title: Oral premedication in children: a comparison of chloral hydrate, diazepam, alprazolam, midazolam and placebo for day surgery.
abstract: A double-blind study consisting of 339 randomly selected children investigated the effects of several premedicants on the preoperative and postoperative behaviour of children who underwent day-stay surgery. Patients were allocated into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 165 children aged between 6 and 47 months. Group 2 consisted of 174 children aged four years and older to a body weight of 50 kg. Each child received one premedicant. Both groups included alprazolam 0.005 mg/kg, midazolam 0.3 mg/kg and placebo. In addition Group 1 included chloral hydrate 40 mg/kg and Group 2 diazepam 0.25 mg/kg. Chloral hydrate produced superior conditions (more patients calm or asleep) at induction of anaesthesia. Postoperative behaviour and incidence of vomiting were similar for all drugs. No premedicant reduced anxiety in the older group. The time to awaken postoperatively with diazepam was longer than with placebo. Alprazolam and midazolam were unpalatable for children over four years and conferred no advantage over placebo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Exarchos
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000525:Alprazolam / Q000494:pharmacology; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D001290:Attitude; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002697:Chloral Hydrate / Q000494:pharmacology; D003975:Diazepam / Q000494:pharmacology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology; D010919:Placebos; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D011897:Random Allocation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D002697:Chloral Hydrate; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam; D000525:Alprazolam