title: Spread of local anaesthetic solutions following sacral extradural (caudal) block: influence of posture.
abstract: Extradural sacral (caudal) block was performed in 17 cases (14 patients) of chronic low back pain. In each case 22 ml of a bupivacaine/methylprednisolone solution incorporating a radioopaque dye was injected over a 2-min period. Patients were randomly assigned to receive the injection in the horizontal position or with 15 degrees head-up or head-down tilt applied to the operating table. Results indicate that analgesia is usually more localised than spread of solution determined by x-ray evidence and that higher levels of analgesia are achieved in patients in the head-up position. Possible causes are the differing distribution characteristics of the constituents of the solution and the gravitational effects of posture on cerebrospinal fluid mechanics. Technical problems associated with obesity, congenital abnormalities, vascular uptake of solution, and delayed spread of the injectant due to adhesions are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Whiston Hospital, Prescot, Merseyside, England.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008793:Metrizamide; D009407:Nerve Block; D011187:Posture; D011859:Radiography; D012445:Sacrococcygeal Region; D012996:Solutions; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D012996:Solutions; D008793:Metrizamide