title: Risk factors for the development of stress fractures during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis.
abstract: We attempted to identify risk factors for the development of lower limb stress fractures during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis (OP). We compared 18 patients who developed 41 such fractures (26 periarticular, 6 femoral neck, 5 long bone shaft, 1 greater trochanter and 3 pubic rami fractures) during fluoride therapy, with 24 similarly treated patients who did not develop stress fractures. Treatment consisted of sodium fluoride 0.99 mg/kg per day, elemental calcium 1 g/day, and vitamin D. We obtained a previous fracture history, annual radiographs of the spine (fractures), hands (metacarpal cortical index, MCI) and pelvis (Singh index, femoral cortical index), three-monthly serum fluoride and alkaline phosphatase levels, and pretreatment transiliac bone biopsies (routine histomorphometry). The stress fracture group was found to have, before treatment: lower MCI (p less than 0.05), lower trabecular bone volume (p less than 0.05), a lower number of trabeculae (p less than 0.05), greater trabecular separation (p less than 0.05), less extensive eroded surfaces (p less than 0.05), a lower double/single tetracycline label ratio (p less than 0.05); and during treatment: more new spinal fractures (p less than 0.05) and higher serum alkaline phosphatase levels (p less than 0.01). We conclude that stress fracture patients had more severe trabecular and cortical OP and possibly a poorer bone-forming capacity before therapy than patients without stress fractures. We suspect that fluoride therapy may temporarily further weaken bone and so lead to stress fractures in severely osteoporotic patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Mineral Metabolism Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schnitzler
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mesquita
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gear
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Smyth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D003404:Creatinine; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase