title: Influence of automatic dishwashings and scrubbings on release of lead from glazed ceramicware.
abstract: Use of lead glazes on ceramicware and the release of lead from finished glazes are reviewed. Single units of ceramicware with initial lead leach levels from less than 0.1 to 470 micrograms/mL were subjected to multiple automatic dishwashings with intermediate scrubbing of the ware by plastic fiber pads. Ware was periodically leached with 4% acetic acid solution at room temperature for 24 h, and the solutions were analyzed for lead. Release of lead under these conditions is discussed. Results indicated that neither passive leachings nor multiple dishwashings and scrubbings can predict future lead-release characteristics of glazes and decorations.
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, Division of Contaminants Chemistry, Washington, DC 20204.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hight
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Capar
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics / Q000032:analysis*; D003297:Cooking and Eating Utensils; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D007854:Lead