title: The management of flail chest injury: factors affecting outcome.
abstract: The records of 57 patients presenting with flail chest injury from 1981 through 1987 were reviewed to determine factors affecting morbidity and mortality. Fifteen patients (26%) had 8+ rib fractures with a unilateral flail and seven (12%) had multiple rib fractures with a bilateral flail. Thirty-two (56%) had moderate-severe pulmonary contusions and 44 (77%) required chest tubes for hemo-pneumothorax. Ventilatory assistance was used in 36 (63%). The major factors determining the need for ventilatory assistance were: an ISS greater than or equal to 23, blood transfusions in the first 24 hours, moderate-severe associated injuries (fractures, head injuries or truncal organs requiring operation), and shock on admission (p less than 0.001). An adverse outcome occurred in 15 (28%); nine required ventilatory assistance greater than or equal to 14 days and six died of sepsis with pneumonia. The main factors associated with an adverse outcome were: an ISS greater than or equal to 31 (p less than 0.001), moderate-severe associated injuries (p less than 0.001), and blood transfusions (p less than 0.005). Although the primary determinants of an adverse outcome were the associated injuries and blood loss, a bilateral flail (p less than 0.01) and age greater than or equal to 50 years (p less than 0.02) were contributing factors.
authors: Department of Surgery, Detroit Receiving Hospital, MI 48201.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Freedland
authors: R F
authors: RF
authors: Wilson
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Bender
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Levison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003288:Contusions / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005409:Flail Chest / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006491:Hemothorax / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D055370:Lung Injury; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000150:complications; D011379:Prognosis; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D012769:Shock / Q000150:complications; D065227:Transfusion Reaction