title: Informed consent and the elderly. An ethical challenge for critical care nursing.
abstract: Nursing ethics was long reticent about ethical challenges that elderly patients pose for critical care nursing. One of these, the legal doctrine of informed consent, has important implications for critical care nursing ethics. Deriving from the principle of respect for persons and intended to preserve their autonomy, informed consent represents both a duty and an ideal for care givers to implement in the process of ethical decision making. All too often the ideal is lost, however, and the doctrine reduced to a sterile and bureaucratic procedure. When elderly patients are unable to give an adequately informed consent, advance directives can enable them to express their wishes by prior choosing. If they become cognitively impaired, however, it is much more difficult to determine what, if any, preferences such a patient might express if able to do so. Medical empowerment of the elderly, a laudable social goal, can be as contradictory as informed consent itself and many elderly patients may opt out of their own decision making. The resultant moral distress of such a complex process is still another ethical challenge that faces the critical care nurse. Because nursing holds a position of moral centrality among the health care professions, critical care nurses cannot avoid the prospect that issues like those identified in this article will continue to challenge and confront them in the coming decade. By turning to colleagues in nursing as well as other professions, nurses can best strengthen and consolidate their vital role as mediators of meaning and morality in life-and-death situations.
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Buehler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D026686:Beneficence; D003071:Cognition; D003142:Communication; D032882:Comprehension; D003422:Critical Care; D003657:Decision Making; D030881:Disclosure; D028741:Ethics Committees, Clinical; D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D016224:Living Wills / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D026706:Paternalism; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D012945:Social Values; D028761:Withholding Treatment