title: Using the CES-D scale to screen for depression and anxiety: effects of language and ethnic status.
abstract: The purpose of this report is to present data on the effects of language (English/Spanish) and ethnic status (white/non-Hispanic or Mexican origin) on the ability of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale to detect cases of clinical depression and generalized anxiety identified using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) in psychiatric treatment settings. The agreement between the CES-D scale and the DIS diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was poor, especially among Mexican-origin patients interviewed in Spanish. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the CES-D scale was positively associated with MDD in all groups. In addition, GAD also was associated with the CES-D scale in Anglos and English-speaking Mexican-Americans but not in Spanish-speaking Mexican-Americans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77225.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Rhoades
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Vernon
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008800:Mexico / Q000208:ethnology; D010556:Personality Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D013781:Texas