title: Embryological development and prevalence of digital flexion creases.
abstract: The embryological development and morphology of digital flexion creases were studied in 178 human embryos and fetuses 6-20 weeks of gestational age. The results suggest the existence of two types of digital flexion creases, that differ from each other in their development. The regular creases, with the exception of the distal crease of the proximal interphalangeal creases, and the oblique and extra creases of the irregular creases, develop concurrently with the appearance of the digital pads by about 11 weeks of gestation. The remaining creases, i.e., the distal crease of the proximal interphalangeal creases and the accessory crease develop later unrelated to the pads but, apparently, secondary to the flexion movements of the hand. Our observations further suggest that, because of their high frequencies, the oblique creases on the ulnar side of digits I and II and on the radial side of digit V and the extra creases on the proximal phalanx of digits I, III, and IV should be considered as "regular" creases. Previously unreported pads were also found on the middle phalanges at about 11 weeks of gestation. Unlike the single, large pads with high elevation, typically found on the distal phalanges, those on the middle phalanges are multiple, small, and only slightly elevated. This observation provides further support to the concept of the relationship between the fetal digital pads and the development of the epidermal ridge patterns.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Schaumann
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Plato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
mesh_terms: D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005385:Fingers / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006225:Hand / Q000196:embryology; D006801:Humans; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology