title: An investigation of the pathological and physiological effects of intraosseous sodium bicarbonate in pigs.
abstract: Recent interest in the intraosseous (IO) route as an alternative venous access for drug and fluid administration has increased. This study examined the physiological and skeletal pathological effects of IO NaHCO3 in pigs. In the pathological studies, swine (8-10 kg) received NaHCO3 (1 mEq/kg) in one tibia and saline (1 ml/kg) in the other tibia via an 18-gauge spinal needle inserted into the anteromedial surface of the bone. The animals were then observed for one month, sacrificed, and the tibias were isolated, sectioned, and stained for pathological examinations. The physiological effects of IO NaHCO3 infusion were studied and compared with that of intravenous (IV) administration using a cardiac arrest model as previously described. The results demonstrated that NaHCO3 had no effect on the mean arterial blood pressure and plasma catecholamine levels, but increased arterial pH values within two minutes of administration. Similar effects were found with IV NaHCO3. Pathological data indicated signs of minimal local increase in skeletal turnover associated with IO NaHCO3 infusion. It is concluded that the IO route is a safe alternative venous access for NaHCO3 administration in swine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lathers
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Jim
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: High
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Spivey
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D012964:Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D013552:Swine; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002395:Catecholamines; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D012964:Sodium