title: Intrapleural bupivacaine for early post-thoracotomy analgesia--comparison with bupivacaine intercostal block and cryofreezing.
abstract: 54 patients who had posterolateral thoracotomy were prospectively studied to compare the efficacy of intrapleural bupivacaine with that of bupivacaine intercostal block and cryofreezing. Patients were randomized into three groups. The intrapleural catheter group included 16 patients who had intermittent intrapleural instillation of 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine for forty-eight hours postoperatively. The second group included sixteen patients who were given perioperative bupivacaine intercostal block. The third group included fifteen patients treated by cryofreezing of the intercostal nerves. Visual analogue four-hourly pain score was compared between the three groups during the first forty-eight hours postoperatively. The analgesic requirements during the first postoperative week were also assessed. There was no significant difference between the three groups in the average pain score (3.61 +/- 1.37, 3.54 +/- 1.15, and 3.33 +/- 1.47 respectively). During the first forty-eight hours postoperatively, the percentage of patients who required papaveretum in the intrapleural catheter group (56.3%) was significantly less than that in the other two groups (both 100%). The average papaveretum requirement (mg per patient) in the intrapleural catheter group (27.33 +/- 25.27) was significantly less than that in the second group (52.66 +/- 26.85) but the difference was not statistically significant from that in the third group (37.66 +/- 20.95). No complications related to the use of the intrapleural catheter or to bupivacaine toxicity were encountered. In conclusion, the technique of intermittent intrapleural bupivacaine is safe and comparable in efficacy to bupivacaine intercostal block and cryofreezing. Narcotic requirements may be reduced when this technique is used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, England.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shafei
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Natrajan
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gandhi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D007322:Instillation, Drug; D007367:Intercostal Nerves; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010994:Pleura; D013908:Thoracotomy
chemical_list: D002045:Bupivacaine