title: Children's responses to different forms of expression of anger between adults.
abstract: Anger is not a homogeneous stimulus, but can vary on a variety of dimensions and domains. This study examined children's responses to anger as a function of: (a) the mode of expression of anger (nonverbal, verbal, verbal-physical), and (b) whether or not anger between others was resolved. Children were presented with videotaped segments of angry and friendly interactions and asked questions concerning their responses. All angry interactions, including non-verbal anger, were perceived as negative events and elicited negative emotions. Unresolved anger was perceived as a far more negative event than resolved anger and induced greater feelings of anger and distress in children. Verbal-physical anger was perceived as the most negative form of expression of anger. Boys reported more angry feelings in response to anger than girls. Distress responding was greater in children from homes in which there was interparent physical aggression and in children with behavior problems. Finally, the utility of this methodology is supported by relatively high test-retest reliability and limited evidence of context effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506-6040.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: el-Sheikh
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000786:Anger; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010553:Personality Development; D012931:Social Environment; D014705:Verbal Behavior