title: Massive verapamil ingestion: a report of two cases and a review of the literature.
abstract: This report describes two patients who were victims of massive verapamil ingestion and then reviews the available literature. Because verapamil blocks the slow calcium channels of the heart and blood vessels, the use of calcium as a treatment would be logical. In the two cases reported here, calcium was only transiently effective in maintaining cardiac output and blood pressure. Several other agents were then used and most were ineffective. This is similar to experience reported in the literature that suggests that no single agent is capable of reversing verapamil's negative inotropic, dromotropic, chronotropic, and vascular smooth muscle effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento.
authors.forename: B Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Rhee
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014700:Verapamil / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D005934:Glucagon; D014700:Verapamil; D002118:Calcium