title: Atherothrombotic microembolism of the lower extremities (the blue toe syndrome) from atherosclerotic non-aneurysmal aortic plaques.
abstract: Six patients with no hemodynamically significant atherosclerotic lesions of the lower limb arteries but with ischemic changes of the feet or toes were studied and diagnosed as having atherothrombotic microembolism. All patients were non claudicators and had peripheral Doppler examinations on admission. Five patients experienced more than one separate episode of microembolization involving both extremities. None presented with a history of heart disease or diabetes. Biplanar arteriograms revealed in every case atherosclerotic degeneration of the aorta without any obstructing lesions and anatomical arterial continuity between the aorta and the site of distal embolization. Three patients who refused operation, were treated conservatively, with a combination of dipyridamole plus aspirin. Three other patients had surgical repair of their atheromatous infrarenal aorta: in two cases thromboendarterectomy was performed, and in the other a Dacron bifurcated graft interposition. No amputations resulted in the patients treated medically, but one of the surgical group lost one toe. This study confirms that atherothrombotic microembolism from an ulcerated atherosclerotic aorta is a potential threat to the extremities and indicates that the optimal therapy for this syndrome has yet to be found.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche ed Anatomiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benvegna
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cassina
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giuntini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rusignuolo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Talarico
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Florena
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004617:Embolism / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D014034:Toes / Q000098:blood supply
chemical_list: D004176:Dipyridamole; D001241:Aspirin