title: Screening for carcinoma of the prostate by digital rectal examination in a randomly selected population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the acceptability, costs, psychosocial consequences, and organisation of screening for carcinoma of the prostate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomly selected population was personally invited for digital rectal examination by a urologist and a general practitioner. Further examinations were performed if induration was felt. Each man completed a questionnaire on his response to the examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  General practices in the area of Norrköping.
  
  
  METHODS
  1494 Men aged 50-69 randomly selected from a population of 9026.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prostates having a firm nodular consistency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carcinoma of the prostate was suspected in 45 of 1163 patients examined; in 10 by the general practitioners, in 10 by the urologists, and in 25 by both. Forty four men had a fine needle aspiration biopsy, and carcinomas were found in 13 cases. Of these, one had been suspected by the general practitioner, four by urologists, and eight by both. The cost for each man was 11.60 pounds, and the cost for each case of carcinoma detected and treated by potentially curative methods was 2477 pounds. Of the 13 men with carcinoma, 10 underwent radical prostatectomy and one radiotherapy. One man had advanced disease and was given endocrine treatment, another was not treated. Only 193 men felt distress during the initial examination. Of the 44 men who had an aspiration biopsy, 25 experienced anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening for carcinoma of the prostate by a urologist or a general practitioner using digital rectal examination is a cost effective method of early diagnosis. Whether such screening leads to prolonged survival, however, remains doubtful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Varenhorst
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Löfman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berglund
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010173:Palpation; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012007:Rectum