title: Canal preparation using two mechanical handpieces: distortions, ledging, and potential solutions.
abstract: Two mechanical handpieces, the Giromatic and the Kerr M-4, were used to prepare curved canals in plastic blocks. The canals prepared with the Giromatic were generally better than those using the M-4. Both systems produced ledges and other canal distortions. This paper will describe methods to minimize ledge production.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Ianno
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Weine
mesh_terms: D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*