title: Flow analysis in the pulmonary trunc in fetuses with tetralogy of Fallot by colour Doppler flow mapping; two case reports.
abstract: Prenatal diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot by two-dimensional echocardiography, which is based on demonstration of a ventricular septal defect and a large overriding aorta, is difficult. In the majority of cases the main pulmonary artery is small. In utero, there is no pathologically increased degree of the physiological right-ventricular hypertrophy. Colour Doppler flow mapping of reverse flow from the descending aorta via the ductus arteriosus into the main pulmonary artery is easily demonstrated, and provides an indirect sign of severe right-ventricular outlet obstruction. The technique also differentiates between pulmonary stenosis and atresia; the stenotic jet, even small, is identified by demonstration of high velocities and turbulences in the main pulmonary artery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Therapy, University of Bonn, F.R.G.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gembruch
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Weinraub
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bald
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Redel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Knöpfle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hansmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004452:Echocardiography; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000175:diagnosis*