title: Iatrogenic bile duct injuries: avoidance, recognition, and treatment.
abstract: Common bile duct injury has potential catastrophic implications if unrecognized or inadequately managed at the time of initial surgical intervention. Every precaution necessary to avoid operative injury to the common duct should be taken, and with experience and meticulous attention to detail, this complication should rarely be encountered in the career of a well-trained general surgeon. If ever this unexpected occurrence happens, adherence to certain principles of recognition and management may preclude significant morbidity and mortality. Two patients with injured common bile ducts are discussed. One patient presented with an iatrogenic stricture due to previous operative trauma. A second patient suffered a complete transection of the common duct while undergoing a routine cholecystectomy; the transection was recognized and repaired primarily. The fundamental principles of bile duct reconstruction and biliary-enteric anastomoses are discussed. The prevention of stricture formation is explained, with specific guidelines presented to minimize this potentially lethal complication.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Geer
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D002768:Choledochostomy; D003137:Common Bile Duct Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation