title: Effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor necrosis factor production by murine macrophages.
abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the treatment of tumors in the presence of sensitizer, light, and oxygen, causing energy-dependent cytotoxicity. A vascular effect that causes hemorrhagic tumor necrosis has been described with PDT, but its basis remains undefined. To investigate the possible role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in the generation of such a vascular effect and/or a direct tumor effect, we treated thioglycollate-elicited murine macrophages with PDT, and we measured the possible production of TNF using the L929 assay. An energy-dependent production of TNF by macrophage treated with PDT, stimulated or unstimulated with endotoxin, was demonstrated, and TNF production was inhibited at the highest treatment energy levels. These data represent the first description of cytokine production by PDT-treated macrophages, and may serve as another mechanism of PDT cytotoxicity in vivo, either directly by TNF-mediated tumor necrosis, or indirectly by vascular effects on tumor vessels.
authors.affiliation: Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fraker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Pass
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha