title: Renal handling of enalapril and enalaprilat: studies in the isolated red blood cell-perfused rat kidney.
abstract: An isolated recirculating or single pass red cell-perfused rat kidney preparation (IPK) was used to examine the differential handling of renal metabolites. In single pass experiments, enalapril was primarily metabolized to its polar, dicarboxylic acid metabolite, enalaprilat, and its fractional excretion (FE) was less than unity, suggesting net reabsorption. Its steady-state extraction ratio decreased from 0.3 to 0.2 at concentrations of 1.06 to 12.7 microM, due to a saturation of enzymes for esterolysis. Enalaprilat administered to the IPK was excreted into urine in a concentration-independent (0.41-35.3 microM) fashion, with FE values approximating unity, suggesting net filtration. Differences in handling were observed for enalaprilat, as a metabolite formed from enalapril and as an administered (preformed) species in the single pass IPK, when tracer concentrations of [14C]enalapril and [3H]enalaprilat were given simultaneously. A comparison made between steady-state extraction ratio Ess[mi] [generated metabolite]/glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and Ess[pmi] [preformed metabolite]/GFR, respectively, revealed a 2-fold difference. The finding suggests the presence of a barrier for entry of enalaprilat into the kidney. Or else, in absence of the barrier, the opposite would be observed, that is, Ess [pmi]/GFR greater than Ess [mi]/GFR because preformed enalaprilat, in contrast to generated enalaprilat, undergoes filtration and utilizes facilitative transport carriers at the basolateral membrane. In recirculating IPKs which received simultaneously a tracer bolus dose of [14C]enalapril and [3H]enalaprilat, the FE values for generated [14C]enalaprilat were high and variable, decreasing with perfusion time and exceeding those for preformed [3H]enalaprilat, which approached unity with perfusion time. The variable FE values for [14C]enalaprilat are due to time-dependent contributions of circulating enalaprilat (which behaves identically to preformed enalaprilat) and the intrarenally generated enalaprilat. Hence, with renal drug metabolism, the conventional method of estimating urinary clearance (or Fe[mi]) for the metabolite [(total) excretion rate/midpoint plasma FE[mi] metabolite concentration] results in a greater metabolite clearance than that predicted from the administration of preformed metabolite.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: de Lannoy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nespeca
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Pang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004656:Enalapril / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015773:Enalaprilat / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004912:Erythrocytes; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D010477:Perfusion; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D010130:p-Aminohippuric Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D004656:Enalapril; D015773:Enalaprilat; D010130:p-Aminohippuric Acid