title: Benzodiazepine antagonism does not provoke a stress response.
abstract: Acute anxiety reactions have been reported following antagonism of benzodiazepine-induced sedation. In this study, the level of sedation and anxiety was assessed in 30 patients randomly assigned to receive either saline or flumazenil (a benzodiazepine antagonist) after midazolam sedation according to a double-blind protocol. Carefully titrated doses of flumazenil, 0.8 +/- 0.2 mg (mean +/- SD), effectively reversed residual midazolam-induced sedation without producing significant changes in the patients' level of anxiety. In addition, plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, vasopressin, and beta-endorphin concentrations were measured in a subset of patients (n = 5) from each group. The levels of these stress hormones did not acutely change following flumazenil (or saline). These results indicate that flumazenil, 0.6-1.0 mg iv, can antagonize midazolam sedation without producing acute anxiety or evidence of a stress response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Doze
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duncan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008874:Midazolam / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011897:Random Allocation; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D005442:Flumazenil; D008874:Midazolam