a nuclear DNA-binding protein with a short half-life, a high proline content, segments that are rich in glutamine and acidic residues, and a carboxyl-terminal oligomerization domain containing the leucine zipper and helix-loop-helix motifs that serve as oligomerization domains in known regulators of transcription, such as C/EBP, Jun, Fos, GCN4, MyoD, E12, and E47. In an effort to establish that c-Myc might regulate transcription in vivo, we sought to determine whether regions of the c-Myc protein could activate transcription in an in vitro system. We report here that fusion proteins in which segments of human c-Myc are linked to the DNA-binding domain of the yeast transcriptional activator GAL4 can activate transcription from a reporter gene linked to GAL4-binding sites. Three independent activation regions are located between amino acids 1 and 143, a region that has been shown to be required for neoplastic transformation of primary rat embryo cells in cooperation with a mutated ras gene. These results demonstrate that domains of the c-Myc protein can function to regulate transcription in a model system and suggest that alterations of Myc transcriptional regulatory function may lead to neoplastic transformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villa-Garcia
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Dang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D002678:Chimera; D005091:Exons; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011519:Proto-Oncogenes; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases