title: Small-scale field test of the genetically engineered lacZY marker.
abstract: Commercial genetic engineering is advancing into areas that require the small-scale introduction of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) to better quantify variables that affect microorganism distribution and survival and to document potential long-term consequences. A recombinant DNA marker system, the lacZY marker, developed by the Monsanto Agricultural Co., enables the distribution and fate of marked fluorescent pseudomonad organisms to be monitored under actual field conditions. Critical evaluation of GEMs under field conditions is imperative if plant-beneficial effects are to be correlated with organism release. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of this marker system and its ability to facilitate the assessment of risks associated with deliberate environmental introductions of genetically engineered microorganisms. Results of prerelease contained growth chamber and field experiments demonstrated that: (1) the scientific risk assessment methodology adopted by Monsanto and approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was appropriate and comprehensive; (2) the deliberate introduction of a GEM did not pose unacceptable or unforeseen risks to human health or the environment; (3) the lacZY marker is an effective environmental tracking tool; and (4) regulatory oversight should reflect the expected risk and not be excessively burdensome for all GEMs.
authors.affiliation: Office of Risk analysis, Health and Safety Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 37831-6109.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hattemer-Frey
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Travis
mesh_terms: D004274:DNA, Recombinant / Q000032:analysis; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D005819:Genetic Markers; D007763:Lac Operon; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D005819:Genetic Markers