title: Risk of endometrial cancer after treatment with oestrogens alone or in conjunction with progestogens: results of a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative risk of developing endometrial neoplasia after treatment with oestrogens alone or in conjunction with progestogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort follow up study, average observation period 5.7 years for each patient. To have a 90% chance of detecting a relative risk of 2.0 with 95% significance the study required 78,000 person years of observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community based cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women aged over 35 who were prescribed non-contraceptive oestrogens in the Uppsala health care region during April 1977 to March 1980 were identified from pharmacy records. Of all prescriptions issued, 95% were identified. Patients from the cohort who developed endometrial neoplasia were identified from the cancer registry of the Uppsala health care region. Compliance, sociodemographic data, and lifetime exposures to oestrogen and cyclically added progestogen were assessed by questionnaire in a sample of the cohort. The final cohort consisted of 23,244 patients (133,373 person years). The prevalence of university education, oophorectomy, and hysterectomy was higher in the cohort than the general population; no other confounding factors were identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  The total number of person years was divided into exposure groups by inference from the data from the questionnaire. Compensation was made for the excess of hysterectomies. Specimens from all cases of endometrial neoplasia in the cohort and 90% of cases in the general population were studied blind histopathologically. Characteristics of treatment of all women who had endometrial neoplasia were assessed by questionnaire. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy four cases of carcinoma and 33 cases of premalignant lesions occurred in the cohort. The relative risk of endometrial carcinoma was 1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 3.2) after exposure to any oestrogen compound without progestogen for more than six years; 2.2 (1.2 to 4.4) after more than three years' exposure to conjugated oestrogens without progestogen; and 2.7 (1.4 to 5.1) after more than three years' exposure to oestradiol compounds without progestogen. When carcinoma and premalignant lesions were considered together the results were similar but the relative risk was higher. Risk of carcinoma did not increase when progestogens were cyclically added to oestrogens for the entire treatment period (relative risk 0.9 (0.4 to 2.0].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of oestrogens without progestogens is associated with a twofold to threefold increase in risk of endometrial neoplasia. Use of progestogens either removes this increased risk or delays its onset. A further follow up of the cohort is essential to analyse the risks with greater statistical power.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bergkvist
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schairer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D011372:Progestins; D004958:Estradiol