title: HIV-1 and hepatitis B transmission in Sudan.
abstract: A seroepidemiologic survey was conducted among 773 male soldiers living in five urban locations in Sudan to study the prevalence of and risk factors for HIV-1 and hepatitis B transmission. Twenty-eight per cent of the study population were born and raised in southern Sudan, an area bordering Kenya, Zaire and Uganda, whilst 72% of the study subjects were from northern Sudan. Seventy-eight per cent of the study population had serologic evidence of past hepatitis B infection, and 13 soldiers were confirmed positive for HIV-1 antibody. All 13 HIV-positive soldiers had recently been deployed in southern Sudan. Multivariate analysis indicated an association between living in southern Sudan and both hepatitis B (odds ratio 8.2) and HIV-1 infection (odds ratio 14). Additionally, sexual relations with prostitutes (odds ratio 1.5) and medical injections for schistosomiasis (odds ratio 2.72) were independent predictors of hepatitis B markers in this military population. The findings of this study suggest that sexual promiscuity is a risk factor for hepatitis B transmission in Sudan. They also indicate one possible route for the spread of HIV-1 from central to northern Africa.
authors.affiliation: United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Hyams
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: el-Tigani el-Hag
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: el-Dabi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: el-Sadig el-Tayeb
authors.forename: I O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Khalid
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Constantine
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Woody
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D015497:HIV-1; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D013397:Sudan / Q000453:epidemiology