title: TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms: association with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
abstract: The localization of TNF genes on the short arm of chromosome 6 between HLA B and the complement genes focused attention to that genetic region which harbors many immunologically relevant genes and is also thought to hold susceptibility genes for a variety of autoimmune diseases that are linked to specific alleles of particular loci in the HLA D region. Since the recently established HLA-DR-DQ variation accounts only for part of the genetic susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) we searched for genomic variation of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. We have identified a TNF-alpha restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with NcoI and analysed diabetic patients including their families, controls and homozygous typing cell lines (HTC) defined by the 10th International Histocompatibility Workshop. Segregation analysis in families and HTC results show a strong linkage of the TNF-alpha 5.5 kb allele with DR types in particular with A1B8DR3. This tight linkage of TNF-alpha alleles with extended haplotypes and the significant increase of heterozygotes in patients could lead to some explanation of the DR3 association with a variety of autoimmune diseases particularly IDDM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Immunogenetics, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, U.K.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Badenhoop
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bingley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trowsdale
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Usadel
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Bottazzo
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha