title: Morphine metabolism in children.
abstract: 1. The metabolism of morphine was studied in 12 children and nine premature neonates on a continuous infusion of morphine (10-360 micrograms kg-1 h-1). 2. The mean plasma clearance of morphine was significantly higher in children than neonates (25.7 and 4.7 ml min-1 kg-1, respectively) (P less than 0.01). 3. All the neonates and children had detectable concentrations of morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) in plasma. All the children and five neonates had detectable concentrations of morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) in plasma or urine. 4. The M3G/morphine ratios in plasma and urine, and M6G/morphine ratios in urine were significantly higher in children than neonates (P less than 0.01), suggesting that morphine glucuronidation capacity is enhanced after the neonatal period. 5. There was no difference in the M3G/M6G ratio in children and neonates, indicating a parallel development of both glucuronidation pathways.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Choonara
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hain
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rane
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D009022:Morphine Derivatives; C035349:morphine-6-glucuronide; D009020:Morphine; C018108:morphine-3-glucuronide