title: Improvement in signal-to-noise ratio and reduction of chemical shift and motion-induced artifacts by summation of gradient and spin echo data acquisition.
abstract: Narrow bandwidth magnetic resonance (MR) imaging allows an increase of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) but causes increased chemical shift and motion-induced artifacts. To obtain MR images with SNR approximately equal to that obtained with narrow bandwidth but with less chemical shift and motion-induced artifact, we introduced triple readout gradient reversal centered around the spin echo. As a result, signals from two gradient echoes and a single spin echo can be collected and summed. Phantom, knee, shoulder, and abdominal MR images were obtained using a 1.5 T GE Signa System at sampling rates ranging from 10 to 60 kHz. Since the bandwidth per pixel was tripled, chemical shift misregistration was reduced by the same factor. The summation image of two gradient echoes and one spin echo had an SNR comparable with that of a single spin echo acquired within the same total sampling interval. Data acquisition at a high sampling ratio also minimizes the dispersion of T2* weighting among three echoes. In addition, summation of the three resulting images decreases motion artifact by effective averaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology/MRI, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vinitski
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rifkin
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Burk
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D009038:Motion