title: The influence of early and recent life stress on severity of depression.
abstract: The influence of life stressors arising in different life stages on the severity of depression was examined in a sample of 123 depressive women, ranging from 22 to 64 years of age. In an interview, information was obtained on the incidence of certain life stressors in early and recent periods. The severity of depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory. The results indicate that experience of physical or sexual abuse before the age of 19 is strongly associated with severity of depression. Also, most women suffering from severe depression had previous and recent difficulties in their relationships with parents, partner or others and recent problems with self-esteem. A hypothetical model for predicting the severity of depression was evaluated. Difficulties experienced one year prior to assessment appeared to directly predict severity of depression. Difficulties with social relationships whose origin could be traced back to early periods and that had a continuing effect throughout life were found to be crucial factors for indirectly predicting the severity of depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Health and Personality Psychology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garnefski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Egmond
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Straatman
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010553:Personality Development; D010556:Personality Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012984:Software; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology