title: Functional evaluation of sacral nerve root integrity. Report of a technique.
abstract: We report our technique of direct stimulation of the sacral roots governing voiding by which the functional and anatomic integrity of these nerve roots can be assessed in patients with voiding dysfunction. The muscular responses to stimulation of each sacral root are described, as are the landmarks and approach used to achieve stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Senn
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tanagho
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009132:Muscles / Q000294:innervation; D010388:Pelvis / Q000294:innervation; D010502:Perineum / Q000294:innervation; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D012445:Sacrococcygeal Region; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*