title: Artefacts in measurement of blood pressure and lack of target organ involvement in the assessment of patients with treatment-resistant hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative importance of factors known to cause therapy-resistant hypertension, and to derive an efficient approach to the evaluation of this problem in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital hypertension clinic and clinical research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients referred for management of refractory hypertension and found to have a seated diastolic blood pressure greater than 95 mm Hg while taking a standard dose of hydrochlorothiazide, propranolol, and hydralazine or its equivalent for at least 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients (group 1) had normal, resting mean intra-arterial blood pressure (mean pressure less than 107 mm Hg) and eight had elevated pressure (group 2). Patients in group 1 had minimal or not target organ involvement whereas those in group 2 had higher minimum vascular resistance by forearm plethysmography and greater interventricular septal wall thickness. Factors contributing to resistant hypertension, particularly in group 1, were "office hypertension" (clinic systolic blood pressure at least 20 mm Hg higher than home systolic blood pressure), pseudohypertension (cuff diastolic blood pressure at least 15 mm Hg higher than simultaneously determined intra-arterial pressure), and "cuff-inflation hypertension" (intra-arterial diastolic blood pressure rise of at least 15 mm Hg during cuff inflation).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Home blood pressure monitoring and echocardiography are recommended as initial steps in the evaluation of patients with resistant hypertension. Intra-arterial blood pressure measurement is particularly helpful in patients with resistant hypertension who do not have office hypertension yet have normal septal thickness on echocardiography.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mejia
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Schork
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Zweifler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004435:Eating; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010349:Patient Compliance
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents