title: Nurses respond to Hurricane Hugo victims' disaster stress.
abstract: Hugo, a class IV hurricane, hit South Carolina September 22, 1989, and left behind a wake of terror and destruction. Sixty-one nursing students and five faculty were involved in disaster relief with families devastated by the hurricane. A review of the literature led these authors to propose a formulation of the concept of disaster stress, a synthesis of theories that explains response to disaster as a crisis response, a stress response, or as posttraumatic stress. With the concept of disaster stress serving as a theoretical foundation, the nurses observed, assessed, and intervened with one population of hurricane Hugo victims, noting their immediate psychosocial reactions and coping mechanisms. Victims' reactions to disaster stress included confusion, irritability, lethargy, withdrawal, and crying. The most frequently observed coping strategy of these hurricane Hugo victims was talking about their experiences; other coping tactics involved humor, religion, and altruism.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weinrich
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hardin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004190:Disasters; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009726:Nurses; D012066:Relief Work; D013022:South Carolina; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing*; D013338:Students, Nursing