Ten-year experience with implanted polyurethane lead insulation.
Polyurethane leads have been implanted in humans since 1977. Because of cases of stress cracking found in 1981, changes in the manufacturing process were made. Subsequent performance was excellent. There remains concern regarding the ability to predict accurately long-term performance. However, the advent of reliable, statistically accurate actuarial data coupled with accelerated tests predictive of human performance has restored confidence in the newer polyurethane lead technology.
D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011140:Polyurethanes; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors
D011140:Polyurethanes