Optimization of the therapeutic index by adjustment of the rate of drug administration or use of drug combinations: exploratory studies of diuretics.
The purpose of this investigation was to explore theoretically certain strategies for optimizing the therapeutic index of drugs and to assess these strategies experimentally with two diuretics. Diuretic agents allow dosing rate flexibilities because the temporal profile of diuretic action can vary considerably as long as the total diuretic effect per day is the same. They can also be used in combination. Experiments were designed to determine if the therapeutic index of furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide can be optimized by administering one or the other at a certain rate or by administering the two drugs together in a certain ratio and at a certain rate. Male Lewis rats received one or the other drug, or combinations of the two, by i.v. infusion at different rates. Several timed urine collections were made under steady-state conditions, with excreted urine replaced volume for volume by i.v. lactated Ringer's solution. The urine flow rates and the urinary excretion rates of the diuretics and of Na+ and K+ were determined. The relationship between the diuretic effect of either of the two drugs given alone and the respective drug excretion rate could be described by the Hill equation. The ratio of urine flow rate to K+ excretion rate exhibited a marked dependence on hydrochlorothiazide excretion rate (highest ratio at high excretion rates), whereas the K+/Na+ excretion rate ratio was constant over a wide range of hydrochlorothiazide excretion rates. There was no significant change of these ratios with changing excretion rate of furosemide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Zhi
J
J
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, State University of New York, Buffalo, Amherst 14260.
Levy
G
G
D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004232:Diuretics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005665:Furosemide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000187:drug effects
D004232:Diuretics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; D005665:Furosemide; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium