title: Ketamine-induced tongue protrusions in rats.
abstract: 1. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that ketamine anesthesia (100 mg/kg) induces tongue protrusions (P) in addition to retrusions (R) and swallows (S) in adult rats. 2. These linguo-pharyngeal events occur alone or combined in various sequential patterns. 3. The SPR sequence is not the predominant pattern in all preparations suggesting profound disruption of physiological linkages by ketamine. 4. Haloperidol administration suppresses these events for 1-120 min depending on the dose (0.75-2.5 mg/kg). 5. Swallows are the least vulnerable to haloperidol. 6. This and previous findings provide further evidence that ketamine induced linguo-pharyngeal activity can serve as a model for acute or tardive dyskinesia better than stereotypies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Marco
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pendleton
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Brigham
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Aldes
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Chronister
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003679:Deglutition / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D014059:Tongue / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D007649:Ketamine; D006220:Haloperidol