title: Evidence for physical and psychological dependence on anabolic androgenic steroids in eight weight lifters.
abstract: All eight users of anabolic androgenic steroids in a pilot survey of weight lifters reported withdrawal symptoms and continued steroid use despite adverse consequences. Psychiatric (especially, depressive) symptoms were prominent in dependent users, underscoring the importance of diagnosing steroid dependence in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Brower
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Eliopulos
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Blow
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Catlin
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Beresford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014891:Weight Lifting
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents