title: Major vascular complications of orthognathic surgery: hemorrhage associated with Le Fort I osteotomies.
abstract: Major intraoperative or postoperative bleeding associated with Le Fort I osteotomies can be venous and/or arterial in nature. Arterial hemorrhage generally involves the maxillary artery and its terminal branches. Arterial hemorrhage tends to be more persistent and can be recurrent, which makes it more difficult to manage. Postoperative bleeding following Le Fort I osteotomies generally presents as epistaxis and usually occurs initially within the first 2 weeks following surgery. Treatment modalities that have been used to successfully arrest postoperative hemorrhage include anterior and/or posterior nasal packing; packing of the maxillary antrum; reoperating with clipping or electrocoagulation of bleeding vessels, or the use of topical hemostatic agents in the pterygomaxillary region; external carotid artery ligation; and selective embolization of the maxillary artery and its terminal branches.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Lanigan
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hey
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D008438:Maxillary Artery / Q000293:injuries*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009656:North America; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010159:Palate / Q000098:blood supply; D012008:Recurrence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires