title: Morphological and physiological effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate on rat embryos grown in vitro at different stages.
abstract: Diabetic women are more likely to give birth to infants with congenital malformations than are nondiabetic women. Rodent embryos have been used as a model for the study of abnormal fetal development associated with maternal diabetes, and some of the metabolic factors which are altered in diabetes, such as raised glucose and ketones, have been shown to cause abnormal development of rodent embryos in vitro. The present work explores further the teratogenicity of beta-hydroxybutyrate to rat embryos. To determine the sensitivities of rat embryos at different stages of their development, rat embryos at 9.5 days of gestation have been cultured in vitro for 24 or 48 h, with or without 4 x 10(-2) M beta-hydroxybutyrate for all or part of the culture period. The embryos have been examined by scanning electron microscopy, and a detailed morphometric analysis of one tissue, the neuroepithelium, has been undertaken. The results confirm that beta-hydroxybutyrate causes abnormal development of rat embryos. The results of experiments in which embryos were exposed to beta-hydroxybutyrate for only part of a 48 h culture show that embryos exposed to beta-hydroxybutyrate for a complete 48 h culture are more severely affected than embryos exposed to beta-hydroxybutyrate for only part of the culture and that embryos are more vulnerable to beta-hydroxybutyrate during the first half of a 48 h culture (equivalent to 9.5 to 10.5 days of gestation) than during the second half of a 48 h culture (10.5 to 11.5 days of gestation). The results of experiments in which embryos were cultured with beta-hydroxybutyrate from 9.5 days of gestation for 24 h (equivalent to 9.5 to 10.5 days of gestation) showed that some effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate are already apparent after 24 hours in culture. Many of the abnormalities produced by beta-hydroxybutyrate can be classified as embryonic retardations rather than malformations--that is, embryos show features characteristic of normal, but younger, embryos. Embryos exposed to beta-hydroxybutyrate for the complete 48 h culture period consume less glucose and produce less lactate than control embryos on a per embryo basis, but not on a per microgram protein basis, suggesting that the reduced metabolism is an effect of beta-hydroxybutyrate-induced developmental delay rather than a cause of it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool, England.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanisstreet
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000633:toxicity*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013723:Teratogens
chemical_list: D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D013723:Teratogens; D005947:Glucose; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid