Enteral nutrition. Potential complications and patient monitoring.
Enteral feedings are safely tolerated by most patients. When complications occur, gastrointestinal disturbances are most frequently encountered, followed by mechanical and metabolic complications. Nurses can prevent many of the problems associated with enteral feeding through careful monitoring. Based on the current literature, the authors make the following recommendations: 1. All patients receiving tube feedings should be placed on a protocol that provides guidelines for (a) confirming correct tube placement; (b) preventing/managing tube obstruction; (c) handling and selecting formulas; (d) administering formulas; and (e) monitoring patients. 2. Fine-bore tubes are easily misplaced or dislodged; ensure correct positioning both before and during feeding. Food coloring should be added to all feedings to help detect aspiration/tube displacement. 3. Multiple factors can cause diarrhea in tube-fed patients and, therefore, require periodic assessment. These factors include concomitant drug therapy; malnutrition/hypoalbuminemia; formula-related factors (for example, lactose content, osmolality); and bacterial contamination. 4. Urine sugar and acetone levels should be checked every 6 hours (until stable). Vital signs and fluid intake and output should be determined every 8 hours, and weight should be measured on a daily basis. Serum electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, and glucose levels should be determined daily, until serum levels stabilize. Weekly measurements of trace elements should be made to ensure adequate mineral replacement. 5. Use a controller pump to administer continuous feedings at a constant rate or to administer formulas that are viscous. Flush feeding tubes with water every 4 hours during continuous feedings, after giving intermittent feedings, after giving medications, and after checking for gastric residuals. If tube obstruction occurs, attempt to irrigate the tube with either water or cola. 6. Select feedings that contain appropriate nutrient sources, caloric density, and osmolality; handle feedings in a way that minimizes bacterial contamination. 7. Ongoing nutritional assessments are necessary to provide information about the overall adequacy of the enteral feeding in restoring or maintaining nutrition.
Kohn
C L
CL
Rush University, Chicago, Illinois.
Keithley
J K
JK
D003967:Diarrhea / Q000209:etiology; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000451:nursing; D005526:Food, Formulated / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology; D001239:Inhalation; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic