Attention deficit disorder in children at risk for anxiety and depression.
The comorbidity between attention deficit disorder (ADD) and anxiety and/or depressive disorders was examined in the children of parents with panic disorder, major depressive disorder, or with no diagnosis. A child received a diagnosis by a self-report, parent report, and by consensus, using a best estimate procedure. The prevalence rates of ADD were significantly greater in offspring of parents with depressive and panic disorder by the parents' report and in children of depressed parents by consensus. A significant relationship between ADD and anxiety and/or depression was found for parent, child, and consensus diagnoses. Higher rates of ADD were reported by children (1% versus 13%), parents (8% versus 31%), and in the consensus diagnoses (13% versus 29%) when anxiety and/or depression was present. These results suggest that in children referred for evaluation of ADD, the possibility of a primary anxiety or depressive disorder should be considered.
McClellan
J M
JM
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle.
Rubert
M P
MP
Reichler
R J
RJ
Sylvester
C E
CE
D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013577:Syndrome