title: Plasmodium chabaudi: in vivo effects of Ca2+ antagonists on chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive parasites.
abstract: The effects of Ca2+ antagonists, verapamil, nicardipine, and diltiazem, on susceptibility to chloroquine were examined in mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant lines of Plasmodium chabaudi. In mice that received no chloroquine, daily injections of 50 mg/kg of verapamil, nicardipine, or diltiazem did not affect the growth of both sensitive and resistant parasites. When mice were injected daily with verapamil plus 2 to 3 mg/kg chloroquine, the chloroquine-sensitive parasite became more susceptible to chloroquine than the parasite in mice given chloroquine alone. On the other hand, in mice infected with chloroquine-resistant parasites, verapamil severely suppressed the growth of the parasite when accompanied by daily injections of 2 to 3 mg/kg of chloroquine, at which doses resistant parasites grew steadily in the absence of verapamil, indicating reversal of chloroquine resistance. This reversal was dose-dependent between 5 and 50 mg/kg of verapamil. Daily injections of nicardipine or diltiazem at 50 mg/kg also reversed resistance to chloroquine in resistant parasites. These results indicate that Ca2+ antagonists increase the susceptibility to chloroquine in a sensitive line of P. chabaudi and reverse chloroquine resistance in a resistant line.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biology, Osaka Institute of Technology, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Izumo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009529:Nicardipine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002738:Chloroquine; D014700:Verapamil; D009529:Nicardipine; D004110:Diltiazem