title: Urine flow rates in male and female urodynamic patients compared with the Liverpool nomograms.
abstract: The Liverpool male and female nomograms provide normal reference ranges for the maximum and average urine flow rates over a wide range of voided volumes. A known urine flow rate, in combination with the respective voided volume (and in men the age), can be converted into an equivalent centile ranking, using the equation for the relevant nomogram. Centile rankings allow the urine flow rates of specific male and female populations to be compared. The maximum and average urine flow rates of urodynamic patients (504 consecutive male and 168 consecutive female) were converted into centile rankings. These centile rankings were then compared with the respective urodynamic diagnoses. The median centile rankings for their maximum and average urine flow rates were 21 and 11 (male) respectively and 31 and 18 (female) (vs 50 for the normal populations). The low urine flow rates applied to all diagnostic groups, including those symptomatic men and women who were found to be urodynamically normal. Low urine flow rates may be one of a number of subtle manifestations of urological disease in these patients. Men with obstruction and women with voiding difficulties had the lowest urine flow rates. The 25th centile (men) and the 10th centile (women) appeared to be most appropriate lower limits of normality for both urine flow rates to identify those men more likely to be obstructed and those women at higher risk of voiding difficulties. Men and women with detrusor instability had the highest urine flow rates. Detrusor instability was present in 71% of men with centile rankings for the maximum urine flow rate over 50; 50% of women whose maximum urine flow rate centiles were over 90 had detrusor instability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool.
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Haylen
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Parys
authors.forename: W I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Anyaegbunam
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ashby
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000503:physiopathology; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology*