title: [Combined effects of tobacco smoking, occupational factors and atmospheric air pollution as risk factors of bronchial carcinoma. Results of retrospective studies in Cracow].
abstract: A case-control study was conducted in order to assess the combined effect of smoking, occupation and air pollution on lung cancer risk. Cases were male and female residents of Cracow whose deaths occurred within a 6 years period (1980-1985) and were attributed to primary lung cancer. The control series were selected by frequency matching to cases by sex and age (+/- 5 years) from the subjects who died of other causes than cancer or respiratory diseases. Through a mailed simple questionnaire data were collected on demographic variables, occupation, smoking habits and residency. Estimates of adds ratio were found to increase with the amount of prior cigarette consumption expressed in pack-years. In men the odds ratio estimates for suspected occupational exposure in men lasting longer than 20 years was 1.72 (1.39-2.17); for job category (manual vs nonmanual) 1.27 (1.01-1.62). Both occupational variable did not reach significance level in women. The standardized odds ratio for the highest air pollution level in men was 1.47 (1.08-2.01), while for women found to be insignificant.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jedrychowski
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Becher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wahrendorf
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flak
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Basa-Cierpiałek
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational
vernacular_title: Laczny wpływ palenia tytoniu, czynników zawodowych i zanieczyszczeń powietrza atmosferycznego na ryzyko raka oskrzela. Wyniki badań retrospektywnych w Krakowie.