title: Transforming growth factor-alpha messenger RNA localization in the developing adult rat and human mammary gland by in situ hybridization.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) has been implicated in the autocrine growth control of a number of different rodent and human tumor cells, including breast cancer cells. Although TGF alpha has been detected in a limited number of normal tissues, its distribution and physiological function in the mammary gland are relatively unknown. TGF alpha mRNA expression was detected by in situ hybridization with a labeled TGF alpha antisense RNA probe and quantitated by application of computer-assisted digital image processing in both the ductal and alveolar epithelial cells in the virgin rat and nulliparous and parous human mammary glands. During pregnancy and lactation, the level of TGF alpha mRNA expression in the ductal and alveolar epithelial cells increased two- to threefold, while a heterogeneous yet strong expression of TGF alpha mRNA could also be detected in approximately 10-15% of the surrounding stromal cells in the pregnant mammary gland.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Liscia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Merlo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ciardiello
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Callahan
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Salomon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D011247:Pregnancy; D015347:RNA Probes; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D015347:RNA Probes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors