title: Evolutionary changes in influenza B are not primarily governed by antibody selection.
abstract: Influenza B viruses evolve more slowly than human influenza A, but no reasons for the difference have been established. We have analyzed sequence changes in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza B viruses (and have determined four hemagglutinin sequences, of B/Bonn/43, B/USSR/100/83, B/Victoria/3/85, and B/Memphis/6/86) in relation to antigenic properties and compared these with similar analyses of variation in influenza A antigens. Independent of the slower rate of change in influenza B antigens, only approximately 30% of nucleotide changes in either the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase gene sequence result in amino acid changes in the protein, whereas in influenza A 50% of nucleotide changes result in altered amino acids. Thus, there is less selection for change, or less tolerance to change, in the influenza B antigens. This is similar to findings with influenza C and findings with influenza A viruses that replicate in lower animals and birds and is closer to the type of variation found in other RNA viruses. We propose that human influenza A is unique in that it is the only virus group in which antibody selection dominates evolutionary change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Air
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Laver
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003429:Cross Reactions; D005814:Genes, Viral; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral