title: Fish-oil dietary supplementation in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a double-blind, controlled, prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids could benefit patients with Raynaud's phenomenon because, among other effects, these fatty acids induce a favorable vascular response to ischemia. The aim of our study was to investigate, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled manner, the effects of fish-oil fatty-acid dietary therapy in patients with rheumatic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two patients with primary or secondary Raynaud's phenomenon were randomly assigned to olive-oil placebo or fish-oil groups. Patients ingested 12 fish-oil capsules daily containing a total of 3.96 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 2.64 g docosahexaenoic acid or 12 olive-oil capsules and were evaluated at baseline and after six, 12, and 17 weeks. All patients ingested olive oil between Weeks 12 to 17. Digital systolic blood pressures and blood flow were measured at room air and water baths of 40 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 15 degrees C, and 10 degrees C using strain gauge plethysmography. Onset of Raynaud's phenomenon was timed with a stop watch and defined as plethysmographic evidence of cessation of blood flow and blood pressure in the study finger.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the fish-oil group, the median time interval before the onset of Raynaud's phenomenon increased from 31.3 +/- 1.3 minutes baseline to 46.5 +/- 2.1 minutes at six weeks (p = 0.04). Patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon ingesting fish oil had the greatest increase in the time interval before the onset of the condition. Five of 11 patients (45.5 percent) with primary Raynaud's phenomenon ingesting fish oil in whom the phenomenon was induced at baseline could not be induced to develop Raynaud's at the six- or 12-week visit compared with one of nine patients (11 percent) with primary Raynaud's ingesting olive oil (p = 0.05). The mean digital systolic pressures were higher in the patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon ingesting fish oil than in patients with primary Raynaud's ingesting olive oil in the 10 degrees C water bath (+32 mm Hg, p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the ingestion of fish oil improves tolerance to cold exposure and delays the onset of vasospasm in patients with primary, but not secondary, Raynaud's phenomenon. These improvements are associated with significantly increased digital systolic blood pressures in cold temperatures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, New York 12208.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: DiGiacomo
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid