title: The costs of commercial medicine.
abstract: The purpose of this paper is to review the rising influence of commercialism in American medicine and to examine some of the consequences of this trend. Increased competition subverts physician collegiality, draws hospitals into for-profit ownership and behavior, and leads clinical investigators into secrecy and possibly into bias and abuse. Medicine faces a deprofessionalization evidence in loss of control over the clinical setting and over self-regulation. Health care becomes a commodity relying on cultivation of desires instead of satisfaction of needs, even as many basic needs go unmet. Patients become consumers empowered with lawsuits and the connection of medicine to the relief of suffering is attenuated. Medical encounters are increasingly impersonal, dominated by specialization, technology, and bureaucracy. Patients are losing their physician-advocates to new conflicts of interests, physicians are losing their impulse to charity, and trust in the doctor-patient relationship and in medicine generally is eroding.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Policy and Ethics, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Dougherty
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics; D032981:Dehumanization; D004465:Economic Competition; D004470:Economics, Medical; D008389:Marketing of Health Services / Q000639:trends*; D010344:Patient Advocacy; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011216:Practice Management, Medical / Q000639:trends*; D012945:Social Values; D035502:Trust; D014481:United States