title: A comparison of the psychological characteristics of smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers.
abstract: The present investigation was designed to ascertain differences among smokers (n = 51), ex-smokers (n = 46), and nonsmokers (n = 138) in self-control and needs for affiliation, order, and endurance. Ex-smokers were found to have significantly greater self-control, as well as considerably higher needs for order and endurance, than smokers or nonsmokers, and a markedly greater need for affiliation than smokers. Furthermore, nonsmokers exhibited significantly more self-control than smokers. It was concluded that ex-smokers, rather than being intermediate between smokers and nonsmokers, comprised a distinct group on the scales examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Human Services, University of Alaska, Fairbanks 99775-1380.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Geist
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Herrmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010551:Personality; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*