title: Differential timing of respiratory muscles in response to chemical stimuli in awake dogs.
abstract: We assessed changes in respiratory muscle timing in response to hyperpnea and shortened inspiratory and expiratory times caused by chemoreceptor stimuli in six awake dogs. Durations of postinspiratory inspiratory activity of costal and crural diaphragm (PIIA), the delay in diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) after the initiation of inspiratory airflow, postexpiratory expiratory activity of the transversus abdominis (PEEA), and the delay of abdominal expiratory muscle activity after the initiation of expiratory airflow were measured. In control, four out of six dogs showed PIIA [8-10% of expiratory time (TE)]; all showed delay of diaphragm [19% of inspiratory time (TI)], delay of abdominal muscle activation (21% of TE), and PEEA (24% of TI). Hypercapnia decreased PIIA (4-9% of TE), maintained diaphragm delay at near control values (23% of TI), increased PEEA (36% of TI), eliminated delay of abdominal muscle activation (4% of TE), and decreased end-expiratory lung volume (EELV). Hypocapnic hypoxia increased PIIA (24-25% of TE), eliminated diaphragm delay (3% of TI), eliminated PEEA (3% of TI), reduced delay of abdominal muscle activation (14% of TE), and increased EELV. Most of these effects of hypoxic hypocapnia vs. hypercapnia on the within-breath EMG timing parameters corresponded to differences in the magnitude of expiratory muscle activation. These changes exerted significant influences on flow rates and EELV.
authors.affiliation: John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison 53705.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ainsworth
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dempsey
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology; D002628:Chemoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000502:physiology; D010994:Pleura / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D012119:Respiration; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen