title: Haemoglobin switching in human embryos: asynchrony of zeta----alpha and epsilon----gamma-globin switches in primitive and definite erythropoietic lineage.
abstract: Haemoglobin switching in humans provides a unique model for investigating the mechanisms underlying expression of a developmentally regulated gene family. Numerous studies have focused on the switch from fetal to adult (that is, gamma----beta) globin, but little is known about the embryonic----fetal (that is, zeta----alpha and epsilon----gamma) switches, as well as the transition from 'primitive' yolk sac to 'definitive' liver erythropoiesis. Here we have studied the embryonic----fetal haemoglobin switches in yolk sac, liver and circulating blood erythroblasts from 25 embryos and 6 fetuses. Globin synthesis was also evaluated in purified 'primitive' and 'definitive' erythroblasts. Primitive erythroblasts synthesize essentially zeta and epsilon chains at 5 weeks and alpha- and epsilon-globin with a minor aliquot of zeta and gamma chains at 6-7 weeks, whereas definitive erythroblasts produce alpha and epsilon + gamma + beta-globin at 6 weeks but only alpha and gamma + beta chains from 8 weeks onward. In both lineages the zeta----alpha and the epsilon----gamma switches are asynchronous, the former preceding the latter. Furthermore, zeta- and beta-globin synthesis is restricted to primitive and definitive erythroblasts respectively. These findings are discussed in terms of a monoclonal model for haemoglobin switching in early human ontogeny.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peschle
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mavilio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carè
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Migliaccio
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Migliaccio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salvo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Samoggia
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guerriero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marinucci
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D004900:Erythroblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D004920:Erythropoiesis; D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology; D015017:Yolk Sac / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005914:Globins; D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin