title: The effects of prolonged ketamine-xylazine intravenous infusion on arterial blood pH, blood gases, mean arterial blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature and reflexes in the rabbit.
abstract: The prolonged and safe maintenance of general anesthesia in rabbits with commonly used injectable agents is difficult. Protracted, stable anesthesia with short recovery time has been described in humans using continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine with or without sedatives, muscle relaxants and paralytics. This study evaluated the anesthetic plane achieved and respiratory and cardiovascular effects produced with a ketamine-xylazine intravenous infusion in New Zealand White rabbits. Ten female rabbits were anesthetized with intramuscularly administered ketamine hydrochloride (35 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) after the preanesthetic, baseline measurements of arterial blood pO2, pCO2 and pH and heart and respiratory rates were recorded. The above parameters as well as mean arterial blood pressure, righting, palpebral, pedal, and jaw reflexes were monitored ten minutes after the intramuscularly administered dosage and throughout 4 hours of infusion. Results showed moderate hypotension (21.2% deviation from normal, p less than 0.008) and profound hypoxemia (45% deviation from baseline, p less than 0.001) 10 minutes after the intramuscularly administered induction dosage. Then, the 4 hour infusion of ketamine (1 mg/minute) and xylazine (0.1 mg/minute) was started. Hypotension progressed (49.1% deviation from normal, p less than 0.008), but hypoxemia and hypercarbemia gradually improved with no resultant change (p greater than 0.1) in arterial pH. There was no significant change (p greater than 0.1) in respiratory rate but varying qualities of respiration were observed. Both mean arterial pO2 and pCO2 values returned to baseline within 20 minutes after completion of infusion. Heart rate and rectal temperature remained stable during the trial. The righting reflex was abolished in all rabbits throughout the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, NY 14642.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013843:Thiazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013843:Thiazines; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine