title: An optimized freeze-fracture replication procedure for human skin.
abstract: This in vitro study aimed at substantial modification of the freeze-fracture replication technique (FFRT) which should result in an optimal visualization of the ultrastructure of human skin. The technique was modified in two ways: firstly, the conventional sample holders such as gold cups and copper plates were replaced by silver cylinders (83.5% silver, 16.5% copper) resulting in almost perpendicular cross fractures through the skin. Secondly, the replica cleaning procedure was optimized through the following sequence of treatments. Firstly, a mild tissue destruction was obtained by simultaneous lipid solvation and water extraction with absolute methanol (20 h), followed by protein denaturation with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 24 h). Subsequently, a final treatment was given using an alkaline sodium hypochlorite solution (20% KOH/13% NaClO; 1:3 v/v, 4 d). After rinsing the replicas for 45 min in aqua bidest, they were mounted on copper grids and examined in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The combination of the unorthodox fracturing method and the optimized cleaning procedure yielded large, practically undamaged and very clean replicas of near perpendicular cross fractures through human skin. Common handicaps related to current freeze-fracture procedures when applied to skin, such as incomplete cleaning and fragmentation of replicas and oblique or irregular fracturing planes, can largely be avoided in this way. In this paper a complete description of the method is given, and a number of advantages are illustrated with the aid of TEM micrographs.
authors.affiliation: Gorlaeus Laboratories, State University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spies
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Boddé
mesh_terms: D005614:Freeze Fracturing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D012867:Skin / Q000648:ultrastructure*