title: Analysis of fixation effects on immunohistochemical localization of prostatic specific antigen in human prostate.
abstract: We studied human prostatic specific antigen (PSA) localization in human prostate to investigate the possibility that the previously reported variations in the intensity of antigen staining were due to fixation and embedding methods. We have evaluated the effects of physical and several chemical fixatives on prostate samples obtained immediately after prostatectomies and radical cystectomies. Our analysis of fixation effects and immunohistochemical staining of polyclonal antibody to PSA indicates that the formalin fixation and paraffin embedding methods used previously did provide optimum localization of the antigen and the variations in the intensity of PSA staining could not be attributed to the methodology. Although PSA staining was relatively uniform in the lower grade neoplastic tumors, the higher grade, moderately to poorly differentiated tumors showed intense-through-weak PSA localization or no PSA staining suggesting that PSA staining intensity was not uniformly related to tumor differentiation.
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000032:analysis; D000941:Antigens / Q000032:analysis*; D005404:Fixatives; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008867:Microtomy; D011467:Prostate / Q000032:analysis*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000032:analysis; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D005404:Fixatives; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen