title: The kinetics of rugby union scrummaging.
abstract: Two rugby union forward packs of differing ability levels were examined during scrummaging against an instrumented scrum machine. By systematically moving the front-row of the scrum along the scrum machine, kinetic data on each front-row forward could be obtained under all test conditions. Each forward pack was tested under the following scrummaging combinations: front-row only; front-row plus second-row; full scrum minus side-row, and full scrum. Data obtained from each scrum included the three orthogonal components of force at engagement and the sustained force applied by each front-row player. An estimate of sub-unit contributions was made by subtracting the total forward force on all three front-row players from the total for the complete scrum. Results indicated the primary role of the second-row appeared to be application of forward force. The back-row ('number eight') forward did not substantially contribute any additional forward force, and added only slightly to the lateral and vertical shear force experienced by the front-row. The side-row contributed an additional 20-27% to the forward force, but at the expense of increased vertical forces on all front-row forwards. Results of this investigation are discussed in relation to rule modification, rule interpretation and coaching.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Movement Science, University of Wollongong, Australia.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Milburn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004526:Efficiency / Q000502:physiology*; D005538:Football; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D013178:Sports Medicine