Spinal opioids in the management of acute and postoperative pain.
The use of spinal opioids in the management of acute pain is now widely accepted. The development of acute pain services has provided standardized approaches to the management of this modality. This article discusses technical considerations, monitoring, and benefits of this approach.
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D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
D009294:Narcotics