title: Atropine absorption after intramuscular administration with 2-pralidoxime chloride by two automatic injector devices.
abstract: Compared with manual intramuscular injection, automatic injector delivery substantially enhances drug absorption rate. We examined the effect of two types of automatic injector delivery of two drugs which are components of the standard antidote to anticholinesterase poisoning and which have been previously shown to have a reduced absorption rate when mixed together in a manual injection. In crossover experiments one week apart, 20 nonsmoking healthy young male humans (ages 20-30) were studied after citrated atropine (6.9 mumol/0.7 mL) and pralidoxime chloride (3.5 mmol/2.0 mL; PAMCL) were injected sequentially into a single intramuscular site by either a multichambered autoinjector or a device which delivers the drugs into two separate intramuscular sites (MARK I). Atropine absorption was assessed by the appearance of atropine in the serum and by changes in heart rate, salivary secretion, pupil diameters, and near vision accommodation. Atropine absorption was significantly greater in the first 30 min following injection with the MARK I. The results of this study suggest that: (1) the MARK I device produces a faster absorption of atropine, probably through some combination of its broader dispersal of atropine in the muscle site and its separation of atropine from the PAMCL; (2) salivary secretion may be the most convenient and sensitive marker of atropine action; and (3) the 6.9- mumol (2-mg) dose of atropine delivered by either autoinjector gives near maximal antisialogogue activity in normal male humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA 98431-5454.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Friedl
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hannan
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Schadler
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Jacob
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects; D000328:Adult; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D011220:Pralidoxime Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012472:Salivation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D011220:Pralidoxime Compounds; D001285:Atropine; D003402:Creatine Kinase