title: Potassium channel blockers and the effects of cromakalim on the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig bladder.
abstract: 1. The K+ channel blocking drugs tetraethylammonium Cl (TEA), procaine, 4-aminopyridine (4AP) and quinidine all produced concentration-dependent contractions of strips of smooth muscle from the guinea-pig urinary bladder. Apamin and glibenclamide caused little increase in the mechanical activity, and tolbutamide inhibited it. 2. TEA, procaine, 4AP, quinidine and apamin all increased the frequencies of spontaneous action potentials recorded with microelectrodes. TEA, quinidine and procaine all caused prolongation of the falling phase of the spike, and procaine and apamin completely abolished the after-hyperpolarization. 3. TEA and procaine increased K+ efflux from the tissue, an effect blocked by nifedipine. TEA and apamin increased, whereas quinidine, procaine and 4AP decreased K+ uptake. 4. Cromakalim caused a concentration-dependent hyperpolarization of the membrane, abolished spike activity, increased K+ fluxes and relaxed the smooth muscle. The relaxant effect of cromakalim was unaffected by apamin, and in its presence the effects of cromakalim on membrane potential and K+ fluxes were unchanged. Procaine abolished all the effects of cromakalim, and TEA at high concentrations reduced but did not abolish these effects. Quinidine reduced the effects of cromakalim on tension and membrane potential, but its actions were surmounted by higher concentrations of cromakalim. The effects of 4AP on tension and membrane properties were transitory, but it had some effects on the actions of cromakalim. Glibenclamide and tolbutamide reversed the relaxant effects of submaximal cromakalim concentrations, tolbutamide only transiently. 5. It is concluded that the channels opened by cromakalim are not those involved in generating the spike after-hyperpolarization. They have properties similar to the delayed rectifier K+ channels responsible for spike repolarization, and also are similar to the ATP-dependent K channels in vascular smooth muscle.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Brading
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Parekh
mesh_terms: D015761:4-Aminopyridine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001030:Apamin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019806:Cromakalim; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects*; D011197:Potassium Radioisotopes; D011343:Procaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011802:Quinidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013757:Tetraethylammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D015221:Potassium Channels; D011197:Potassium Radioisotopes; D011758:Pyrroles; D013757:Tetraethylammonium Compounds; D019806:Cromakalim; D001030:Apamin; D011343:Procaine; D015761:4-Aminopyridine; D011802:Quinidine