title: Neuro-ophthalmological evaluation of patients with myelomeningocele and Chiari malformations.
abstract: Twenty-eight patients (14 females and 14 males aged between four and 34 years) with myelomeningocele and Chiari malformations were examined neuro-ophthalmologically. All patients had been under proper neurosurgical care and no reduction of visual function was found that could be related to optic atrophy or other changes in the visual pathways. However, ocular motility disorders, including strabismus, were common, although no case of down-beat nystagmus was observed. Manifest strabismus was found in 11 patients. Esotropia with or without A-pattern was seen in nine patients. Spontaneous or gaze-related nystagmus and abnormal optokinetic nystagmus represented the most common disturbances of ocular motility. Abnormalities of horizontal eye-movements were more common than those of vertical eye-movements. Strabismus of the manifest type was combined with other ocular motility disturbances in most cases.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institute, Hiddinge University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lennerstrand
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003290:Convergence, Ocular; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications*; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology*; D009886:Ophthalmoplegia / Q000209:etiology*; D011698:Pursuit, Smooth; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000209:etiology; D012438:Saccades; D013285:Strabismus / Q000209:etiology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology*