title: Supersensitivity to electrical stimulation for assessing physical dependence on opioids in isolated tissues.
abstract: The use of the guinea pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD) to quantify opiate tolerance and physical dependence in the same preparation was examined. In the GPI, tolerance to and physical dependence on various opiates were induced by direct incubation with an agonist and tolerance and abstinence were assessed after its rapid removal by extensive washing. Dependence, as evidenced by an increase in twitch height and after removal of the agonist as compared to that before incubation, provided an index of the degree of physical dependence. The extent of the supersensitive response after agonist removal was noted to be related directly to the agonist concentration and the degree of tolerance development. Furthermore, the supersensitive response was found to be stereospecific, naloxone reversible and preferentially mu receptor-mediated. Likewise, tolerance to opiates could be demonstrated in the MVD by direct incubation with an agonist. Unlike the GPI, rapid removal of the agonist by washing did not produce a supersensitive response to electrical stimulation. However, a supersensitive response was demonstrable in the presence of naloxone. Thus, after a tolerant/dependent state was induced by incubation of the vas with a predetermined dose of [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]enkephalin that completely abolished the twitch response, the subsequent addition of naloxone resulted in a supersensitive response to electrical stimulation that was concentration-dependent. The maximum twitch response in the presence of naloxone, compared to that obtained before incubation with the agonist, provided an index of the extent of dependence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rezvani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Z H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Way
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D009270:Naloxone; D009638:Norepinephrine