title: Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on cerebral oxygen delivery and consumption during open-chest CPR.
abstract: The effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on cerebral oxygen delivery and consumption after five minutes of cardiopulmonary arrest and three minutes of open-chest cardiac massage was studied in 21 pigs. Norepinephrine, like epinephrine, has a marked alpha- and beta 1-sympathomimetic activity, but compared with epinephrine, the degree of beta 2-stimulation is weak. Epinephrine probably stimulates cerebral oxygen and glucose consumption by its beta 2-adrenergic effect. After three minutes of CPR, three groups of seven animals each blindly received either placebo (control group), 45 micrograms/kg epinephrine, or 45 micrograms/kg norepinephrine. During CPR but before drug administration, cerebral blood flow was 23 +/- 14 mL/min/100 g in the control group, 30 +/- 7 mL/min/100 g in the epinephrine group, and 30 +/- 11 mL/min/100 g in the norepinephrine group. At 90 seconds after epinephrine, cerebral blood flow increased to 54 +/- 14 mL/min/100 g and after norepinephrine, to 58 +/- 22 mL/min/100 g (P less than .05). Cerebral perfusion pressure for both drugs was significantly higher than the control group. Compared with mechanical measures alone, cerebral oxygen delivery rose from 4.3 +/- 1.2 to 7.4 +/- 1.7 mL/min/100 g after epinephrine and from 3.7 +/- 1.4 to 7.3 +/- 2.7 mL/min/100 g after norepinephrine (P less than .05). There was no increase in cerebral oxygen consumption after both catecholamines, and cerebral oxygen extraction ratio decreased. Cerebral glucose delivery increased in relation to glucose consumption, and extraction ratio did not change significantly after both catecholamines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Universitaetsklinik fuer Anaesthesiologie, Klinikum der Universitaet Ulm, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Ahnefeld
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Pfenninger
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schuermann
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Bowdler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006336:Heart Massage; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects*; D011897:Random Allocation; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013552:Swine; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005947:Glucose; D010100:Oxygen; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine