title: The relationship between defenses and symptoms in adolescent psychopathology.
abstract: The relationship between defense mechanisms and symptoms was assessed in a group of 196 psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Defense mechanisms were measured through the use of the Defense Mechanisms Inventory (DMI); symptoms and problem behaviors were measured with the Youth Self-Report. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that externalizing symptoms are associated with defenses that locate the conflict outside of the self, whereas internalizing symptoms are associated with defenses that locate the conflict within the self. In contrast to previous reports, no gender differences were found in defense preference, though gender differences were found in the relation of defenses to symptoms. The findings are consistent with clinical theory of defense processes and support the distinction between internalizing/externalizing behaviors and personality dimensions for both symptoms and defenses. The study supports the validity of the adolescent form of the DMI.
authors.affiliation: Hall-Mercer Laboratory of Developmental Psychology and Developmental Psychopathology, Harvard Medical School-McLean, Belmont, MA 02178.
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Noam
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Recklitis
mesh_terms: D000275:Adjustment Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002667:Child Reactive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D010553:Personality Development; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital; D011594:Psychometrics