title: Direct puncture of the proximally occluded internal carotid artery for treatment of carotid cavernous fistulas.
abstract: Three patients with symptomatic carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) characterized by complete occlusion of the proximal internal carotid artery were treated by percutaneous puncture and embolization. Two patients had CCFs associated with traumatic dissections of the internal carotid artery and were treated initially with trapping procedures. Both patients had persistent symptoms related to the CCF and underwent additional surgical procedures (ophthalmic artery ligation and intraoperative embolization) without improvement. The third patient had traumatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery. After direct percutaneous puncture of the carotid artery above the occlusion, a catheter was advanced into the petrous internal carotid artery. Balloons (one case) or coil emboli (two cases) were placed into the cavernous sinus to produce CCF closure. There were no complications from this procedure. Direct puncture of the carotid artery is an alternative treatment for patients lacking safe access for CCF embolization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0628.
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Halbach
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Higashida
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hieshima
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hardin
mesh_terms: D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000601:surgery*; D002426:Cavernous Sinus; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D006801:Humans