title: Order of exposure to high dietary calcium and gray strain infectious bronchitis virus alters renal function and the incidence of urolithiasis.
abstract: Experiments were designed to determine if Gray strain infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection increases the incidence of urolithiasis type kidney damage when the urine is already high in Ca and relatively alkaline due to a high Ca-low available P diet (i.e., layer ration). In addition, experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Gray strain IBV on pullet renal function of 6 and 14-wk-old pullets at 2, 5, and 10 days postinoculation (PI). Blood gas parameters were measured to determine the mechanism by which layer ration decreases hydrogen ion concentration [( H+]). Urine flow rate, glomerular filtration rate, electrolyte excretion (Na, K, Ca, P), free water clearance, urine osmolality, urine [H+], and renal plasma flow (para-aminohippuric clearance) were measured to assess renal function. Gray strain IBV increased urine [H+] and decreased renal plasma flow in 6-wk-old pullets, and induced a diuresis in 14-wk-old pullets between 5 and 10 days PI. The layer ration increased Ca excretion and induced a metabolic alkalosis, thus decreasing urine [H+] and causing urolith formation. Feeding layer ration followed by Gray strain IBV infection had an additive effect on the incidence of urolithiasis and gross kidney damage. Gray strain IBV infection 8 wk prior to feeding layer ration did not induce urolithiasis. The results suggest that the additive effect of Gray strain IBV on the incidence of urolithiasis is probably due to tubular damage rather than direct changes in renal function parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Glahn
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Wideman
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Cowen
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D001835:Body Weight; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002645:Chickens; D003333:Coronaviridae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D015994:Incidence; D001351:Infectious bronchitis virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D009929:Organ Size; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004573:Electrolytes; D002118:Calcium