title: The borderline diagnosis in adolescents: symptoms and developmental history.
abstract: Adult criteria for borderline personality disorder distinguished a group of 27 inpatient adolescent girls from 23 nonborderline inpatient female comparison subjects. The two groups were compared on retrospectively assessed variables measuring psychological, familial, and constitutional factors. Variables most likely to predict borderline personality disorder included history of disrupted attachments, maternal neglect, maternal rejection, grossly inappropriate parental behavior, number of mother and father surrogates, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. Families of borderline adolescents were chronically disrupted, particularly during the patients' early childhoods. The traumatic childhood experiences of the borderline adolescents were similar to those of adults with borderline personality disorder in recent studies.
authors.affiliation: University Center for the Child and the Family, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ludolph
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Westen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Misle
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wixom
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Wiss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004243:Divorce; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008426:Maternal Deprivation; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010333:Paternal Deprivation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors