title: Copper determination in urine by flow injection analysis with electrochemical detection at platinum disk microelectrodes of various radii.
abstract: The incorporation of platinum disk microelectrodes of various radii (2.5-50 microns) in a well-jet flow cell offers reduced limits of detection for the determination of copper in urine by flow injection analysis compared with standard methods based on a conventional sized glassy carbon disk macroelectrode (radius 1.5 mm), in a thin-layer cell. The radius of the platinum disk microelectrode was found to be critical with respect to both the limit of detection and flow rate dependence. An optimal radius value of 28 microns was found with detection limits increasing with both larger and smaller electrode radii. In contrast, as theoretically expected, a diminished flow rate dependence was observed the smaller the radii of the platinum disk microelectrodes. Sample cleanup and preparation is conveniently achieved by the use of Sep-Pak cartridges and formation of a copper dithiocarbamate complex. The metal complex is easily oxidized at platinum disk microelectrodes in acetonitrile, which was the solvent used in the flow injection method of analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Analytical Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Luscombe
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bixler
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000652:urine*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D006801:Humans; D008839:Microelectrodes; D010984:Platinum
chemical_list: D010984:Platinum; D003300:Copper