title: Synergistic and additive effects of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs combined with chloroquine on the mitogen-driven stimulation of mononuclear cells.
abstract: The efficacy of azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclosporin, and d-penicillamine alone and in combination with chloroquine was quantitated in an in vitro system, with the use of mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A concentration-dependent effect was found for each of these drugs. The effect of adding chloroquine to azathioprine or methotrexate was roughly the same as the effect of these cytostatics alone. However, the combined effect of chloroquine and cyclosporin exceeded the sum of the effects of the individual drugs, which indicates synergy, whereas the combination of chloroquine with d-penicillamine resulted in antagonism.
authors: Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Hospital, The Netherlands.
authors: B A
authors: BA
authors: Dijkmans
authors: E
authors: E
authors: de Vries
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: de Vreede
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003524:Cyclosporins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000494:pharmacology; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D003524:Cyclosporins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008934:Mitogens; D002738:Chloroquine; D010396:Penicillamine; D001379:Azathioprine; D008727:Methotrexate