title: Role of angiography in the management of refractory epistaxis.
abstract: When interruption of the related arteries fails to control epistaxis, angiography is recommended for identification of the vascular base, the collateral circulation, and the possibility of arterial abnormalities. Criteria are proposed for utilization of vascular mapping, and relevant cases are cited to support the specific indications for application.
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Scogna
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Gregor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008438:Maxillary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000098:blood supply*; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology