title: Membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava and invasion of the inferior vena cava by tumour in hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: A 28 yr old Zulu presented with a painful swelling in the right hypochondrium and severe swelling of the legs of short duration. The serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration was over 2 X 10(5) ng/ml and imaging showed a large hepatic mass-lesion. Radionuclide venography revealed no flow through the inferior vena cava but flow through a large collateral vessel. Contrast venography showed the upper portion of the inferior vena cava to be occluded: large collateral vessels arose from the lower vena cava and the iliac veins. The histological features were those of longstanding hepatic venous outflow obstruction with irregular centrizonal and portal fibrosis: severe acute centrizonal congestion was not seen. This combination of findings indicates the presence of both membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava, a rare developmental abnormality which predisposes to hepatocellular carcinoma formation, and invasion by the tumour of the inferior vena cava via the hepatic veins, an uncommon complication of hepatocellular carcinoma.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kew
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McKnight
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lakis
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000473:pathology*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology