Counterclockwise exit of cardiac pacemaker leads: sign of pulse-generator flip.
Clockwise exit of pacing leads from transvenous cardiac pacemakers is generally essential for proper function. The authors report a case in which counterclockwise exit of the pacing leads signified a 180 degree flip of the pulse generator. Three types of pacing system malfunction can result from pacemaker flip.
Karis
J P
JP
Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.
Ravin
C E
CE
D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D012804:Sick Sinus Syndrome / Q000628:therapy