title: Gene activation by induced DNA rearrangements.
abstract: A murine cell line (EN/NIH) containing the retroviral vector ZIPNeoSV(x)1 that was modified by deletion of the enhancer elements in the viral long terminal repeats has been used as an assay system to detect induced DNA rearrangements that result in activation of a transcriptionally silent reporter gene (neomycin phosphotransferase, neo) encoded by the viral genome. The spontaneous frequency of G418 resistance is less than 10(-7), whereas exposure to the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or the combination of UV irradiation plus TPA resulted in the emergence of drug resistant cell lines at a frequency of 5 per 10(6) and 67 per 10(6) cells, respectively. In several of the cell lines that were analyzed a low level of amplification of one of the two parental retroviral integrants was observed, whereas in others no alteration in the region of the viral genome was detected. To determine the effect of the SV40 large T antigen on induced DNA rearrangements, EN/NIH cells were transfected with a temperature sensitive (ts) mutant of SV40 T. Transfectants were maintained at the permissive temperature (33 degrees C) for varying periods of time (1-5 days) in order to vary SV40 T antigen exposure, after which they were shifted to 39.5 degrees C for selection in G418. The frequency of emergence of drug resistant cell clones increased with duration of exposure to large T antigen (9-52 per 10(6) cells over 1-5 days, respectively), and all cell lines analyzed demonstrated DNA rearrangements in the region of the neo gene. A novel 18-kilobase pair XbaI fragment was cloned from one cell line which revealed the presence of a 2.0-kilobase pair EcoRI segment containing an inverted duplication which hybridized to neo sequences. It is likely that the observed rearrangement was initiated by the specific binding of large T antigen to the SV40 origin of replication encoded within the viral genome. The investigations with phorbol esters, UV light, and the SV40 large T antigen demonstrate the utility of the EN NIH cell lines for the study of induced DNA rearrangements and support the future use of this system to investigate the mechanism by which varied stimuli or specific gene functions promote DNA rearrangements.
authors.affiliation: Thorndike Memorial Laboratories, Dana Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Schnipper
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sedivy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jat
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Sharp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming / Q000235:genetics; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002460:Cell Line; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015321:Gene Rearrangement; D019868:Kanamycin Kinase; D051379:Mice; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000494:pharmacology; D010770:Phosphotransferases / Q000235:genetics; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D010770:Phosphotransferases; D019868:Kanamycin Kinase