title: Effect of environmental stress on the ascorbic acid requirement of laying hens.
abstract: An experiment with a factorial arrangement of treatment (3 by 2 by 2 by 2) was conducted to determine the effect of ascorbic-acid supplementation (0, 100, and 200 ppm) on the performance of two commercial layer strains housed at a density of either 3 or 4 birds per cage and relative humidities (RH) of 40% or 60%. The hens were subjected to a continuous heat stress of 31.1 degrees C for the 3-mo experimental period. As a comparison with an unstressed control group, an additional group of hens was housed at 23.9 degrees C and 40% RH and was fed the diet without ascorbic-acid supplementation. Mortality was reduced by ascorbic-acid supplementation. Shell weight per unit surface area showed a small increase with the added ascorbic acid. Values (in Haugh units) were increased by ascorbic-acid supplementation at the 200 ppm level and by the lower relative humidity. The higher RH reduced egg production by 4.16% and changed feed efficiency from 2.29 to 2.45 g of feed intake per gram of egg mass. There were differences in blood pH, blood CO2, blood HCO3-, and blood and adrenal ascorbic-acid levels due to the housing temperature. The higher RH produced blood-chemistry changes that were typical of respiratory alkalosis, which has been shown to occur in layers at high temperatures. Higher cage density, on the other hand, showed no change in the HCO3 level; but blood pCO2 was increased while blood pH was decreased. These results demonstrate that ascorbic-acid supplementation can be effective in reducing laying-hen mortality due to environmental stress and has small influences on egg quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Coon
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hamre
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D001831:Body Temperature; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D004435:Eating; D004531:Eggs; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006813:Humidity; D009929:Organ Size; D010058:Oviposition
chemical_list: D001205:Ascorbic Acid