title: Diaphragm strength in the shrinking lung syndrome of systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: The cause of the reduced lung volume in the 'shrinking lung' syndrome of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was investigated in 12 patients with the condition. Nine patients described persistent episodes of pleuritic chest pain. Narrow section (3 mm) computed tomography of the thorax revealed no interstitial fibrosis or significant pleural disease. Assessment of diaphragmatic function using manoeuvres more reliable than the maximal occluded efforts previously used alone to assess respiratory muscle strength, showed that diaphragm strength was unequivocally normal in nine of 12 patients. In three, maximum transdiaphragmatic pressure was moderately reduced, but phrenic nerve stimulation demonstrated that this was due to incomplete activation of the diaphragm during a maximal voluntary effort, rather than to a primary abnormality of the diaphragm. Results of maximum lung recoil pressures and dynamic compliance, and analysis of the 12-s maximum voluntary ventilation, suggested a restriction in chest-wall expansion, although it was not possible to identify the underlying cause of this on the basis of our results. We conclude that the 'shrinking lung' syndrome of SLE is not explained by a primary abnormality of the diaphragm.
authors.affiliation: Brompton Hospital, London.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Laroche
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mulvey
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Walport
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Strickland
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moxham
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000209:etiology; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009431:Neural Conduction; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed