title: Neurophysiology and neurochemistry of drug dependence: a review.
abstract: To understand the neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms of drug dependence, the functional significance of dopamine, noradrenaline and endogenous opioid peptides in the mediation of natural, self-stimulation and pharmacological reinforcement are discussed. Data on search of system(s), mediator(s) and neurons of reinforcement as well as my own notions on reinforcement as a critical element in organization and regulation of the organism's adaptive activity in variable environments are presented. The role of chronic drug-induced stable modification of central neurochemical systems' functioning as a basis for the alteration of endogenous reinforcement processes and raising drug dependence are examined in detail for main addictive drugs, opiates and psychomotor stimulants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropharmacology, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kiyatkin
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents