title: Hospital pharmacy services in the Great Lakes region.
abstract: The results of a spring 1987 survey of hospital pharmacy services in seven states of the Great Lakes region are reported. The study group (n = 1087) comprised all hospitals in seven states that employed at least one full-time or part-time pharmacist and that had 50 or more licensed beds. The survey had a 63% response rate (681 usable responses). Seventy percent of the hospitals were small (average daily census, less than 200), 20% were medium sized (200-399), and 11% were large (greater than or equal to 400). Some 33% of the hospitals were affiliated with a college of pharmacy. Pharmacy directors who held an advanced degree (master of science or doctor of pharmacy) were more likely to work in larger hospitals and in those affiliated with educational institutions. The extent of unit dose services differed based on hospital teaching affiliation and pharmacy director's education. Provision of i.v. admixture services differed based on hospital teaching affiliation and pharmacy director's education but not hospital size. Pharmacy preparation of six specialty i.v. products differed according to pharmacy director's education and hospital teaching affiliation; however, pharmacy preparation of only three of the specialty products differed based on hospital size. Larger hospitals that were affiliated with an educational institution were more likely to employ a clinical coordinator, drug information specialist, or clinical pharmacist. Home health-care services involving pharmacists were provided by 26% of the hospitals; the most common programs were antimicrobial therapy and total parenteral nutrition therapy. Pharmacists provided services in ambulatory-care clinics in 24% of the hospitals, with the most common services being patient education, pharmacokinetics consultation, and dosage regimen adjustment. Provision of 10 of 12 inpatient clinical pharmacy services differed based on hospital size and teaching affiliation; 11 of the 12 services differed based on education of the pharmacy director. Workload and pharmacist staffing data for the inpatient clinical pharmacy services varied widely. Eleven of these services were expected to undergo a positive net growth, while one service, provision of admission medication histories, was expected to decline. An extensive survey of hospital pharmacy services in the Great Lakes region showed that the provision and scope of many services were related to hospital size, hospital teaching affiliation, and the education of the pharmacy director.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Raehl
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pitterle
mesh_terms: D004346:Drug Information Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006114:Great Lakes Region; D006276:Health Facility Size / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015274:Interdepartmental Relations; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009935:Organizational Affiliation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D010067:Ownership / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires