title: The effects of short-term smokeless tobacco deprivation on performance.
abstract: Several past studies have reported reliable changes in reaction time performance and self-rated withdrawal scores as a consequence of cigarette deprivation. The purpose of the present study was to determine, prospectively, the effect 24 h of smokeless tobacco deprivation in regular users has on performance and the associated withdrawal symptomology. Forty smokeless tobacco users (Copenhagen brand) were randomly divided evenly into two groups (N = 20):24 h of deprivation and no deprivation. A third group of ten nonchewers was added as another control group. The results indicated that behavioral, subjective and physiological changes are associated with smokeless tobacco deprivation in regular users. These include increased craving scores, reaction time, self-rated withdrawal symptoms and decreased heart rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hatsukami
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Anton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D014026:Nicotiana; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine