title: Perspectives on surgical indications. Implications for controls.
abstract: Surgical indications do not forecast outcomes as well as they should. A review of the literature demonstrates a significant rate of overutilization of coronary angiography, coronary artery surgery, cardiac pacemaker insertion, upper gastrointestinal endoscopies, carotid endarterectomies, back surgery, and pain-relieving procedures. The tendency appears to be a reduction in developing specific indications, and the evolution of a "last resort" concept. Arguments against this approach and a plea for the development of tighter focused indications are presented. Implications for cost saving and reduction in suffering are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Northwest Pain Center, Portland, OR 97216.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Seres
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D006300:Health Services Misuse; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000601:surgery; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*