title: Enhancing effect of pyrrolidone derivatives on transdermal penetration of phenolsulfonphthalein and indomethacin from aqueous vehicle.
abstract: We investigated the enhancing effect of three alkyl-2-pyrrolidones on transdermal penetration of phenolsulfonphthalein (phenol red) and indomethacin from an aqueous vehicle by using an in vitro technique with excised rat skin. The enhancers included 1-methyl- (I), 1-hexyl- (II) and 1-lauryl-2-pyrrolidone (III). These derivatives effectively enhanced the penetration and skin accumulation of phenol red and indomethacin. Lipophilic enhancers such as II and III showed particularly high enhancing effects. The penetration profiles of phenol red and indomethacin showed a lag phase followed by a linear increase. Compounds II and III showed long lag times. The enhancer penetration was also determined. Compounds I and II showed a slight penetration. Compound III showed little penetration but high skin accumulation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D010635:Phenolphthaleins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010637:Phenolsulfonphthalein / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D010635:Phenolphthaleins; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D010637:Phenolsulfonphthalein; D007213:Indomethacin