title: An ultrastructural examination of Penicillium urticae during the transition to antibiotic biosynthesis.
abstract: The ultrastructure of Penicillium urticae mycelium was compared at various stages of submerged growth to examine changes associated with the onset of antibiotic biosynthesis. Penicillium urticae was shown to be a normal eukaryotic, septate, filamentous fungus with a variety of subcellular components. Younger mycelia possessed a denser cytoplasm which gave way to a more granular and vacuolated cytoplasm as the organism made the transition into antibiotic biosynthesis. An increase in the thickness, and perhaps the structural complexity, of the cell wall also occurred over the transition. There was evidence of a glycocalyx surrounding the hyphae. Discrete granules, termed peripheral particles, appeared and increased in number over the transition. Their biochemical content and possible involvement in patulin production was tested by examining P. urticae after growth in media of different composition, and by examining the ultrastructure of a patulin minus mutant, P3. The significance of these observations in relation to patulin production is discussed.
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003470:Culture Media; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010406:Penicillins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D010406:Penicillins