title: Tilted view reconstruction in optical microscopy. Three-dimensional reconstruction of Drosophila melanogaster embryo nuclei.
abstract: The resolution along the optical axis (z) is much less than the in-plane resolution in any current optical microscope, conventional or otherwise. We have used mutually tilted, through-focal section views of the same object to provide a solution to this problem. A tilting specimen stage was constructed for an optical microscope, which with the use of a coverslip-free water immersion lens, allowed the collection of data sets from intact Drosophila melanogaster embryos at viewing directions up to 90 degrees apart. We have devised an image processing scheme to determine the relative tilt, translation, and sampling parameters of the different data sets. This involves the use of a modified phase cross-correlation function, which produces a very sharp maximum. Finally the data sets are merged using figure-of-merit and local area scaling techniques borrowed from x-ray protein crystallography. We demonstrate the application of this technique to data sets from a metaphase plate in an embryo of Drosophila melanogaster. As expected, the merged reconstruction combined the highest resolution available in the individual data sets. As estimated from the Fourier transform, the final resolution is 0.25 microns in x and y and 0.4 microns in z. In the final reconstruction all ten chromosome arms can be easily delineated; this was not possible in the individual data sets. Within many of the arms the two individual chromatids can be seen. In some cases the chromatids are wrapped around each other helically, in others they lie alongside each other in a parallel arrangement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, John Innes Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Agard
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiraoka
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sedat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003196:Computer Graphics; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D008677:Metaphase; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008962:Models, Theoretical