Diabetic embryopathy: pathogenesis, prenatal diagnosis and prevention.
In spite of the overall improvement in the management of diabetic pregnancies, congenital anomalies among infants of diabetic mothers still remain two to three times higher than in the nondiabetic population. Approximately 40 per cent of all perinatal deaths among diabetic offspring are due to congenital malformations. This article reviews the subject and discusses current views on pathogenesis, based on human and experimental work, describes methods available for prenatal diagnosis, and suggests an approach to the possible prevention of these malformations.
E A
EA
Reece
J C
JC
Hobbins
D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004065:Digestive System Abnormalities; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000002:abnormalities; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000209:etiology; D006831:Polyhydramnios / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D014463:Ultrasonography; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins
D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins