title: Measuring pain quality: validity and reliability of children's and adolescents' pain language.
abstract: Although considerable research has been conducted to identify children's and adolescents' language of pain, research is lacking regarding a method to quantify the pain quality described by this language. Three descriptive studies involving 1223 children, aged 8-17 years, were conducted in school and hospital settings. The aims were to develop and examine the validity and reliability of a word list for measuring pain quality that was free of age, gender, and ethnic biases. A word list with 43 words was developed and resulted in sensory, affective, evaluative, and total scores that correlated with pain location and pain intensity scores (r = 0.19-0.44; P less than or equal to 0.01). Pain quality scores decreased over time in a postoperative pain model. Test-retest reliability of the word list scores was high (r = 0.78-0.95; P less than 0.001). This word list was revised and resulted in a word list with 56 words relatively free of gender, ethnic, and developmental biases. Additional research is needed to assess the psychometric properties of this word list in pediatric populations experiencing different pain syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, Box 0606, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 U.S.A. Department of Family Health Care Nursing, School of Nursing, Box 0606, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 U.S.A.
authors.forename: Diana J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wilkie
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Holzemer
authors.forename: Mary D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tesler
authors.forename: Judith Ann
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Marilyn C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Savedra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*