title: Self-reported work-sampling methods for evaluating pharmaceutical services.
abstract: The steps involved in designing a self-reported work-sampling study of pharmacy department operations are described. Traditional methods of work measurement include subjective evaluation, time-and-motion studies, and analysis of departmental statistics and are appropriate when the research question concerns repetitive work and when data about single activities at single points in time are sought. When institution-wide changes are being considered, a more global measurement approach is needed. Work sampling allows a manager to measure indirectly the amount of time spent by employees on work activities during a specified period. Many instantaneous observations are taken randomly or systematically to estimate the proportion of time spent on any activity. Data may be collected by trained observers or may be self-reported; self-reporting facilitates a large number of short-interval observations and allows for the reporting of cognitive activities. In designing a self-reported work-sampling study, the manager must (1) identify the study objective, (2) define the service area and staff to be studied, (3) inform all staff members to be involved, (4) define temporally relevant workload measures, (5) decide how many observations are needed, (6) decide for how long data will be collected, (7) choose between randomized and systematic sampling times, (8) define categories of work representative of staff activities, (9) design data collection forms and communicate procedures, and (10) conduct a pilot study. To interpret the results, an analysis of simple summary statistics may be more appropriate than a sophisticated statistical analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Nickman
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Bair
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D008330:Management Audit; D008722:Methods; D009934:Organization and Administration; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014937:Work