title: Hepatic imaging and advanced endoscopic techniques.
abstract: Diseases of the liver and biliary tract can be diagnosed and potentially treated by a variety of radiologic modalities and endoscopic techniques. The imaging modalities of ultrasonography, computed tomography, nuclear scintigraphy and magnetic resonance are emphasized in this article. The current status of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, sphincterotomy, biliary endoprostheses, cholangioscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, and laser lithotripsy is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Rustgi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Schapiro
mesh_terms: D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D001651:Cholestasis, Extrahepatic / Q000601:surgery; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D013105:Sphincterotomy, Transduodenal; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography