title: Auger and pixe microanalysis of intrauterine devices (IUDs).
abstract: Auger Emission Spectroscopy (AES) and Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) analysis were employed in a study on the calcification and oxidation processes of the copper wires used in Intra-Uterine Device (IUDs) contraceptives. A strong copper release (approximately 50 micrograms/day) has been observed in the first year of IUDS application during the high device antifertility effect. The copper release is reduced with the IUD-use time, because of the calcification process on the surface by organic liquids. This effect produces a drastic reduction in the contraceptive efficiency, and a new IUDs replacement is needed after about 2 years of use. Auger, X-ray spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to investigate the lifetime and efficiency of IUDS in order to understand the surface modification of copper wire during its permanence in the intrauterine environment.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Ginecologia, Stabilimento Ospedaliero di Monselice, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foti
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Foti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torrisi
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007435:Intrauterine Devices, Copper; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003300:Copper; D002118:Calcium