Is Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection of mice an autoimmune disease?
Viruses can initiate disease by many different means. Direct viral, immune mediated and host factors all play important parts. Molecular mimicry or having cross-reacting determinants that result in immune responses which have the potential to cause damage can be incorporated into this framework. Here, autoimmune responses generated by virus infection have been presented in relation to these other parameters. The cross-reacting immune response originally generated by virus would have to be directed toward or involve a disease inducing site such as an EAE (encephalitogenic), thyroiditis, or diabetogenic site. If the cross-reaction took place at a nondisease inducing site, the ensuring immune response may result in the production of autoantibodies, however no disease would occur. In other systems autoantibodies can potentiate an ongoing inflammatory response. This may be the case that is described here with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection. Lastly, viruses having common determinants with MHC determinants may modify immune responses leading to immunosuppression and allowing virus to persist. In addition, similar determinants may lead to disease by an alternative route. For example, we have described a region of human cytomegalovirus that has a common determinant with HLA DR beta chain. This region is associated with diabetes in humans (Todd et al. 1988). Thus, many factors are involved in the outcome of disease induction by viruses of which autoimmunity is one.
Fujinami
R S
RS
Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.
Zurbriggen
A
A
D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D004680:Maus Elberfeld virus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000648:ultrastructure
D000956:Antigens, Viral; D001324:Autoantigens