title: Passive warming of airway gases (artificial nose) improves accuracy of esophageal temperature monitoring.
abstract: The most efficient site for monitoring heart and lung sounds by esophageal stethoscope is not the warmest segment of the esophagus. This study investigated the ability of passive warming of airway gases to increase the accuracy of temperatures measured at this site (i.e., to decrease their difference from core temperature). In 15 adult patients undergoing general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation, esophageal temperatures were measured before and after use of a heat and moisture exchanger (an artificial nose) that passively warmed inspired gases. The resulting values were compared with nasopharyngeal temperatures, which represented core temperature. Before use of the heat and moisture exchanger, esophageal and nasopharyngeal temperatures differed significantly (mean difference +/- SD, 0.9 +/- 0.4 degrees C; P less than or equal to 0.001). After passive warming of inspired gases, esophageal temperatures increased significantly (mean increase +/- SD, 0.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C; P less than or equal to 0.001) but inconsistently (range, 0.1 to 1.2 degrees C). However, the mean difference between esophageal and nasopharyngeal temperatures was still significant (0.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C; P less than 0.001). Discrepancies between esophageal and core temperatures persist when a currently available esophageal stethoscope with adjacent auscultation chamber and temperature probe is used, despite passive warming of airway gases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610-0254.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gravenstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000502:physiology*; D006326:Heart Auscultation / Q000295:instrumentation; D006361:Heating; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000502:physiology*; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000502:physiology