title: Atelectasis and gas exchange impairment during enflurane/nitrous oxide anaesthesia.
abstract: The development of atelectasis and effects on gas exchange during enflurane anaesthesia in nitrogen/oxygen or nitrous oxide/oxygen (inspired oxygen fraction 0.4) were studied in 16 lung-healthy patients (mean age 49 years). Awake, no subject displayed atelectasis as assessed by computed x-ray tomography of the thorax. Pulmonary gas exchange, studied by multiple inert gas elimination technique, and blood gases were normal. After 10 min of enflurane anaesthesia in nitrogen/oxygen, 14 of 16 subjects had developed atelectasis. After 30 min of enflurane anaesthesia in nitrogen/oxygen or nitrous oxide/oxygen, all patients had developed atelectasis, and a further increase was observed after 90 min of anaesthesia to approximately 5% of the intrathoracic area. There was no difference between the two anaesthesia groups. In the nitrogen group, shunt rose to a maximum of 5.8% at 30 min of enflurane anaesthesia, with a significant reduction to the initial anaesthesia level after 90 min of anaesthesia (3.4%). Perfusion of poorly ventilated lung regions (low VA/Q) averaged 4-5% and did not vary significantly during the anaesthesia. In the nitrous oxide group, shunt increased to 6.3% after 90 min of anaesthesia, and there was a parallel decrease in perfusion of low VA/Q regions. The findings suggest that besides prompt collapse of lung tissue during induction of anaesthesia, absorption of gas from closed-off or poorly ventilated regions takes place and further increases the atelectatic area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strandberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brismar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tokics
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lundquist
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hedenstierna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D004737:Enflurane / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery; D001261:Pulmonary Atelectasis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014692:Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004737:Enflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide