title: Vocalization-related stapedius muscle activity in different age chickens (Gallus gallus), and its role in vocal development.
abstract: The stapedius muscle activity associated with vocalization was analyzed in young and adult roosters. Our results show that remarkable differences in the behavior of vocalization-related stapedius muscle activity exist between these two ages. Unlike young roosters, electrical stimulation in the midbrain of adult cocks yields vocalizations associated with stapedius muscle EMG responses that always show a higher threshold and a longer latency than those of the vocalization induced. Moreover, the maximal amplitude of the stapedius muscle EMG response is consistently lower than that detected in young roosters, despite the fact that the maximal vocalization amplitude of the adult birds is much higher. On the whole our results demonstrate that vocalization-related stapedius muscle activity is strongly reduced in adulthood. The possibility that stapedius muscle may play a role during the vocal development was verified by comparing the crow of normal roosters with that of cocks from which the stapedius muscle had been removed shortly after hatching. Strong differences exist in the amplitude/frequency distribution of the crowing of normal and stapedectomized roosters, suggesting that the stapedius muscle exerts an important role in auditory feedback modulation, and that this feedback is used for normal vocal development.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Physiology, University of Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ottaviani
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bambagioni
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000502:physiology; D024510:Muscle Development; D009132:Muscles / Q000294:innervation; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012741:Sexual Maturation; D013198:Stapedius / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D014828:Vocalization, Animal