title: Rectal palpation and transrectal fine needle aspiration of the prostate in the monitoring of prostate cancer: a study of 59 patients during treatment with estramustine phosphate or estrogens.
abstract: Fifty-nine hormonally treated prostatic carcinoma patients were prospectively followed by rectal palpation and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) at 6 month intervals for periods ranging from 6 to 120 months (median follow-up, 48 months). The cytologic impressions and palpatory findings were divided into four categories, respectively, ranging from benign to clearly malignant. Cytologic material and palpatory descriptions suitable for evaluation were available for 306 follow-up examinations, with a mean number of follow-up examinations per patient of five (range, 1-13). Tumor relapse was noted in 26 patients and was diagnosed at the same time by FNAC and palpation in six patients. In 16 of the patients tumor progression was first noted by cytology, and in four patients relapse was first detected by rectal palpation. Different patterns of cytologic and palpatory findings during the development of remission and progression of the tumors and drawbacks of the methods are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Hedlund
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Löwhagen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Esposti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004961:Estramustine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009588:Nitrogen Mustard Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010173:Palpation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012007:Rectum; D012074:Remission Induction
chemical_list: D009588:Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; D004961:Estramustine; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D004958:Estradiol; C008958:polyestradiol phosphate