title: Evaluations of permethrin-impregnated clothing and three topical repellent formulations of deet against tsetse flies in Zambia.
abstract: Permethrin-impregnated clothing and three topical repellent formulations of deet (diethyltoluamide) were field tested against natural populations of tsetse flies, mostly Glossina morsitans centralis Machado, in central Zambia. Volunteers wore different combinations of clothing impregnated with permethrin 0.125 mg ai/cm2 and repellents while riding in a vehicle that was driven slowly (4-6 km/h), with the windows and rear door open, through fly-infested areas. The mean rate of tsetse bites was about twenty per 75 min for unprotected people. The treatment combination of permethrin-impregnated clothing (blue cotton coveralls) and either of two controlled-release deet formulations on exposed skin of face and arms provided 91% mean protection, but this was not significantly better (P greater than 0.05) than wearing deet repellent alone (76-87% protection). No significant differences of protection were observed between the three repellent treatments, although the two controlled-release formulations (intended to be more persistent) were applied at approximately half the dosage of the standard 75% deet. Wearing permethrin-impregnated coveralls alone provided relatively poor protection (34%) for the untreated and exposed skin of head and hands. However, olive drab mesh jackets treated with permethrin reduced the tsetse biting rate by 75%.
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Sholdt
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Schreck
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Mwangelwa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nondo
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Siachinji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003671:DEET; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000517:prevention & control; D007302:Insect Repellents; D007306:Insecticides; D008297:Male; D026023:Permethrin; D011481:Protective Clothing; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014370:Tsetse Flies; D015024:Zambia
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D003671:DEET; D026023:Permethrin