title: Fetal echocardiography: a large clinical experience and follow-up.
abstract: We reviewed our experience with 382 fetal echocardiograms. Complete studies were not possible for three pregnancies because of either fetal position or maternal obesity. Studies were performed for fetal arrhythmia (28%), maternal factors (21%), fetal anomaly (11%) and family history of congenital heart disease (40%). There was a recurrence of heart disease in two of 153 patients (1.3%). Arrhythmia was the most common finding (82 of 382 patients). Premature atrial and ventricular contractions were the most common arrhythmia, and structural defects were present in four of 58 patients (6.8%) with premature contractions. Fetal heart defects (n = 44) were identified in 40 of 382 (10%) referrals. The defects were complete atrioventricular block (13), ventricular septal defect (4), atrioventricular canal (5), cardiac mass (3), ectopia cordis (2), thoracopagus (2), hypoplastic left ventricle (2), hypoplastic right ventricle (2), atrial flutter (2), pulmonic stenosis (1), single ventricle (2), Uhl's anomaly (1), Ebstein's anomaly (1), mitral atresia (1), d-transposition of the great vessels (1), tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve (1), and atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect (1). There were three false positive (99% specificity) and two false negative (95% sensitivity) fetal echocardiograms. The survival rates for referred patients with heart defects was: live born and perinatal survivor, 54%; perinatal death, 31%; still birth, 11%; and termination of pregnancy, 4%. Fetal echocardiography is accurate, and the abnormalities detected appear to be more severe than those detected on newborn screening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ruckman
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis