title: Learned helplessness in systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis using the Rheumatology Attitudes Index.
abstract: The Rheumatology Attitudes Index (RAI) was administered to 138 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to determine its reliability and to examine the construct of learned helplessness in patients with this disease. The internal consistency of the RAI was indicated by Cronbach's standardized alpha value (alpha = 0.70). Significant correlations were observed between RAI scores and the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire Activities of Daily Living difficulty (r = 0.34, P less than or equal to 0.001) and dissatisfaction (r = 0.32, P less than or equal to 0.001) scores, the 10-cm visual analog pain scale (r = 0.42, P less than or equal to 0.001), and the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale raw total (r = 0.63, P less than or equal to 0.01). These findings support the external validity of the RAI in SLE. In addition, these data suggest that the learned helplessness construct might be relevant to the outcomes of morbidity and mortality in patients with SLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Engle
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Callahan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pincus
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hochberg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires