title: Surface electromyographic electrode pair with built-in buffer-amplifiers.
abstract: By means of a surface electrode with an operational amplifier, a new electrode unit suitable for an electromyographic-biofeedback apparatus and for portable electromyography used outside a Faraday cage was developed. The operational amplifier, which has an output impedance lower than 10 ohms, functions as an efficient buffer amplifier and is able to protect the EMG signals from background noises. This new electrode unit is small (32 x 12 x 5 mm), waterproof, and inexpensive. Because its structure is simple, it can be built in any laboratory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Iwate Medical University, School of Dentistry, Morioka, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
mesh_terms: D000669:Amplifiers, Electronic; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects