title: Relevance of the chemical charge of rhodamine dyes to multiple drug resistance.
abstract: Previously, we have shown that multiple drug resistant (MDR) Friend leukemia cells (FLC) are cross-resistant to the positively-charged dye, Rhodamine 123 (Rho 123), and that this resistance can be reversed by verapamil (VER). In the present study we used two zwitterionic rhodamine analogs, Rhodamine 116 and Rhodamine 110, and another positively-charged analog, Rhodamine 6G, to determine whether drug accumulation, resistance and modulation were affected by changes in the charge of these compounds. While there was no differential sensitivity between sensitive and resistant FLC to zwitterionic rhodamines, there was marked differential toxicity between these cell types for the positively-charged analogs. The IC50 values were 1000- and 100-fold greater in resistant than in sensitive cells for Rho 123 and Rho 6G respectively. Intracellular drug accumulation was significantly higher in sensitive as compared to resistant cells for both Rho 123 and Rho 6G, but little difference in drug uptake between these two cell types was observed for Rho 110 and Rho 116. It was also found that the intracellular to extracellular ratio of the positively-charged compounds was greater than unity in both sensitive and resistant cells whereas for the zwitterionic analogs this ratio was less than 1. Furthermore, this ratio of drug uptake was found to be significantly higher for Rho 6G than for Rho 123, which correlated with the high oil:water partition coefficient of Rho 6G (115.6). In MDR cells, verapamil increased Rho 123 and Rho 6G accumulation by 9.4- and 8.6-fold respectively. In addition, IC50 values in resistant cells were reduced greater than 100-fold for Rho 6G and greater than 1000-fold for Rho 123 in the presence of 10 micrograms/ml of verapamil. In contrast, less than 2-fold reduction of IC50 values for both of the zwitterionic analogs could be obtained under the same conditions. These results indicate that the chemical charge of rhodamines plays an important role in their differential accumulation, cytotoxicity and sensitivity to modulators such as verapamil, in sensitive and multi-drug resistant cells. The data also suggest that increased lipophilicity of the positively-charged rhodamines may increase their ability to accumulate in, and subsequently kill, MDR cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Papanicolaou Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lampidis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: del Giglio
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Pressman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Viallet
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Trevorrow
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Valet
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tapiero
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Savaraj
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002621:Chemistry; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D020112:Rhodamine 123; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D014966:Xanthenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D012235:Rhodamines; D014966:Xanthenes; C026188:rhodamine 6G; C049025:rhodamine 110; D020112:Rhodamine 123; C044776:rhodamine 116; D004317:Doxorubicin