title: Dietary intakes of some essential and non-essential trace elements, nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosamines, by Dutch adults: estimated via a 24-hour duplicate portion study.
abstract: Duplicate portions of 24-hour diets of 110 adults have been analyzed for aluminium, cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, zinc, nitrate, nitrite and volatile N-nitrosamines. The mean daily intake of copper (1.2 mg) is only about 50% of recommended values; mean daily intakes for manganese (3.3 mg) and zinc (8.4 mg) are adequate and marginal respectively with respect to recommended amounts. For the non-essential elements Al, Cd, Hg and Pb, mean daily intakes of 3.1 mg, 0.01 mg, 0.002 mg and 0.034 mg were found, respectively. For Cd this amounts to 17% of the acceptable daily amount, for Al, Hg and Pb 5%, 5% and 8%, respectively. Since 1976-1978 the dietary intake of lead has been reduced by a factor three; for the other six elements daily dietary intakes are almost the same as in 1976-1978. Average nitrate intake was 52 mg NO3-/day, about 25% of the ADI. Only 16 diets contained a measurable amount of nitrite. The highest daily intake (0.7 mg NO2-) is less than 10% of the ADI. Volatile N-nitrosamines were detectable in two duplicate diets (NDMA and NPIP). It is estimated that the daily dietary intake of volatile N-nitrosamines is around 0.1 microgram or less.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ellen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Egmond
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Van Loon
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Sahertian
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tolsma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000535:Aluminum / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D002104:Cadmium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D003300:Copper / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D008345:Manganese / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D008628:Mercury / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D009602:Nitrosamines; D014131:Trace Elements; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D000535:Aluminum; D008628:Mercury; D015032:Zinc