title: Coronary flow reserve, esophageal motility, and chest pain in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the relative prevalence of abnormalities of coronary flow reserve and esophageal function in patients with chest pain despite angiographically normal coronary arteries, 87 patients underwent invasive study of coronary flow reserve and, during the same week, esophageal testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three of the 87 patients (72%) demonstrated abnormalities of coronary flow reserve, as evidenced by an increase in coronary resistance during the stress of rapid atrial pacing after administration of ergonovine 0.15 mg intravenously (1.33 +/- 0.36 mm Hg.minute/mL), compared with pacing at the same heart rate before ergonovine administration (1.10 +/- 0.33 mm Hg.minute/mL). This higher coronary vascular resistance occurred in the absence of significant epicardial coronary artery luminal narrowing. Fifty-seven of these 63 patients (90%) with a coronary vasoconstrictor response to ergonovine described their typical chest pain during pacing stress, compared with only six of 24 patients (25%) who demonstrated no coronary flow abnormality (p less than 0.001). After administration of dipyridamole 0.5 to 0.75 mg/kg intravenously to 65 patients, the 48 patients with ergonovine-induced vasoconstriction had a significantly higher minimum coronary resistance, compared with the 17 patients without a coronary vasoconstrictor response to ergonovine (0.65 +/- 0.21 versus 0.47 +/- 0.13 mm Hg.minute/mL, p less than 0.03). Twenty of 87 patients (23%) had abnormal esophageal motility [nutcracker esophagus (11), nonspecific motility disorder (seven), and diffuse esophageal spasm (two)], including 16 of the 63 patients (25%) with abnormal coronary flow reserve. Twenty-four (28%) patients experienced their typical chest pain during motility testing, but only five of these patients met criteria for abnormal esophageal motility. Nine of 75 patients tested (12%) had their typical chest pain during Bernstein testing, and 18 of 38 patients (47%) tested had their typical chest pain provoked by intraesophageal balloon distention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seventy-one of 87 patients (82%) with anginal-like chest pain and normal epicardial vessels in our series had a disorder of either coronary flow reserve, esophageal motility, and/or reproduction of typical chest pain during acid infusion. Of interest, chest pain was commonly encountered during cardiac and esophageal testing (85% of patients), regardless of the ability to demonstrate an abnormality of coronary flow reserve or abnormal esophageal function. This suggests that pain experienced by these patients may be a consequence of myocardial ischemia, esophageal dysfunction, abnormal visceral nociception, or a combination of any or all of these entities.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Cattau
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Yakshe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Schenke
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000790:Angiocardiography; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004176:Dipyridamole; D004874:Ergonovine; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000503:physiopathology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010528:Peristalsis / Q000187:drug effects; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004176:Dipyridamole; D004874:Ergonovine