title: Pharmacokinetics, outcome of treatment, and toxic effects of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine in neonates.
abstract: To determine the pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine in neonates, we measured serum concentrations at first dose and after 5 days of therapy by high-performance liquid chromatography in 13 neonates (mean birth weight 1.2 +/- 0.8 kg). The dose of amphotericin B was serially increased from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg/day in 10 infants but was decreased from 0.8 to 1.0 to 0.5 mg/kg/day in three infants. Amphotericin B concentrations were not detectable in infants receiving 0.1 mg/kg/day. Amphotericin B cerebrospinal fluid concentrations were 40% to 90% of serum values obtained simultaneously. Serum concentrations after oral administration of 5-fluorocytosine (dose 25 to 100 mg/kg/day) were detectable in all infants. We found extreme interindividual variability for the half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance for both drugs. Four infants had minimal elimination for both drugs between doses, a finding that correlates with rises in serum creatinine (greater than 0.4 mg/dl, 40 mumol/L) and blood urea nitrogen (greater than 10 mg/dl, 3.6 mmol/L). We recommend that the dose of amphotericin B given on the first day of treatment be greater than the usual testing dose of 0.1 mg/kg/day. We also recommend an initial 24-hour dosing interval for amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. Serum drug concentrations may need to be monitored in high-risk, low birth weight infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Baley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kliegman
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Blumer
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy; D005437:Flucytosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight / Q000378:metabolism*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D000666:Amphotericin B; D005437:Flucytosine