Positively charged amino acid residues can act as topogenic determinants in membrane proteins.
When alkaline phosphatase is fused to the periplasmic domain of a cytoplasmic membrane protein, it is efficiently exported to the periplasm. Such a hybrid protein exhibits high alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity. When alkaline phosphatase is fused to the cytoplasmic domain of a membrane protein, it remains, for the most part, in the cytoplasm. Such fusions exhibit low enzymatic activity. However, stable retention of alkaline phosphatase in the cytoplasm requires the presence in the fusion protein of the cytoplasmic loop ordinarily present in that position in the native, unfused protein. Using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, we have shown that positively charged amino acids are required for the stable cytoplasmic localization of the fused alkaline phosphatase. We propose that, in addition to hydrophobic transmembrane segments, positively charged amino acids in the hydrophilic cytoplasmic domains of a membrane protein are determinants of the protein's topology.
Boyd
D
D
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
Beckwith
J
J
D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D058619:Maltose-Binding Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008961:Models, Structural; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
D002352:Carrier Proteins; D058619:Maltose-Binding Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase