title: Hyperosmolality inhibits exocytosis in sea urchin eggs by formation of a granule-free zone and arrest of pore widening.
abstract: Hyperosmolality is known to inhibit membrane fusion during exocytosis. In this study cortical granule exocytosis in sea urchin eggs is used as a model system to determine at what step this inhibition occurs. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs were incubated in hyperosmotic seawater (Na2SO4, sucrose or sodium HEPES used as osmoticants), the eggs activated with 20 microM A23187 to trigger exocytosis, and then quick frozen or chemically fixed for electron microscopy. Thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas show that at high osmolality (2.31 osmol/kg), there is a decrease in cortical granule size, a 90% reduction in granule-plasma membrane fusion, and formation of a granule-free zone between the plasma membrane and cortical granules. This zone averages 0.64 micron in thickness and prevents the majority of granules from docking at the plasma membrane. The remaining granules (approximately 10%) exhibit early stages of fusion which appear to have been stabilized; the matrix of these granules remains intact. We conclude that exocytosis is blocked by two separate mechanisms. First, the granule-free zone prevents granule-plasma membrane contact required for fusion. Second, in cases where fusion does occur, opening of the pocket and dispersal of the granule contents are slowed in hyperosmotic media.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Merkle
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Chandler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000001:Calcimycin; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005089:Exocytosis; D005614:Freeze Fracturing; D006801:Humans; D008561:Membrane Fusion; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012617:Sea Urchins; D012623:Seawater
chemical_list: D000001:Calcimycin