title: The agent of bacillary angiomatosis. An approach to the identification of uncultured pathogens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacillary angiomatosis is an infectious disease causing proliferation of small blood vessels in the skin and visceral organs of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and other immunocompromised hosts. The agent is often visualized in tissue sections of lesions with Warthin-Starry staining, but the bacillus has not been successfully cultured or identified. This bacillus may also cause cat scratch disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In attempting to identify this organism, we used the polymerase chain reaction. We used oligonucleotide primers complementary to the 16S ribosomal RNA genes of eubacteria to amplify 16S ribosomal gene fragments directly from tissue samples of bacillary angiomatosis. The DNA sequence of these fragments was determined and analyzed for phylogenetic relatedness to other known organisms. Normal tissues were studied in parallel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissue from three unrelated patients with bacillary angiomatosis yielded a unique 16S gene sequence. A sequence obtained from a fourth patient with bacillary angiomatosis differed from the sequence found in the other three patients at only 4 of 241 base positions. No related 16S gene fragment was detected in the normal tissues. These 16S sequences associated with bacillary angiomatosis belong to a previously uncharacterized microorganism, most closely related to Rochalimaea quintana.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cause of bacillary angiomatosis is a previously uncharacterized rickettsia-like organism, closely related to R. quintana. This method for the identification of an uncultured pathogen may be applicable to other infectious diseases of unknown cause.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Calif.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Relman
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Loutit
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Falkow
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Tompkins
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D000328:Adult; D000798:Angiomatosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002372:Cat-Scratch Disease / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis; D012287:Rickettsiaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012288:Rickettsiaceae Infections / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S