title: Pharmacological and toxicological properties of arotinoids SMR-2 and SMR-6 in mice.
abstract: Studies were conducted to define primary pharmacological and toxicological properties of two arotinoids, SMR-2 and SMR-6, in male B6D2F1 mice. Mice were gavaged daily for up to 22 days with retinoids in corn oil (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg day SMR-2 or SMR-6 or 2.5, 10, or 30 mg/kg all-trans-retinoic acid as a reference control). Toxicological and biochemical endpoints were assayed after 8, 15, and 22 days. At toxic doses, i.e., those inducing weight loss, morphological changes were observed in skin, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver, thymus, forestomach, adrenal, bone, and testes. Biochemical alterations included elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, corticosterone, and interleukins-1, -2, and -3. Additional immune alterations included increased responsiveness of spleen cells to both thymus-dependent and thymus-independent mitogens and increases in the total number of B cells in the spleen. At doses not inducing weight loss, target organ effects included the appearance of plasma cells and infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells in lymph nodes; myeloid cell hypercellularity in bone marrow; hematopoiesis in spleen; subacute inflammation in forestomach; and periportal cytoplasmic vacuolization in liver. At the low doses, SMR-2 resulted in decreased responsiveness of spleen cells to mitogens and SMR-6 caused increased responsiveness. SMR-6 also increased interleukin-1 and-2 production at low doses. Biochemical effects included reduced activities of liver aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and soluble brain protein kinase C. Overall, the results suggest that leukopoiesis and reduced liver AHH and reduced soluble protein kinase C activities are the primary and initial pharmacological and toxicological effects of retinoids.
authors.affiliation: Kettering-Meyer Laboratory, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama 35255-5305.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lindamood
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Cope
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dillehay
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Everson
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Lamon
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sartin
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000187:drug effects; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D012176:Retinoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007378:Interleukins; D012176:Retinoids; C052965:SMR 2; C052966:SMR 6