title: Importance of multiple hydroxylated metabolites in hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA)-mediated mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.
abstract: The mutagenic profiles in Drosophila and the influence of inhibition of metabolism on genotoxic activity were determined for hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA), some synthetically prepared presumed metabolites and ethylated analogs. Demethylated HMPA metabolites are considerably less mutagenic than HMPA, dependent on the degree of demethylation. The mutagenicity of the presumptive primary metabolite, hydroxymethyl pentamethylphosphoramide (HM-Me5-PA), is comparable to HMPA and can be decreased considerably by inhibition of the metabolism by 1-phenylimidazole or iproniazid. This suggests that further oxidative metabolism is required for mutagenic activity. The mutagenicity of the doubly hydroxylated HMPA metabolite, N,N'-bis(hydroxymethyl)-tetramethylphosphoramide (N,N'-(HM)2-Me4-PA) can also be decreased by inhibition of metabolism, whereas the 3-fold hydroxylated N,N',-N"-(HM)3-Me3-PA is not affected by pretreatment with enzyme inhibitors, indicating that no further oxidative metabolism is required for its activation. A second hydroxylation on 1 dimethylamino group, forming N,N-(HM)2-Me4-PA, results in a drastic loss of mutagenic activity. Further oxidation of HM-Me5-PA to formyl pentamethylphosphoramide (formyl-Me5-PA) also leads to a strong reduction of the genotoxic activity. The rearrangement product of N-oxidation, N-[bis(dimethylamino)phosphinyl)-oxy)dimethylamine (HMPOA) is not mutagenic in Drosophila. The very low mutagenicity of hexaethylphosphoramide (Et6-PA) allowed us to study the mutagenicity of some ethyl-hydroxymethyl hybrid compounds. For the ethylated phosphoramides also the presence of only 1 hydroxymethyl group is insufficient for mutagenic activity, whereas the introduction of 2 or 3 hydroxymethyl groups resulted in considerable genotoxicity in the sex-linked recessive lethal (SLRL) test as well as in the ring-X loss test. It is concluded that the bioactivation of HMPA in Drosophila proceeds via multiple metabolic hydroxylations to form multifunctional, cross-linking agents. The presence of an oxygen atom on the phosphorus appears to be a prerequisite for the genotoxic activity of HMPA as hexamethylphosphorus triamide (HMPT), a derivative lacking this oxygen, is only weakly mutagenic in Drosophila. The results presented in this paper do not support the theory that formaldehyde is the active principle of activated HMPA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis, University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zijlstra
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brussee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Gen
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Vogel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation / Q000187:drug effects; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006492:Hempa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D006900:Hydroxylation; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D006492:Hempa