title: Prediction of cardiac and pulmonary complications related to elective abdominal and noncardiac thoracic surgery in geriatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Major cardiac and pulmonary complications associated with abdominal and noncardiac thoracic surgery are a common cause of mortality and serious morbidity in elderly patients. We postulated that a simple, inexpensive bicycle exercise test could provide objective documentation of cardiopulmonary reserve and, therefore, predict perioperative pulmonary as well as cardiac complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prior to elective surgery, 177 patients aged 65 years or older had assessment of the clinical history, results of physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest radiograph, blood chemistries, pulmonary function test findings, supine exercise test results, Dripps classification, and Goldman cardiac risk factors. Observations in patients with and without major perioperative cardiac and/or pulmonary complications were compared using univariate analysis followed by a multivariate logistic regression procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major perioperative complications were pulmonary in 24 patients, cardiac in 25 patients, and either cardiac or pulmonary in 39 patients. By multivariate analysis, inability to perform two minutes of supine bicycle exercise raising the heart rate above 99 beats/minute was the best predictor of perioperative pulmonary, cardiac, and combined cardiopulmonary complication (p less than 0.0005). Among 108 patients who were able to achieve these exercise criteria, cardiac or pulmonary complications occurred in 10 patients (9.3%), with one death (0.9%). Among 69 patients unable to exercise satisfactorily, cardiac or pulmonary complications occurred in 29 patients (42%), with five total deaths (7.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Objective measurement of exercise capacity by supine bicycle ergometry appears to be of clinical value for preoperative risk stratification for both pulmonary and cardiac complications prior to major elective abdominal or noncardiac thoracic surgery in elderly patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gerson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Hertzberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baughman
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Rouan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D000758:Anesthesia; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D011336:Probability; D013903:Thoracic Surgery