title: 5-Azacytidine-induced conversion to cadmium resistance correlates with early S phase replication of inactive metallothionein genes in synchronized CHO cells.
abstract: Previous studies have shown both hypermethylation and late replication of DNA sequences to be associated with gene inactivity. To determine whether there is a causal relationship between patterns of DNA methylation and replication timing during S phase, we have examined the timing of replication of the inactive, hypermethylated metallothionein (MT) I and II genes in synchronized, cadmium-sensitive (Cds) CHO cells. The time of S-phase replication of the MT genes was ascertained by determining the period of S phase wherein cadmium-resistant (Cdr) cells could be induced with highest frequency by pulse treatment of synchronized Cds cells with the hypomethylating drug 5-azacytidine (5-aza-CR), and by analyzing Southern blots of density fractionated DNAs isolated from synchronized cells pulse-labeled with BrdU during different intervals after release from hydroxyurea blockade. Southern filter hybridization analyses demonstrated replication of both MTI and II gene sequences within the first half of S phase. Consistent with this result, phenotypic conversion of Cds to Cdr was maximal immediately after hydroxyurea release and decreased abruptly within three hours. The replication of inactive hypermethylated MT genes in early S phase argues that transcriptional inactivity and gene-specific hypermethylation are not sufficient conditions for late DNA replication.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005796:Genes; D007399:Interphase; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics*; D008745:Methylation
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D004247:DNA; D008668:Metallothionein; D001374:Azacitidine