title: Can sonographers reliably identify anatomic features associated with Down syndrome in fetuses?
abstract: To standardize femur measurement for the identification of fetuses at risk for Down syndrome, sonographers of varying professional experience and background measured the femurs of 20 Down syndrome fetuses and 709 normal control fetuses. A regression analysis performed to compare biparietal diameter to femur length on the 709 control fetuses yielded the following formula: expected femur length = -9.3105 + 0.9028.biparietal diameter. A ratio of measured-to-expected femur length of 0.91 or lower indicated Down syndrome with a sensitivity of 40%, a specificity of 95%, and a positive predictive value of 3.1%. Eight of the 20 fetuses with Down syndrome (40%) also had a thickened nuchal fold (6 mm or larger). If the nuchal fold findings had been considered with the femur length findings, two more of the fetuses with Down syndrome would have been identified, yielding a sensitivity of 45% and a positive predictive value of 4.3%. Because these measurements were made by eight sonographers rather than a single experienced sonologist, these results could be achieved in most ultrasound laboratories where measurements are done primarily by sonographers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Benacerraf
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cnann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gelman
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Laboda
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Frigoletto
mesh_terms: D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005333:Fetus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009333:Neck / Q000473:pathology; D010294:Parietal Bone / Q000473:pathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography