title: The use of alizarin red S to detect and localize calcium in gametophyte cells of ferns.
abstract: An aqueous solution of alizarin red S containing chloral hydrate both clears intact chlorophyllous gemma cells of Vittaria graminifolia and stains for protoplasmic calcium. Verification that the stain was protoplasmic rather than in the cell wall was shown by a positive reaction in extruded protoplasm. Similar staining was found in extruded protoplasm of Onoclea sensibilis spores. Differentiating gemma cells show localized protoplasmic accumulations of Ca2+ at sites where asymmetric cell divisions initiate the formation of rhizoids, antheridia or vegetative cells. The staining properties of the dye depend on careful control of pH and the addition of appropriate amounts of KCl to the mixture. Treatment of Onoclea spores and Vittaria gemmae with 100 mM EGTA for 30 min nearly abolishes staining of their extruded protoplasts and also of intact cells of gemmae. The use of alizarin red S with and without chloral hydrate demonstrates different pools of protoplasmic Ca2+. When Onoclea spores are ruptured to extrude the protoplasm, both dye mixtures stain a peripheral, granular protoplasmic component. However, the chloral hydrate-containing dye also reveals Ca2+ associated with small particulate protoplasmic components. Extruded protoplasm of gemma cells stains intensely with alizarin-chloral hydrate, but does not stain with alizarin lacking chloral hydrate.
mesh_terms: D000880:Anthraquinones; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis*; D002455:Cell Division; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010944:Plants / Q000032:analysis*; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; C004468:Alizarin Red S; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D002118:Calcium