title: Microbial glycolipids: possible virulence factors that scavenge oxygen radicals.
abstract: Two important pathogens of developing countries, Mycobacterium leprae, the etiologic agent of leprosy, and Leishmania donovani, the protozoal parasite that causes kalaazar, persist in the human host primarily in mononuclear phagocytes. The mechanisms by which they survive in these otherwise highly cytocidal cells are presently unknown. Since the best understood cytocidal mechanism of these cells is the oxygen-dependent system that provides lethal oxidants including the superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2), we sought specific microbial products of these organisms that might enable them to elude oxidative cytocidal mechanisms. Phenolic glycolipid I of M. leprae and lipophosphoglycan of L. donovani are unique cell-wall-associated glycolipids produced in large amounts by the organisms. In this study, phenolic glycolipid I derivatives and lipophosphoglycan were examined for their ability to scavenge potentially cytocidal oxygen metabolites in vitro. Electron spin resonance and spin-trapping indicate that phenolic glycolipid I derivatives and lipophosphoglycan are highly effective in scavenging hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions. The results suggest that complex glycolipids and carbohydrates of intracellular pathogens that can scavenge oxygen radicals may contribute to their pathogenicity and virulence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McNeil
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Turco
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sibille
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Snapper
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aisen
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bloom
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005609:Free Radicals; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000502:physiology*; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000378:metabolism; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D007700:Kinetics; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009166:Mycobacterium leprae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D005609:Free Radicals; D006017:Glycolipids; D006878:Hydroxides; D013481:Superoxides; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical