title: Immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis of the development of the noradrenaline- and adrenaline-storing cells in the adrenal medulla of the rat and pig.
abstract: The development of the noradrenaline (NA)- and adrenaline (A)-storing cells was examined in the adrenal gland of pre- and postnatal rats and pigs. Cryostat sections were immunostained with antibodies to NA and A. Amine levels were estimated in homogenates of adrenals by ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. 1. In adult animals separate NA- and A-storing cells were found. In the rat A-cells comprised about 80% of the parenchyma of the adrenal medulla. NA-cells, the remaining 20%, were randomly arranged in clusters. In the pig, in contrast, the A- and NA-storing cells were equally distributed, with spherical clusters of NA-cells were surrounded by A-cells. 2. In the earliest developmental stages examined (16th day of gestation in the rat, and 42nd day in the pig) the adrenals only contained NA-immunoreactive cells. In the rat separate NA- and A-storing cells were first noticed 2 or 3 days after birth, whereas in the pig separated cells were already present at the 56th prenatal day (full term at 114th day). 3. In both rat and pig adrenals dopamine (DA), NA and A increased in amount rapidly during development. In the rat this change mainly took place after birth (an increase of 13 times from the 17th day of gestation, and a 100-fold increase from birth to adult age). In porcine adrenal increase of the total amount of amines mainly occurred before birth (200 times between the 42nd day of gestation and birth, whereas only 10 times after birth). 4. In both species DA-levels remained low during pre- and postnatal development. On the contrary, the relative concentrations of NA decreased while that of A increased correspondingly. Again, species differences were noticed: in the rat NA decreased from 90% (17th day of gestation) via 35% (just before birth) to 20% at adult age, while the porcine adrenal showed a more gradual decrease, i.e., from 90% (42nd day of gestation) to 70% (birth) ending up with 50% in the adult stage. 5. The immunohistochemical and biochemical data indicate that, in rat adrenal medulla three phases of development can be distinguished. First, up to the 18th day of gestation, medullary cells synthesize and store only NA. Second, from the 18th day to 2 or 3 days after birth, NA and A are synthesized and stored in a single cell type ("mixed cell type"), and third, NA and A are localized in separate cell types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Verhofstad
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Coupland
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Colenbrander
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D000313:Adrenal Medulla / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D007016:Hypophysectomy; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine