title: Antiestrogenic action of toremifene on hormone-dependent, -independent, and heterogeneous breast tumor growth in the athymic mouse.
abstract: The antiestrogen toremifene has been used to study the growth control of hormone-dependent (MCF-7), -independent (MDA-MB-231), or mixed tumor cell populations in athymic mice. Maximal MCF-7 tumor growth was produced in ovariectomized athymic mice by circulating estradiol levels of approximately 200 pg/ml (produced by 0.5-cm silastic capsules implanted s.c.). The antiestrogen toremifene (77 +/- 4 micrograms/day from a 2-cm silastic capsule) inhibited estradiol (0.5-cm capsule)-stimulated growth by more than 70%. No tumor growth was observed in mice treated with toremifene alone, although toremifene acted as a weak partial agonist on the mouse uterus. The growth of hormone-independent MDA-MB-231 breast tumors implanted in athymic mice was not influenced by either estradiol (0.5-cm capsule) or toremifene (2-cm capsule) when administered alone or in combination. Furthermore, even very large doses of toremifene (5 mg/day p.o.) did not alter the rate of MDA-MB-231 tumor growth. Mixtures of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in 9:1 and 99:1 ratios inoculated into athymic mice produced tumors which grew in the absence of estradiol but responded to estradiol supplementation (0.5-cm capsule) with a more rapid rate of tumor growth. Tumors grown from inoculated MCF-7:MDA-MB-231 cells (99:1 ratio) in the presence of estradiol had estrogen receptor levels of 33.2 +/- 9.2 fmol/mg of protein at Day 44 compared to 84.8 +/- 4.8 fmol/mg of protein in pure MCF-7 tumors. Toremifene (2-cm capsule) treatment inhibited the estrogen stimulation of these mixed tumors (99:1 starting ratio) to that of toremifene alone. However, toremifene-alone treatment produced a more rapid rate of tumor growth than control or tumors grown from irradiated MCF-7 cells mixed with viable MDA-MB-231 cells. Increasing the ratio of MCF-7:MDA-MB-231 cells (999:1) initially inoculated resulted in tumors which developed less rapidly than the lower ratio (99:1). Toremifene (2-cm capsule) again produced partial inhibition of 17 beta-estradiol-stimulated tumor growth while increasing tumor growth above control when the antiestrogen was administered alone. These results demonstrate that toremifene is effective in inhibiting estrogen stimulation of hormone-dependent tumors and partially successful at controlling mixed hormone-dependent/independent tumors; however, the antiestrogen cannot control the growth of a hormone-independent tumor in this model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Clinical Cancer Center, Madison 53792.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000473:pathology*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017312:Toremifene; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D004967:Estrogens; D013629:Tamoxifen; D017312:Toremifene