title: Experimental frostbite: freezing times, rewarming times, and lowest temperatures of pig skin exposed to chilled air.
abstract: Frostbite was produced in the skin of five Hanford Miniature Swine by exposing local areas to chilled air (-75 degrees C) for 1, 3, 5, 10, or 20 min. A copper-constantan thermocouple was inserted into the dermis to measure the temperature. The mean freezing time (the time required to reach 0 degrees C) was approximately 1.9 min. The mean lowest temperatures were 8.8, -15.7, -20.9, -22.5, and -23.4 degrees C for the 1-, 3-, 5-, 10-, and 20-min freezes, respectively. The mean times to rewarm the skin to 25 degrees C were 3.1, 4.5, 5.5, 7.0, and 8.6 min for the 1-, 3-, 5-, 10-, and 20-min freezes, respectively. Significant linear correlations existed between duration of freeze and rewarming times, duration of freeze and lowest temperature, and lowest temperature and rewarming times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schoning
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hamlet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005627:Frostbite / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors