title: The effects of age, environmental temperature and relative humidity on the bacterial flora of the upper respiratory tract in calves.
abstract: The effects of age, environmental temperature and relative humidity on the bacterial flora of the nose and trachea of calves were investigated by sequential sampling of three groups each of eight Friesian-Holstein male calves kept in three different environmental conditions. All calves were vaccinated with a live attenuated vaccine against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) when they were 12 weeks old. Nasal and tracheal swabs were collected at 14-day intervals for bacteriological examinations. The upper respiratory tract of calves started to be colonized by various species of bacteria within the first day of life. Although they were born at different periods of the year, the calves in all three groups had similar bacterial loads in their noses and tracheas when they were 1 day old (P greater than 0.05). The total bacterial colony forming units (BCFU) were highly variable from calf to calf and from one time of sampling to another. Despite these variations, there were age-related increases in the total BCFU in nasal and tracheal swabs in all experiments. These increases were influenced by environmental temperature. Vaccination of the calves with a live IBR vaccine appeared to enhance the bacterial colonization of the upper respiratory tract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Neston, South Wirral.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Woldehiwet
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mamache
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Rowan
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D002417:Cattle / Q000382:microbiology*; D006813:Humidity; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature; D014132:Trachea / Q000382:microbiology*