title: A case-control study of maternal smoking and congenital malformations.
abstract: We conducted a population-based case-control study to assess the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital malformation. Cases were all singleton livebirths with a congenital malformation recorded on the 1984-1986 Washington State Birth Records (n = 3284). The smoking histories of these mothers were compared to a randomly selected group of mothers with a singleton livebirth of a child without a malformation during these same years (n = 4500). When all malformations were taken as a group, there was no association with maternal smoking (relative risk (RR) = 1.0, 95% CI 0.9-1.1). However, increased risks were observed for a number of specific malformations, including microcephalus (RR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-4.0), cleft defects (RR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-2.0), and club foot (RR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-2.0). We did not find any association with Down's syndrome (RR = 0.8 95% CI 0.5-1.3) or any other malformation. We conclude that maternal smoking during pregnancy may be associated with an increased risk for some malformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Van den Eeden
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Karagas
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Daling
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Vaughan
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000209:etiology; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014861:Washington