title: Long-term response to artificial selection with multiple alleles--study by simulations.
abstract: The effect of multiple alleles on long-term response to selection is examined by simulations using a pseudosampling technique to simulate the multidimensional diffusion process. The effects of alleles are independently drawn from a normal distribution and the initial frequencies of alleles are assumed either to be equal or to be drawn from a neutral equilibrium population. With these two initial gene frequency distributions we examined various properties of the selection response process for the effects of number of alleles and selection intensity. For neutral initial frequencies the effects of multiple alleles compared with two alleles are minor on the ratio of final to initial response (E(R infinity/E(R1)) and the half life of response (t0.5), but are significant on the variance of response. Under certain conditions the variance of the selection limit can even increase as selection gets stronger. For equal initial frequencies the effects of multiple alleles are, however, minor on the ratio of the variance of the selection limit to the initial genetic variance, but E(R infinity/E(R1) and t0.5 increase as the number of alleles increases. The results show that for certain statistics the effects of multiple alleles can be minimized by an appropriate transformation of parameters for given initial gene frequencies, but the effects cannot, in general, be removed by any single transformation or reparameterization of parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-8203.
authors.forename: Z B
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Cockerham
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D005810:Multigene Family; D009154:Mutation; D012641:Selection, Genetic