title: Dynamic electromyography to assess elbow spasticity.
abstract: Control of elbow motion was evaluated in 45 extremities of adults with spasticity resulting from traumatic brain injury with use of dynamic electromyography. Simultaneous recording of elbow motion was obtained using a double parallelogram goniometer. Thirty-four male and 9 female patients were studied. Mean elbow flexion was 85 degrees and mean extension was 20 degrees. The average time of elbow flexion was 1.8 seconds. Extension time was prolonged to a mean of 4.0 seconds. Dynamic electromyography revealed a consistent pattern of muscle activity. Severe spasticity was noted in the brachioradialis muscle. Moderate spasticity was present in the biceps and only mild spasticity was seen in the brachialis muscle. Normal phasic muscle activity was the rule in the triceps. All patients had active elbow flexion, but the flexor spasticity limited smooth extension. Elbow flexor spasticity, especially of the brachioradialis and biceps muscles, commonly interferes with hand placement. Lengthening of the biceps and brachialis tendons combined with release of the brachioradialis enhances elbow motion and improves hand placement.
authors.affiliation: Adult Brain Injury Service, Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downey, Calif.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications; D004550:Elbow / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009132:Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011187:Posture