Fatal intoxications in the Nordic countries. A forensic toxicological study with special reference to young drug addicts.
Fatal intoxications in the 15-34 age group in the five Nordic countries during the years 1984 and 1985 (Sweden only in 1984) were investigated. The known drug addicts were studied separately. The highest incidence of intoxications, calculated per 10(5) population, was found in Finland (11.3), followed by Denmark (10.3), Sweden (8.5), Iceland (7.2) and Norway (6.6). The percentage of intoxications caused by drugs was 92 in Denmark, 71 in Norway, 66 in Sweden, 50 in Finland and 17 in Iceland. Ethanol intoxications were seen 5-7 and 2-3 times as frequently in Finland and in Iceland, respectively, than in the other three countries. Carbon monoxide intoxications accounted for two-thirds of all fatal intoxications in Iceland. Drug addicts accounted for 62% of all fatal intoxications in the Danish material. The corresponding figures were 33% in the Norwegian, 16% in the Swedish and 5% in the Finnish material. No deaths in drug addicts were found in Iceland. Most drug addicts in Denmark, Norway and Sweden died of hard drugs and most in Norway and Sweden, from heroin or morphine, whereas in Denmark other strong analgesics, such as methadone, dextropropoxyphene and ketobemidone, accounted for 40% of all hard-drug-related fatal intoxications. To a certain extent the results reflect differences in the legal autopsy routines in the various Nordic countries. However, the ascertainment of drug addicts is assumed to be near-complete in each country.
Steentoft
A
A
Institute of Forensic Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Teige
B
B
Vuori
E
E
Ceder
G
G
Holmgren
P
P
Kaa
E
E
Kristinsson
J
J
Normann
P T
PT
Pikkarainen
J
J
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000401:mortality; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000506:poisoning; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002249:Carbon Monoxide Poisoning / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000506:poisoning*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000506:poisoning; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality*
D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D001569:Benzodiazepines