title: Health surveillance and biological monitoring of pesticide formulators in India.
abstract: Results of health survey and biological monitoring in pesticide formulators exposed to a combination of pesticides, an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide (phorate) and a persistent chlorinated insecticide (technical hexachlorocyclohexane; HCH; BHC) are reported. Exposure of 160 workers to a combination of pesticides (malathion, parathion, DDT and HCH) resulted in 73% of the workers showing toxic signs and symptoms. Formulators showed marked inhibition of whole blood, plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase (ChE) activity and slightly higher concentrations of DDT and HCH in serum. An interesting observation was that over 25% of the formulators showed ECG aberrations. The ECG changes were not related to whole blood ChE activity. Exposure to the chlorinated insecticide HCH in 19 workers engaged in the manufacture of technical HCH resulted in toxic signs and symptoms in over 90% of the subjects. The HCH concentrations in serum showed a ten-fold increase. Changes in the liver enzymes ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and in immunoglobulin M(IgM) showed possible effects on liver and humoral immunity. ECG monitoring showed evidence of cardiac effects. Exposure of 40 formulators to a highly toxic OP insecticide (phorate) showed that over 60% of the workers suffered from toxic effects in spite of using a complete set of protective clothing. A marked and progressive inhibition in whole blood and plasma ChE activity was found during the two weeks of exposure to phorate. An appreciable recovery in ChE activity was observed 10 days after cessation of exposure. These surveys have established the need to practice and develop biological monitoring techniques to assess exposure and predict health risks in workers occupationally exposed to pesticides.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000097:blood; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood; D007194:India; D007306:Insecticides / Q000506:poisoning*; D007931:Leucyl Aminopeptidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D009954:Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007136:Immunoglobulins; D007306:Insecticides; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane; D009954:Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D002802:Cholinesterases; D007931:Leucyl Aminopeptidase