title: Vision screening at 8 and 18 months. Steering Committee of Oxford Region Child Development Project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of an existing screening programme based in the community for ocular and vision defects in infants considered at increased risk of such defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with ocular or vision defect by the age of 2 were ascertained by searching records. Those from populations at high risk were matched with their results from screening tests. The characteristics of the cases among this population were compared with those of the cases in the remainder of the population. Patterns of referral and age at referral were studied in both groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted within Oxfordshire Health District.
  
  
  METHODS
  433 Children at high risk born in 1984 to mothers living in the health district at delivery and who either weighed less than 2000 g or weighed 2000 g and over and required admission to a special care nursery for longer than 24 hours. The low risk population (6254) were infants without these characteristics who were resident in the health district at the time of referral.
  
  
  METHODS
  Screening tests for vision or ocular defects already routinely used were applied by health visitors at 8 and 18 months to the children at high risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of results of screening tests with vision and ocular defects detected by the age of 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screening tests in current use for vision loss and squint in this age group were insensitive and had a low positive predictive value when applied to a high risk population. Defects that were not apparent on direct inspection were unlikely to be detected by these tests. In the high risk group the relative risk of having a defect was 2.8 (95% confidence interval 1.8 to 4.5) but 85% of all cases detected by the age of 2 were in children at low risk. Referral patterns and age of referral differed in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening by health visitors of high risk populations contributes little to the detection of vision and ocular defects. This type of evaluation needs to be applied also to low risk populations, who have different referral patterns and contribute most of the cases.
authors.affiliation: Oxford Region Child Development Project, Maternity Department, John Radcliffe Hospital.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stayte
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wortham
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001724:Birth Weight; D004739:England; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards