title: Upper gastrointestinal manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis patients: intrinsic or extrinsic pathogenesis?
abstract: Apart from the complication of gastrointestinal vasculitis it is not known whether the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract has any special disease characteristics in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, oesophageal motility disorders have been reported in 30% of RA patients. Hypergastrinaemia has been found in 23-43% of RA patients, usually in combination with a decreased gastric acid output. Another finding suggestive of a decreased secretory state, namely a decreased level of pepsinogen A, was found in RA patients with the sicca syndrome and in patients with active disease. The risk for peptic ulcer disease with regard to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is possibly higher in RA patients than in patients with other rheumatic diseases. These findings suggest that in RA patients intrinsic factors play a role in the pathogenesis of the oesophageal motility disorders, in hypergastrinaemia and hypopepsinogenaemia and the related decreased gastric secretory state, and possibly in the increased susceptibility to NSAID-related ulcers. However, there are also indications that oesophageal motility disorders, hypergastrinaemia, and NSAID-related ulcers in RA are the result of extrinsic factors, mainly the use of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs and gold compounds on infection with Helicobacter pylori, a possible pathogenetic factor in ulcer disease, is discussed. It is clear that the discussion about intrinsic and extrinsic factors as a cause of the UGI manifestations in RA remains an intriguing but difficult subject for further studies.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Dijkmans
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Lamers
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D005744:Gastric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005755:Gastrins / Q000097:blood; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D010435:Pepsinogens / Q000097:blood; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000150:complications; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005755:Gastrins; D010435:Pepsinogens