title: Functional neuromuscular stimulation system using an implantable hydroxyapatite connector and a microprocessor-based portable stimulator.
abstract: For developing functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) orthoses, percutaneous implants made of sintered hydroxyapatite (HAp) and a microprocessor-based portable stimulator were devised, and related basic studies were carried out. First, a button-shaped HAp was percutaneously implanted up to 23 months in the skin of dogs, and 30 months in human subjects. The HAp was closely contacted with the skin tissue. Then, button-shaped HAp electrical connectors were percutaneously implanted in the skin of rabbits. Sufficient contractions of the calf muscle were elicited by electrical stimuli delivered to intramuscular electrodes through the connector. These results indicated that the HAp electrical connector could be clinically utilized as an implantable skin interface for FNS. The microprocessor-based stimulator capable of processing control command signals and delivering 16-channels of electrical stimuli was developed. Usefulness of the stimulator was demonstrated by applying it to flexor and extensor muscles of the thumb in a C5 quadriplegic patient.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akazawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makikawa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D017886:Durapatite; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012984:Software; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D017886:Durapatite