title: [Leather azo dyes: mutagenic and carcinogenic risks].
abstract: The paper reviews the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity data on azo dyes used in the leather industry. Two water soluble benzidine-based dyes were classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). No other dyes have been evaluated by the IARC. Of the 48 azo dyes assayed in the Salmonella/microsome test, 20 gave positive results. Attention is drawn to the important role of the in vivo metabolism of azo compounds, which includes a preliminary reduction of the azo bonds and subsequent release of the aromatic amines of the dye. A useful assay (Prival test) for evaluating the mutagenic properties of azo dyes involves a reductive step that permits the release of any genotoxic agents present in the compounds. A list of leather azo dyes is furnished that are considered as potentially harmful due to the presence of a carcinogenic aromatic amine (benzidine, p-aminobenzene and derivatives) in their formulae.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Padova.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Clonfero
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Venier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Granella
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Levis
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D001554:Benzene / Q000633:toxicity; D001560:Benzidines / Q000633:toxicity; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis*; D013633:Tanning
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D001560:Benzidines; D002273:Carcinogens; D004396:Coloring Agents; D009153:Mutagens; C029876:benzidine; D001554:Benzene
vernacular_title: I coloranti azoici per cuoio: rischio mutageno e cancerogeno.