title: Graphical analysis of reversible radioligand binding from time-activity measurements applied to [N-11C-methyl]-(-)-cocaine PET studies in human subjects.
abstract: A graphical method of analysis applicable to ligands that bind reversibly to receptors or enzymes requiring the simultaneous measurement of plasma and tissue radioactivities for multiple times after the injection of a radiolabeled tracer is presented. It is shown that there is a time t after which a plot of integral of t0ROI(t')dt'/ROI(t) versus integral of t0Cp(t')dt'/ROI(t) (where ROI and Cp are functions of time describing the variation of tissue radioactivity and plasma radioactivity, respectively) is linear with a slope that corresponds to the steady-state space of the ligand plus the plasma volume,.Vp. For a two-compartment model, the slope is given by lambda + Vp, where lambda is the partition coefficient and the intercept is -1/[kappa 2(1 + Vp/lambda)]. For a three-compartment model, the slope is lambda(1 + Bmax/Kd) + Vp and the intercept is -[1 + Bmax/Kd)/k2 + [koff(1 + Kd/Bmax)]-1) [1 + Vp/lambda(1 + Bmax/Kd)]-1 (where Bmax represents the concentration of ligand binding sites and Kd the equilibrium dissociation constant of the ligand-binding site complex, koff (k4) the ligand-binding site dissociation constant, and k2 is the transfer constant from tissue to plasma). This graphical method provides the ratio Bmax/Kd from the slope for comparison with in vitro measures of the same parameter. It also provides an easy, rapid method for comparison of the reproducibility of repeated measures in a single subject, for longitudinal or drug intervention protocols, or for comparing experimental results between subjects. Although the linearity of this plot holds when ROI/Cp is constant, it can be shown that, for many systems, linearity is effectively reached some time before this. This analysis has been applied to data from [N-methyl-11C]-(-)-cocaine ([11C]cocaine) studies in normal human volunteers and the results are compared to the standard nonlinear least-squares analysis. The calculated value of Bmax/Kd for the high-affinity binding site for cocaine is 0.62 +/- 0.20, in agreement with literature values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Volkow
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schlyer
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: MacGregor
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hitzemann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bendriem
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gatley
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D003042:Cocaine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D016014:Linear Models; D008959:Models, Neurological; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D008024:Ligands; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D003042:Cocaine