title: Induction of the transcription factor IRF-1 and interferon-beta mRNAs by cytokines and activators of second-messenger pathways.
abstract: Nuclear protein IRF-1 (interferon regulatory factor 1) was earlier shown to bind to cis-acting regulatory elements present on interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta genes and some IFN-inducible genes. Here we show that in both human FS-4 and murine L929 cells, steady-state levels of IRF-1 mRNA were increased by treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 (IL-1), poly(I).poly(C), or IFN-beta. IRF-1 mRNA induction was also demonstrated in cells treated with calcium ionophore A23187 or with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, but not with epidermal growth factor, dibutyryl-cAMP, or the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin. To determine whether stimulation of IRF-1 mRNA levels correlates with IFN-beta induction, we compared IRF-1 and IFN-beta mRNA levels in cells exposed to various stimuli. In L929 cells, treatment with poly(I).poly(C) under conditions that failed to induce significant levels of IFN-beta mRNA led to a very low induction of IRF-1 mRNA, but "priming" cells with IFN prior to the addition of poly(I).poly(C) greatly increased both IRF-1 and IFN-beta mRNAs. In FS-4 cells an increase in IFN-beta mRNA (examined by the polymerase chain reaction) was seen after treatment with TNF, IL-1, A23187, or poly(I).poly(C), but not with IFN-beta, epidermal growth factor, dibutyryl-cAMP, or forskolin. Thus, all treatments that increased steady-state levels of IFN-beta mRNA also enhanced IRF-1 mRNA levels. However, treatment with IFN-beta, which caused a marked stimulation in IRF-1 mRNA, failed to produce a detectable increase in IFN-beta mRNA. It appears that IRF-1 may be necessary but not sufficient for IFN-beta induction. The ability of TNF and IL-1 to increase both IRF-1 and IFN-beta mRNAs may be responsible for some similarities in the actions of TNF, IL-1, and the IFNs.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vilcek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D003994:Bucladesine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D006801:Humans; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D007739:L Cells / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000187:drug effects*; D019914:Taq Polymerase; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C494257:IRF1 protein, human; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D007375:Interleukin-1; C494258:Irf1 protein, mouse; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005576:Colforsin; D000001:Calcimycin; D003994:Bucladesine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019914:Taq Polymerase; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate