title: Norplant: subdermal implant system for long-term contraception.
abstract: Norplant offers long-term contraception through the use of subdermal capsules filled with levonorgestrel. The six capsules are implanted in the inside part of the upper arm. The levonorgestrel is released from the capsules gradually, providing contraception for about 5 years. The primary mechanism of action of Norplant is suppression of ovulation. Studies have shown a pregnancy rate of 0.6/100 woman-years after 1 year and a cumulative rate of 1.5/100 woman-years at 5 years. Principal side effects are irregular menstrual bleeding and headaches. No changes in carbohydrate metabolism, blood coagulation, or liver function have been reported. Lipid levels have decreased 5% to 15%. After removal of Norplant, fertility returns rapidly, and there have been no adverse effects on infants. Norplant is currently approved in 12 countries; clinical trials are being conducted in 37 countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shoupe
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mishell
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004343:Drug Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D009644:Norgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D004343:Drug Implants; D009644:Norgestrel; D016912:Levonorgestrel