title: Development of nonionic contrast media.
abstract: In this brief history, the author reviews the observations that led to his developing a nonionic contrast medium. Current knowledge suggested that if a water-soluble medium could be made isotonic to human plasma, it would cause less pain and toxicity than the ionic media then in use. The principles and design of such a medium are discussed, as well as the subsequent chemical development and testing in animal models of first generation (metrizamide) and second generation (iohexol) nonionic media. Iohexol, which is described as a nonionic, monomeric ratio 3 contrast medium, was selected for clinical testing from among competing substances due to its low toxicity in a number of animal models. The results from these experimental models predicted that iohexol would cause fewer and less severe adverse reactions in clinical use than ionic ratio 1.5 media.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Almén
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002621:Chemistry; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000633:toxicity; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006636:Histamine Release / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007463:Iodobenzoates; D007472:Iohexol; D007479:Iopamidol; D007483:Iothalamic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008793:Metrizamide; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000187:drug effects; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000139:chemically induced; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007463:Iodobenzoates; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; D007483:Iothalamic Acid; D007472:Iohexol; D007479:Iopamidol; D008793:Metrizamide