title: Calcium channel antagonists and the treatment of migraine.
abstract: Despite ongoing dispute over the pathophysiologic basis of migraine, the vasospastic theory of pathogenesis has brought to the forefront a promising class of new antimigraine agents, the Ca2+ channel antagonists. Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, integral membrane proteins that permit extracellular Ca2+ to enter cells down their electrical and concentration gradients, have a universal role in stimulus-response coupling in excitable cells. Thus, they participate in translating electrical excitation into secretory and contractile events. Ca2+ channel antagonists, a structurally diverse group of organic compounds, inhibit ion flux through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels by binding to specific, channel-associated drug receptor sites and thereby reduce the frequency of channel opening in response to membrane depolarization. Ca2+ channels in cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and neurons all exhibit high affinity for Ca2+ channel antagonists, although neurons also contain a population of drug-resistant channels. Extensive clinical experience in the use of Ca2+ channel antagonists has accumulated from their application to nonneurologic, especially cardiovascular, disorders. Three such drugs, nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem, are currently available in the United States, although none are specifically approved for use in migraine. Other agents, such as nimodipine, are likely to be released in the near future. A large number of clinical studies have now addressed the efficacy of Ca2+ channel antagonists in the prophylaxis of migraine headache. Dihydropyridines (nifedipine and nimodipine), phenylalkylamines (verapamil), diphenylalkylamines (flunarizine), and benzothiazepines (diltiazem) have all been examined, and a beneficial effect has been noted in each case. The limited directly comparative data currently available and the difficulties involved in comparing the results of different studies do not presently support claims of superiority for any single agent. This is an issue that will require attention as these drugs achieve more widespread use in migraine. Existing evidence suggests that flunarizine, verapamil, nifedipine, and nimodipine are effective prophylactic agents in both common and classic migraine. Nifedipine and nimodipine also appear to be valuable for the treatment of cluster headache. Two case reports describing favorable responses to flunarizine in childhood hemiplegic migraine are the only available data concerning the utility of these drugs in "complicated" migraine syndromes. The role of Ca2+ channel antagonists in treating "muscle contraction" or "tension" headache has not been addressed in any detail.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002936:Cinnarizine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005444:Flunarizine; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D009539:Nicotinic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009553:Nimodipine; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D007473:Ion Channels; D009539:Nicotinic Acids; D002936:Cinnarizine; D009553:Nimodipine; D014700:Verapamil; D004110:Diltiazem; D009543:Nifedipine; D005444:Flunarizine; D002118:Calcium