title: All-trans retinoic acid and 13-cis-retinoic acid in the rat whole-embryo culture: abnormal development due to the all-trans isomer.
abstract: 9.5-day-old rat embryos were exposed to 3 micrograms 13-cis retinoic acid (13-cis-RA)/ml culture medium or 1 microgram all-trans retinoic acid (all-trans-RA)/ml culture medium for different time intervals of the culture period (test substance-exposure periods alternated with test substance-free periods). These studies were performed to confirm the hypothesis (Klug et al. 1989) that the effect of 13-cis-RA on embryonic development in vitro is predominantly caused by its isomerisation to all-trans-RA. A 12 h exposure of the rat embryos to 13-cis-RA during different periods of culture did not interfere with normal development. However, a 12 h exposure of the embryos to all-trans-RA in the first three quarters of the culture period significantly interfered with normal development and caused clear-cut and typical abnormalities. Embryonic exposure to 13-cis-RA, for periods of more than 12 h, caused severe interference with normal development and led to branchial effects very similar to those observed following to a 12 h exposure to all-trans-RA.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Toxikologie und Embryopharmakologie, Freie Universität Berlin.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klug
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lewandowski
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wildi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neubert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046508:Culture Techniques; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013723:Teratogens; D013997:Time Factors; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens; D014212:Tretinoin