title: Three or more rib fractures as an indicator for transfer to a Level I trauma center: a population-based study.
abstract: The presence of major chest wall injury is an indication for transfer to a Level I trauma center. We hypothesized that the presence of three or more rib fractures on initial chest X-ray would identify a small subgroup of patients with a high probability of requiring trauma center care. All trauma discharges in Maryland between 1984 and 1986 (N = 105,683) were reviewed. Patients were divided by the presence of rib fractures (no rib fractures, 1-2 fractures, 3+ fractures) and age in years (0-13, 14-64, 65+).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of three or more rib fractures in the pediatric age group was rare and precluded further evaluation. When comparing patients with 1-2 rib fractures versus 3 or more rib fractures, significant differences were found in mortality, mean Injury Severity Score, mean hospital stay and mean number of ICU days (p less than 0.001). The significant differences occurred in all age groups 14 years old and older. The presence of three or more rib fractures increased the relative risk of splenic injury (6.2) and liver injury (3.6) but did not predict the presence of aortic injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of 3 or more rib fractures identifies a small subgroup of patients (2.4%) likely to require tertiary care. This triage tool is useful in all patients over the age of 14 years.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma, Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-3755.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005409:Flail Chest / Q000628:therapy; D006491:Hemothorax / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007902:Length of Stay; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries; D008875:Middle Aged; D012253:Rib Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012306:Risk; D013154:Spleen / Q000293:injuries; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*