title: The futures of physicians: agency and autonomy reconsidered.
abstract: The corporatization of U.S. health care has directed cost containment efforts toward scrutinizing the clinical decisions of physicians. This stimulated a variety of new utilization management interventions, particularly in hospital and managed care settings. Recent changes in fee-for-service medicine and physicians' traditional agency relationships with patients, purchasers, and insurers are examined here. New information systems monitoring of physician ordering behavior has already begun to impact on physician autonomy and the relationship of physicians to provider organizations in both for-profit and 'not-for-profit' sectors. As managed care practice settings proliferate, serious ethical questions will be raised about agency relationships with patients. This article examines health system dynamics altering the historical agency relationship between the physician and patient and eroding the tradiational autonomy of the medical profession in the United States. The corporatization of medicine and the accompanying information systems monitoring of physician productivity is seen to account of such change, now posing serious ethical dilemmas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Chicago 60612.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feinglass
mesh_terms: D003363:Cost Control / Q000379:methods; D004470:Economics, Medical / Q000639:trends*; D005544:Forecasting; D033161:Government Regulation; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000639:trends; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011216:Practice Management, Medical / Q000266:history; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends*; D012926:Social Control, Formal; D014481:United States