title: Cloning and analysis of the 5' region of the rat bone/liver/kidney/placenta alkaline phosphatase gene. A dual-function promoter.
abstract: The rat bone/liver/kidney/placenta (BLKP) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) gene is expressed at high level in these particular tissues and at low levels in many other tissues. To study the mechanisms underlying the complex regulation of the rat BLKP ALP expression, we isolated a genomic clone, containing a 10.5-kb insert, which includes the promoter of the BLKP ALP gene with 2 kb of 5' flanking region, its first exon (84bp), and over 7 kb of the first intron. The promoter of the rat BLKP ALP displays features of a "housekeeping" gene promoter: an atypical TATA-box (TTCATAA); 3 potential Spl binding sites; high GC content (82% in positions-134 to -14); and a high CpG to GpC ratio (60:89 in the 0.85 kb promoter region), indicating an abundance of potential methylation sites. Likewise, transient transfection of CAT fusion genes into ROS 17/2.8 osteoblast-like cells reveals weak expression from the promoter and proximal 5' flanking sequences, which can be elevated by an SV40E enhancer. The homologous human bone/liver/kidney (BLK) ALP promoter, which demonstrates a similar combination of tissue-specific and housekeeping characteristics, shares close similarity (184 bp of 79% similarity excluding gaps) with the rat BLKP ALP promoter. The human placental ALP is encoded by a separate gene and its promoter, on the other hand lacks significant similarity to the rat BLKP ALP promoter despite their common expression in the placenta. This lack of similarity appears to reflect the close evolutionary relationship of the human placental ALP gene to the intestinal ALP gene. Significant sequence similarity was found between the rat and human BLK/BLKP ALP promoters and the human and mouse adenine deaminase promoters, and together they may represent a class of dual-function promoters, allowing both constitutive low-level, and tissue-specific higher levels of expression. A pentanucleotide with the consensus sequence 5'-GGCTC-3' is present in these promoters and in the promoters for the human fibronectin and the human alpha 1(II) procollagen genes in the region of maximal similarity with the rat BLKP ALP promoter, and in the vicinity of the Sp1-binding sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostructure, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zernik
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thiede
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Twarog
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stover
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Rodan
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Upholt
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology*; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010920:Placenta / Q000201:enzymology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase