title: [Benzidine dyes and risk of bladder cancer].
abstract: Until the early 1970's there was little concern about dyes which contain benzidine as an integral part of their chemical structure. Furthermore, use of the finished dyes was not considered dangerous. To ascertain whether azo dyes are associated with risk of development of bladder tumors in workers who handpaint Yuzen-type silk kimonos in Kyoto, we investigated the disintegration of dyes to benzidine. In these studies, we found that in rats and mice benzidine-based dyes are metabolized to benzidine and that the azo linkage of benzidine dyes is reduced by Escherichia coli and soil bacteria. These experimental findings were reported previously. In this report, we outline an approach to these studies. Many of the dyes used to color paper, textiles, lipstick, bait used by fishermen, as well as hair dyes, and dyes used in research, for pharmaceutical products, and by defence personnel for the detection of liquid chemical warfare agents, have been shown to be potentially mutagenic or carcinogenic. We review the literature on these dyes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Shimada Municipal Hospital.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyakawa
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001560:Benzidines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002621:Chemistry; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D051381:Rats; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D001560:Benzidines; D004396:Coloring Agents; C029876:benzidine