Reasons for replacement of long-term urethral catheters: implications for randomized trials.
On any given day more than 100,000 nursing home patients have indwelling urethral catheters in place. We prospectively followed 47 such patients for almost 18 patient-years and observed 249 catheter replacements. The mean number of replacements per 100 days of catheterization was 3.1 (71% of the catheters were replaced within 30 days of insertion). Nonprescribed removal by the patient or nursing staff was the most frequent cause of replacement (43%), followed by leakage (33%) and obstruction (24%). Catheter replacements followed patient-specific patterns, with each reason for replacement being associated significantly with the reason for the prior replacement (p less than 0.001). To minimize the effect of patient-specific replacement patterns, studies of complications of catheterization that may be affected by catheter obstruction or replacement should use cross-over designs.
Muncie
H L
HL
Department of Family Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.
Warren
J W
JW
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014521:Urethra; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000628:therapy