title: Elevated hemidiaphragm after cardiac operations: incidence, prognosis, and relationship to the use of topical ice slush.
abstract: We have reviewed chest roentgenograms of 745 patients before hospital dismissal after cardiac operations and serially to determine the incidence and prognosis of elevated hemidiaphragm and any relationship to the use of topical ice slush (TIS) in myocardial preservation. All patients had similar myocardial preservation techniques including moderate systemic hypothermia and 4 degrees C saline solution poured over the heart at aortic clamping. During a 12-month period, TIS was added to the saline bath. Two (2.4%) of 84 patients before TIS and 5 (2.5%) of 201 consecutive patients operated on since discontinuing TIS had elevated hemidiaphragm on the predismissal roentgenogram. Of 460 patients in whom TIS was employed, 109 (23.7%) had elevated hemidiaphragm (p less than 0.001). When TIS was employed, elevated hemidiaphragm developed in 72 (26%) of 280 patients without internal mammary artery takedown versus 13 of 33 patients (39.4%) with takedown of the internal mammary artery (p = 0.047). Ninety-nine patients with elevated hemidiaphragm were available for follow-up at 1 month, at which time 79 (79.8%) continued to have elevated diaphragm. At 1 year, 14 (21.9%) of 64 patients had persistent diaphragm elevation. We conclude that TIS predisposes to elevated diaphragm and that the incidence is increased when the internal mammary artery is harvested.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65212.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nawarawong
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Walls
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schmaltz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000293:injuries*; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D007053:Ice