title: Swallowing dysfunction in nephropathic cystinosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nephropathic cystinosis causes renal failure in most patients at approximately 10 years of age. This can be prevented or retarded by cystine-depleting therapy with oral cysteamine. Many patients who do not receive adequate cysteamine therapy undergo renal transplantation, but the accumulation of cystine continues in other organs, resulting in various clinical abnormalities. We report age-related swallowing dysfunction in patients with nephropathic cystinosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 43 patients with cystinosis (24 who had received a renal transplant and 19 who had not), 3 to 31 years of age. Oral motor function was assessed by a cranial-nerve oral sensorimotor examination, and an oral motor index was calculated for each patient. The oral phase of swallowing was assessed by ultrasonography, and the pharyngeal and esophageal phases were evaluated by videofluoroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately half the patients were slow eaters. Oral motor dysfunction, reflected by a higher oral motor index, increased with age. Speech, oral structure and anatomy, and tongue and lip strength were particularly affected. Seven of nine patients 21 to 31 years old had abnormalities in all three phases of swallowing; the deficits were variable in younger patients. In 28 patients with cystinosis, the mean (+/- SD) duration of oropharyngeal swallowing for a dry swallow (3.06 +/- 1.06 seconds) was longer than in 14 normal subjects (1.89 +/- 0.57 seconds; P less than 0.001). This prolongation reflected impairment of the initiation phase of swallowing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Swallowing dysfunction is a late complication of nephropathic cystinosis, probably related to muscular dysfunction. Changes in the consistency of foods, swallowing exercises, and long-term cysteamine therapy should be considered for patients with cystinosis who have difficulty in swallowing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Sonies
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kaler
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Markello
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Gahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003543:Cysteamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003554:Cystinosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003679:Deglutition; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D003543:Cysteamine