title: An ethically justified, clinically comprehensive management strategy for third-trimester pregnancies complicated by fetal anomalies.
abstract: We present an ethically justified, clinically comprehensive management strategy for third-trimester pregnancies complicated by fetal anomalies, based on 72 cases diagnosed at a gestational age of more than 24 weeks. These cases are organized into three categories: A) nonaggressive management and termination of pregnancy offered, three of 72 (4%); B) aggressive and nonaggressive management offered, 18 of 72 (25%); and C) aggressive management recommended, 51 of 72 (71%). We then ethically justify a clinically comprehensive management strategy. First, we describe the disclosure requirements of the informed-consent process. Second, we provide an ethical justification for the physician's recommendations among management alternatives. The justification for such recommendations is based on a continuum of beneficence-based obligations to the fetus that is developed in terms of a classification scheme of fetal anomalies, based on the degree of probability of antenatal diagnosis and degree of probability of outcome. When there are no beneficence-based obligations to the fetus, the physician should recommend only termination of pregnancy or nonaggressive management. When there are minimal beneficence-based obligations to the fetus, only aggressive or nonaggressive management should be recommended. Finally, when there are more than minimal beneficence-based obligations to the fetus, only aggressive management should be recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Hospital, Cornell University Medical Center, New York.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Chervenak
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: McCullough
mesh_terms: D000025:Abortion, Eugenic; D000028:Abortion, Induced; D026686:Beneficence; D001927:Brain Diseases; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis; D030881:Disclosure; D026689:Ethical Analysis; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D028681:Moral Obligations; D018579:Patient Selection; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D037841:Pregnant People; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D028761:Withholding Treatment