title: Learned helplessness in diabetic youths.
abstract: Determined the relationships among the learned helplessness attributional style, depression, regimen adherence, and metabolic control in a sample of diabetic youth. Fifty children (20 male and 30 female) between the ages of 10 and 16 completed the Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire and the Children's Depression Inventory. Regimen adherence was assessed with three 24-hr recall interviews conducted separately with patients and their mothers over a 1-week period. Metabolic control was measured by glycosylated hemoglobin A1 (HbA1). Learned helplessness was significantly associated with depression (p less than .001) and HbA1 (p less than .02), but was not associated with regimen adherence. Depression was unrelated to regimen adherence and metabolic control. The adherence measures together accounted for 24% of the variance of HbA1. Significant correlations were obtained between HbA1 and the exercise (p less than .05) and eating/testing frequency (p less than .05) adherence factors, indicating that lower levels of adherence were associated with worse metabolic control. Age, pubertal status, sex, disease duration, and SES were unrelated to regimen adherence and metabolic control. These results support the notion that the learned helplessness attributional style for negative events is related to both depression and long-term metabolic control problems in diabetic youths.
authors.affiliation: Clifton Springs Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kuttner
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Delamater
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Santiago
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000737:chemistry; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012648:Self Care; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin