title: Possible role of acetaldehyde in ethanol-related rectal cocarcinogenesis in the rat.
abstract: Prospective epidemiologic studies have reported an increased risk of rectal cancer following chronic ethanol ingestion. The effect of ethanol on chemically induced colorectal carcinogenesis is controversial depending on the experimental conditions. In the present study the effect of chronic ethanol administration on acetoxymethylmethylnitrosamine-induced rectal cancer and the possible role of acetaldehyde in this process were investigated. Chronic ethanol administration resulted in an earlier occurrence of rectal tumors in this animal model. Because the concomitant administration of cyanamide, a potent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, showed a positive trend toward increased incidences of tumors, acetaldehyde could be involved in the ethanol-associated carcinogenesis. To measure colonic acetaldehyde, 12 chronically ethanol-fed and control rats received an acute dose of ethanol (2.5 g/kg body wt). The mucosal concentration of acetaldehyde was significantly higher in the rectum compared with the cecum (198 +/- 23 vs. 120 +/- 23 nmoles.g colon-1, p less than 0.05), but was not affected by chronic ethanol feeding. Furthermore, 6 germ-free rats had significantly lower acetaldehyde concentrations in the rectum (84 +/- 11 vs. 234 +/- 33 nmoles.g colon-1, p less than 0.01) and in the cecum (59 +/- 13 vs. 121 +/- 33 nmoles.g colon-1, p less than 0.05) compared with 6 conventional animals, and this was paralleled by the number of fecal bacteria in the 2 intestinal segments. In addition, to determine the effect of chronic ethanol feeding on colorectal cell turnover, 30 animals were pair-fed liquid diets. Using the metaphase-arrest technique, alcohol feeding induced rectal (19.1 +/- 2.0 vs. 9.1 +/- 1.8 cells.crypt-1.h-1, p less than 0.01), but not cecal (18.9 +/- 1.3 vs. 22.2 +/- 3.3 cells.crypt-1.h-1, p greater than 0.05) hyperregeneration. This was accompanied by an increase in the crypt proliferative compartment and increased mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity (63 +/- 18 vs. 22 +/- 6 pmoles.hr-1.mg protein-1, p less than 0.05). The data show that chronic ethanol ingestion accelerates chemically induced rectal carcinogenesis and raise the possibility that acetaldehyde probably generated through bacterial ethanol oxidation may be involved in this process. The secondary hyperregeneration of the mucosa, observed after alcohol feeding, could by itself favour carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Simanowski
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Garzon
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rideout
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Einecke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maiwald
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D003484:Cyanamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine / Q000633:toxicity / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D012007:Rectum / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D000431:Ethanol; D003484:Cyanamide; C014659:methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine; D000079:Acetaldehyde; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine