title: Normal boron excretion levels and borates related gastroenteritis cases in Singapore.
abstract: Urinary borates calculated as boric acid were found to span 0 to 54 microgramme per ml urine for both Singaporean adults (population size: 507) and children (population size: 162). The normal dietary boron intake could account for the urinary boric acid levels observed. Of the hundred and fifty-three children who suffered from gastroenteritis in Singapore over the period from Jan to May 1989, two were found to have urinary boric acid exceeding 54 micrograms per ml urine. One of them was said to have consumed fish balls, bean curds and noodles prior to the onset of illness. These food items were among those likely to have added borates. Unfortunately, the dietary intake prior to the onset of illness of the other child was not recorded. Of the hundred and twelve adults affected by gastroenteritis in Dec 1988 in the Tiong Bahru area, one was found to have boric acid level of 117 micrograms per ml urine, indicative of added borates in the diet. The present study showed that borates related gastroenteritis incidents in Singapore over the time-period of our study at least, were few and far in between. With the on-going surveillance for the presence of added borates in both locally manufactured and imported food and the continued tight control over the importation and sale of borates, future incidents are likely to be minimal.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Science and Forensic Medicine, Singapore.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen Bloodworth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001895:Boron / Q000506:poisoning* / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001895:Boron