title: Transdermal dual-controlled delivery of contraceptive drugs: formulation development, in vitro and in vivo evaluations, and clinical performance.
abstract: Several transdermal contraceptive device (TCD) formulations were developed to provide a dual-controlled transdermal delivery of levonorgestrel (LN), a potent progestin, and 17 beta-estradiol (E2), a natural estrogen. Using a sensitive HPLC method, the in vitro release and skin permeation profiles of LN and E2 from various TCD formulations were simultaneously characterized in the hydrodynamically well-calibrated Valia-Chien skin permeation cells and both were found to follow zero-order kinetics. The rates of drug release and skin permeation were observed to vary significantly depending upon some formulation parameters. Six-month stability studies were performed on seven formulations at room and elevated temperatures (37 and 45 degrees C), and two (Formulations 4 and 5) were found to be acceptable, based on drug recovery, release rate, and skin permeation rate data. Judging from the 6-month accelerated stability studies, it is projected these two formulations will have shelf-life of at least 2 years. As a result of development of an efficient manufacturing process, Formulation 4 was selected for further evaluation. One-week primary skin irritation evaluation in 6 rabbits indicated that Formulation 4 is nonirritating, and it was thus selected for Phase I clinical bioavailability/dose proportionality studies in 12 healthy female volunteers of child-bearing age. Results of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses demonstrated that it is capable of achieving and maintaining a steady-state serum level of LN throughout the 3-week treatment period by weekly applications of one or two TCD patches (10 or 20 cm2). A dose proportionality was obtained in the serum drug levels, daily dose delivered, and contraception efficacy. An excellent correlation was obtained for the rates of transdermal delivery determined by the in vitro studies using human cadaver skin, the in vivo studies in rabbits, and the clinical studies in living subjects.
authors.affiliation: Controlled Drug-Delivery Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855.
authors.forename: Y W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bagdon
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Bierman
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D004355:Drug Stability; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007509:Irritants; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D009226:Myristates / Q000494:pharmacology; D009644:Norgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D011817:Rabbits; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007509:Irritants; D009226:Myristates; C008205:isopropyl myristate; D009644:Norgestrel; D004958:Estradiol; D016912:Levonorgestrel