title: Variability of pulmonary function in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: clinical correlates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the range of pulmonary function variability in alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficient persons and to identify epidemiologic factors and pulmonary symptoms and conditions associated with this variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series ascertained through investigation of extant obstructive lung disease (index cases, 22 subjects) or by other means (non-index cases, 30 subjects).
  
  
  METHODS
  Referral-based pulmonary division at a tertiary care medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficient persons of type Pi Z ascertained by: extant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (22 cases), family studies (20 cases), liver disease (4 cases), population screening (4 cases), and other pulmonary problems (2 cases).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulmonary function tests and a version of the American Thoracic Society 1978 standard respiratory epidemiology questionnaire were used. Persons of type Pi Z who were not specifically ascertained with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had values of forced expiratory volume in 1 second over 65% of predicted in 20 out of 30 cases and frequently had normal lung function. Univariate and multivariate analyses of possible causes of lung disease showed that the following factors were significant (P less than 0.05): pulmonary symptoms (effects associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), including dyspnea and chronic cough; age and pack-years of smoking (epidemiologic correlates); and other pulmonary conditions (potential causes or effects) including asthma, pneumonia, and episodes of increased cough and phlegm. Finally, we found a striking excess of questionnaire-reported parental emphysema in families of type Pi Z persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease compared with families of type Pi Z persons without disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many persons with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency do not have clinically significant lung function impairment: the perceived natural history of antitrypsin deficiency has been distorted by ascertainment bias. In addition to cigarette smoking, it appears that asthma, lower respiratory infections, and possibly some familial factors contribute to a severe clinical course. Follow-up of our cohort with widely varying lung function will provide insights into the natural history of the emphysema associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Province
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000235:genetics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000235:genetics; D019896:alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
chemical_list: D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin