title: HIV-1 TAT "activates" presynthesized RNA in the nucleus.
abstract: Replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) depends upon the viral TAT protein. TAT stimulates gene expression via a target response sequence (TAR) located within the HIV-1 LTR. As TAR is located in the transcribed region it could act as a signal in either the DNA, the RNA, or both. To test whether TAT acts on transcription and/or posttranscriptionally, we produced TAT in yeast and monitored its activity after microinjection into the nucleus or cytoplasm of Xenopus oocytes. The TAT protein stimulated TAR-dependent expression, but this activation was not inhibited by transcriptional inhibitors. Furthermore, TAR-containing RNA, produced in vitro, was "activated" by TAT after coinjection into oocytes. This activation only occurred, however, when the RNA was injected into the nucleus and not into the cytoplasm. Our data indicate, therefore, that in the Xenopus system TAT acts on presynthesized RNA and that the nucleus is involved in this action.
authors.affiliation: Virus Molecular Biology Group Department of Biochemistry, Oxford, England.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braddock
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Esnouf
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kingsman
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kingsman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D008845:Microinjections; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015138:RNA, Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D015696:Gene Products, tat; D015138:RNA, Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA