Smoking and consistently high use of medical care among older HMO members.
Smoking behavior of consistently high and low users of medical care services were compared in two groups of older health maintenance organization (HMO) members continuously enrolled for five years and a subgroup who were continuously enrolled for 10 years. Smokers and former smokers, combined, were more likely than never-smokers to be consistently high users of ambulatory services (52 percent vs 34 percent in the five-year group, and 45 percent vs 30 percent in the 10-year group).
Freeborn
D K
DK
Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente, Portland, OR 97215.
Mullooly
J P
JP
Pope
C R
CR
McFarland
B H
BH
D000368:Aged; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015205:Northwestern United States; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors