title: Nonmedicinal and noninvasive pain control techniques in the management of rheumatic disease and related musculoskeletal disorders.
abstract: This paper reviews and compares the pain relieving effect of various noninvasive and nonmedicinal modalities and techniques in the management of arthritic pain. Emphasis is placed on analgesic methodologies that can be self-administered with few or no side effects, are reusable and inexpensive. Proper application guidelines are presented along with a discussion of the proposed mechanisms of action. In addition, suggestions for further research and standards by which such research should be conducted are presented.
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008405:Massage; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D013696:Temperature; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation