title: Pediatric deaths and emergency medical services (EMS) in urban and rural areas.
abstract: A total of 1078 pediatric coroners' cases in 11 rural and urban California counties were reviewed as they relate to emergency medical services (EMS). Pediatric coroners' death rates per 100,000 population varied from an average of 2.17 in the rural region to 30.4 in the urban region. Vehicular accidents caused the majority (66%) of the accidental deaths, and firearms caused 61% of the violent deaths. Violent deaths (homicide and suicide) were significantly more common in the urban region (P less than 0.001), and vehicular deaths (excluding auto versus pedestrian) were more common in the rural region (P less than 0.001). EMS provider usage was greater in the urban areas (84 vs 66%, P less than 0.001), as was the number of cases receiving advanced life support (97 vs 66%, P less than 0.001). Urban and rural differences in place of death were significant for two places of death; street and highway, and inhospital deaths. A significantly greater number of children died on the street/highway in rural areas (P less than 0.05). Hospital deaths were more likely to occur on the ward in the rural region, versus the intensive care unit in the urban region (P less than 0.001). Proposed factors which may explain these findings include differences in medical resources and in local transfer policies. The study demonstrates that EMS providers are involved in the care of children who have had a fatal emergency. Further evaluation of rural and urban differences in prehospital care of the pediatric patient is indicated.
authors.affiliation: EMSC Project, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance 90509.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gausche
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Wayland
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Almeida
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D009026:Mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population