title: Hazards of small amounts of heparin in a patient with subclinical vitamin K deficiency.
abstract: The use of small amounts of a dilute solution of heparin (less than or equal to 100 IU) to keep indwelling intravenous needles or catheters patent for intermittent venous access either for intravenous therapy or timed blood sampling is a common clinical practice. It is considered safe since the amount of heparin required is much less than that required for heparinization. Herein, we describe a 13-yr-old patient with malabsorption who developed clinically significant bleeding shortly after a diagnostic test which required multiple small injections of heparin for intermittent venous access (total amount of heparin administered was 600 units over 5 hr). The coagulopathy was corrected by a single dose (10 mg) of parenteral vitamin K. As our patient had multiple risk factors for the development of vitamin K deficiency including malabsorption, decreased food intake, and antibiotic use, we postulate that the small amount of heparin precipitated the coagulopathy by increasing the antiprotease activity of antithrombin III on abnormal factors X and II formed in the vitamin K deficient state. We would therefore recommend administration of vitamin K to patients who are at risk of developing vitamin K deficiency before using even small amounts of heparin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008286:Malabsorption Syndromes / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014813:Vitamin K Deficiency / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D014812:Vitamin K; D006493:Heparin