title: Adjunctive drug use among opiate addicts.
abstract: In a study of 249 opiate (mainly heroin) addicts special attention was paid to adjunctive drug use. Generally, nicotine (cigarette smoking), alcohol and cannabis preceded the use of heroin, and continued to be used as adjunctive drugs after the establishment of heroin addiction. Nicotine was the most common substance used together with opiates. Alcohol and cannabis were used as adjunctive drugs in about two-thirds of the cases. In the late stages of heroin addiction, benzodiazepines were also used concomitantly with opiates. The most frequently reported reason for the use of adjunctive drugs was to intensify the effect of the opiate. Three-quarters or more of the addicts had used different adjunctive drugs to boost the euphoric feeling derived from the primary drug, i.e. heroin. Attempt at self-treatment of withdrawal symptoms was a less frequently reported reason for adjunctive drug use. The findings show that heroin addiction is the major problem. The use of adjunctive drugs, especially benzodiazepines, can be partly explained on economic grounds. They must be clearly distinguished from the primary drug of abuse, heroin. For policy-making decisions, it is important that the elimination of heroin abuse through effective prevention measures would ultimately wipe out the problem of adjunctive drug use, while reduction of the overall supply of heroin without reduction in actual demand might result in an increasing trend to adjunctive drug use.
authors.affiliation: National Drug Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Navaratnam
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foong
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires