title: Evaluation of infection and treatment methods in immunization of improved cattle against theileriosis in an endemic area of Kenya.
abstract: Five experiments were carried out to determine the efficacy of immunization against theileriosis in an endemic area of Kenya using artificial infection with a mixture of stabilates of Theileria parva stock or natural infection and treatment with parvaquone or several formulations of oxytetracyclines. For the first four experiments, introduced, susceptible Sahiwal/Friesian crosses were used and in the fifth, calves of Boran/Maasai zebu crosses born on the site. Cattle were infected either artificially with sporozoite stabilates of local isolates of T. parva parva derived from cattle and T. parva lawrencei derived from African buffalo or exposed to natural tick challenge on the ranch mostly derived from buffalo. The cattle were then given various treatment regimens using either parvaquone or long- and short-acting formulations of oxytetracycline. Treatment of natural infections, although it can be effective, was not considered a practical method on a large scale because of the need for intensive monitoring in the case of parvaquone treatment and the possibility of cattle not becoming infected in the case of prolonged application of long-acting formulations of oxytetracycline. Both methods were relatively expensive. Artificial infection treatment proved more practical and methods were developed where the monitoring of cattle was not required during the immunization procedure. Out of a total of 16 drug regimens investigated, one (consisting of two treatments of a short-acting formulation of oxytetracycline at 10 mg kg-1 body weight on Days 0 and 3 or 4 after infection) was found to be the most efficacious and the cheapest, and has now been used on a routine basis. This method can be used successfully on calves greater than 1 month of age.
authors.affiliation: Protozoology Division National Veterinary Research Centre, Muguga, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kikuyu.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Leitch
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mbogo
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Ndungu
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Grootenhuis
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: De Castro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002417:Cattle; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007114:Immunization / Q000662:veterinary*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000662:veterinary; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010118:Oxytetracycline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013801:Theileriasis / Q000209:etiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D009285:Naphthoquinones; C028032:parvaquone; D010118:Oxytetracycline