title: Evaluation of coagulometric assays in the assessment of protein C anticoagulant activity; variable sensitivity of commercial APTT reagents to the cofactor effect of protein S.
abstract: In vivo expression of protein C activity is dependent on the availability of the activated protein C (APC) cofactor protein S. In the clinical laboratory, measurement of protein C anticoagulant activity is mostly performed in modified APTT assays. We have evaluated 13 commercial APTT reagents for their sensitivity to the cofactor effect of protein S by comparing APC-dependent clotting time prolongations in normal plasma and in protein S depleted plasma. In normal plasma, the sensitivities of the APTT reagents to the anticoagulant effect of APC were markedly different and correlated with the sensitivity of reagents to factor V and VIII. Reagents containing soy phosphatides appeared more sensitive than reagents containing phospholipid of animal origin. Analysis of dose-response curves obtained in normal plasma distinguished one group of reagents showing clotting time prolongations linearly related to the APC concentrations, a second group showing a log-linear relationship and a third group showing a log-log relationship. In protein S depleted plasma, sensitivity of APTT reagents to APC was in general proportional to that observed in normal plasma. However, for some reagents dose-response curves were qualitatively different in normal and in protein S depleted plasma. With all the APTT reagents, APC-dependent clotting time prolongations corresponding to 30-80% of APC anticoagulant activity observed in normal plasma, were observed in protein S depleted plasma. At variance, in a modified Xa one-stage clotting assay, negligible clotting time prolongations were observed in protein S depleted plasma, indicating that over 90% of the APC anticoagulant activity was protein S dependent in this assay system. Dilution of a relative insensitive APTT reagent effectively increased its sensitivity to the cofactor effect of protein S, suggesting that different phospholipid content and/or composition might be responsible for the different sensitivity of APTT reagents to protein S. These results question the validity of APTT based assays for the identification of qualitative protein C abnormalities with defective interaction with protein S.
authors.affiliation: Coagulation Service, Scientific Institute IRCCS H.S. Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gilardoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
mesh_terms: D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000032:analysis; D011486:Protein C / Q000032:analysis*; D017293:Protein S
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010743:Phospholipids; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S