title: Evaluation of mammary blood flow measurements in lactating goats using the ultrasound Doppler principle.
abstract: 1. Non-invasive methods were developed for measuring mammary blood flow in lactating goats. 2. A Doppler principle ultrasound device was equipped with an external detector measuring maximal blood velocity (Vmax) and average blood velocity (Vav) was calculated as Vmax/2. Volume flow then depended on determination of the angle of insonation and the cross-sectional area of the milk vein (the caudal superficial epigastric or subcutaneous abdominal vein). 3. Blood velocities were measured on the milk vein of either side of the animal while clamping the pudendal veins manually. Blood velocities ranged from 7-34 cm/sec. 4. The milk vein diameter was measured by means of a slide gauge which, for clearly protruding veins, gave similar results to that measured by ultrasound scanning. In protruding veins the cross-section was circular. In non-protruding veins the cross-section was elliptical and the slide gauge significantly (P less than 0.01) overestimated the cross-sectional area. The milk vein diameter of either side measured in 10 lactating goats was 8.8 +/- 1.1 mm (means +/- SD). 5. Blood flow ranged from 90-675 ml/min in a dry and a high-yielding (3.4 l milk daily) goat, respectively. The reproducibility of the blood flow measurements was 12-16%. 6. It is concluded that the present method may be used for quantitative measurements of mammary blood flow in goats.
authors.affiliation: Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hilden
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000502:physiology*; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000098:blood supply*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014465:Ultrasonics