title: Morphology and chemical composition of dental calculi mainly composed of whitlockite.
abstract: The morphology and chemical composition of two subgingival calculus samples, which were composed of magnesium-whitlockite with a Mg/Ca molar ratio of approximately 0.1 as shown by X-ray powder diffraction, were analyzed semiquantitatively using energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Ca/P molar ratio values for 33 EDS-analyzed materials ranged from 1.24 to 2.03 with an average of 1.49, and the (Mg+Ca)/P molar ratio values ranged from 1.43 to 2.28 with an average of 1.63. The average Mg/Ca molar ratio was 0.10, a value very close to that obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis. The EDS-analyzed materials were grouped morphologically into three types; Type A materials were typical rhombohedral crystals, Type B were crystals of ill-defined form or small crystallite aggregations and Type C materials had a small granular structure or were amorphous. The values of (Mg+Ca)/P molar ratio for Type A ranged from 1.57 to 2.28 and averaged 1.81, those for Type B ranged from 1.43 to 1.56 and averaged 1.48, and those for Type C ranged from 1.46 to 2.06 and averaged 1.62. Type A crystals had higher molar ratios while Type B crystallites had values similar to that of whitlockite. Type C materials covered the ranges of both Type A and Type B. These results show that the materials resembling whitlockite morphologically did not have the (Mg+Ca)/P ratio of whitlockite and vice versa. This suggests that whitlockite crystals may substitute some ions for PO4 as well as Mg for Ca to a larger extent than thought previously, and that care is needed in the identification of these materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakae
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mishima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kozawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000032:analysis / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; C021767:whitlockite; D010758:Phosphorus; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium