title: Pharmacokinetics and disposition of carvedilol in humans.
abstract: Pharmacokinetics of carvedilol (C) have been studied in healthy volunteers after a single i.v. and oral administration, and the metabolic disposition after oral administration of 14C-labeled drug. C demonstrates dose-linear behavior. The absolute bioavailability reaches 24% probably due to a first-pass effect. After a 50 mg oral dose, maximum concentrations of 66 micrograms/l are achieved within 1.2 h. C is extensively distributed to the tissues (Vz = 132 l) and eliminated primarily by hepatic metabolism (total clearance 590 ml/min, renal clearance 4 ml/min). Because of the longer half-life of 6.4 h after oral administration in contrast to 2.4 h after i.v. administration, C is assumed to be absorption dependent since no sustained-release formulation was used. The half-life of radioactivity in plasma is 39 h; 16% of C is excreted in urine in the form of metabolites and only 0.3% unchanged. The urinary metabolites consist of carvedilol glucuronide (5.2% of the dose), cleavage products of the beta-blocking side chain (2.1%), and ring-hydroxylated forms (2.9%). Sixty percent of the dose is recovered in the feces. A demethylated product of C exhibits only minor beta-blocking activity. This metabolite is detected in plasma in concentrations ten times lower than the parent compound.
authors: Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, F.R.G.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Neugebauer
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Akpan
authors: E
authors: E
authors: von Möllendorff
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Neubert
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Reiff
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D001711:Biotransformation; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol