title: Topical application of penetration enhancers to the skin of nude mice: a histopathological study.
abstract: Eighteen potential penetration enhancers, some at concentrations that might be used for that purpose, have been examined to evaluate their irritancy potential on nude mouse skin. A biopsy technique was employed followed by histological examination. Up to 50% glycerol, 10% hydroxyethyl lactamide (HELA), 10% oleyl alcohol, 10% Solketal, 10% glycofurol, 100% tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) and 10% urea induced no discernible change in the histological appearance of the skin whereas 100% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), 100% dimethyl formamide (DMF), 100% N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 10% Azone, 10% oleic acid, 10% methyl laurate, 10% benzyl alcohol and 10% glycerol formal caused severe skin irritation.
authors.affiliation: The Wellcome Foundation Ltd, Dartford, Kent, UK.
authors.forename: U T
authors.initials: UT
authors.lastname: Lashmar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hadgraft
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005079:Excipients / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007509:Irritants; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D007509:Irritants