The association between renal dysfunction and osteopenia in environmental cadmium-exposed subjects.
Two hundred and three cadmium (Cd)-exposed subjects with renal dysfunction and 80 non-exposed subjects were examined to reveal the relationship between Cd-induced renal dysfunction and osteopenia. As biological indicators of renal function, urinary beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-mg), and serum creatinine, calcium, and phosphorus were selected. Cd in the urine and blood was also measured. The results indicated that significant differences exist between both sexes in Cd-exposed as well as nonexposed subjects. To evaluate the degree of osteopenia, a microdensitometrical (MD) method was used. The relationships between biological parameters and each index of the MD method were analyzed using multivariate analysis. Age, urinary beta 2-mg, and serum creatinine were significantly associated with indices of osteopenia in Cd-exposed men. In contrast, age showed the most significant association with MD indices in women of both groups. However, urinary beta 2-mg was significantly associated with MD indices only in Cd-exposed women. In Cd-exposed subjects, after the number of predictor variables was increased, urinary beta 2-mg was also strongly associated with osteopenia. These results suggest a causal relationship between renal dysfunction and osteopenia in Cd-exposed subjects.
Kido
T
T
Department of Hygiene, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
Nogawa
K
K
Honda
R
R
Tsuritani
I
I
Ishizaki
M
M
Yamada
Y
Y
Nakagawa
H
H
D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000150:complications*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003720:Densitometry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine
D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium; D010758:Phosphorus; D003404:Creatinine; D002118:Calcium