title: Aesthetics of feminizing the male face by craniofacial contouring of the facial bones.
abstract: The "forceful" and macho look of a prototypical man may not be unduly appealing to others whom he meets. This "forceful" look might not even appeal to the individual himself. In order to soften this appearance, a series of operative procedures has been devised for use on the craniofacial skeleton. These surgical steps can be done in a single operation or as a series of multiple operative procedures. Moreover, the needs of some patients may require that only special segments of these procedures be performed. This article presents these operative procedures and describes the feasibility with which they can be performed. Complications and unfavorable outcomes, when they occur, are usually related to unrealistic expectations on the part of the patient. The surgical steps routinely performed are those that contour the forehead, orbits, malar eminence, cheeks, chin, angle of the mandible, and larynx. Three categories of patients are described: the female with a male face; the male with a "forceful look"; and the patient requesting a gender identity change. The psychosocial, psychological, and behavioral problems leading to the decision for surgery will be the basis of final patient selection.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Habal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000885:Anthropology, Physical; D004954:Esthetics; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007062:Identification, Psychological; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012737:Sex Factors; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000379:methods*