title: Accuracy of weighed dietary records in studies of diet and health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an independent evaluation of seven day weighed dietary records, which are currently accepted as the most accurate technique for assessing habitual dietary intake in studies investigating the links between diet and health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects who had previously participated in the Northern Ireland diet and health study were reselected by stratified random sampling to represent the range of energy intakes in the study as assessed by the seven day weighed dietary record.
  
  
  METHODS
  Northern Ireland.
  
  
  METHODS
  31 Free living adults (16 men and 15 women).
  
  
  METHODS
  Energy intake as measured by the seven day weighed dietary record and total energy expenditure estimated concurrently by the doubly labelled water technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average recorded energy intakes were significantly lower than measured expenditure in the group overall (9.66 MJ/day v 12.15 MJ/day, 95% confidence interval 1.45 to 3.53 MJ/day). Among those in the upper third of energy intakes the mean (SE) ratio of intake to expenditure was close to 1.0, indicating accurate records (men 1.01 (0.11), women 0.96 (0.08]. In the middle and lower thirds the ratios for men were only 0.74 (0.05) and 0.70 (0.07) respectively and for women 0.89 (0.07) and 0.61 (0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show a serious bias in reporting habitual energy intake. If substantiated they may have wide implications for the interpretation of many nutritional studies.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences Research Centre, University of Ulster, Antrim.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Livingstone
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Prentice
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Strain
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Coward
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Whitehead
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged