title: Comparative acute toxicity of shale and petroleum derived distillates.
abstract: In anticipation of the commercialization of its shale oil retorting and upgrading process, Unocal Corp. conducted a testing program aimed at better defining potential health impacts of a shale industry. Acute toxicity studies using rats and rabbits compared the effects of naphtha, Jet-A, JP-4, diesel and "residual" distillate fractions of both petroleum derived crude oils and hydrotreated shale oil. No differences in the acute oral (greater than 5 g/kg LD50) and dermal (greater than 2 g/kg LD50) toxicities were noted between the shale and petroleum derived distillates and none of the samples were more than mildly irritating to the eyes. Shale and petroleum products caused similar degrees of mild to moderate skin irritation. None of the materials produced sensitization reactions. The LC50 after acute inhalation exposure to Jet-A, shale naphtha, (greater than 5 mg/L) and JP-4 distillate fractions of petroleum and shale oils was greater than 5 mg/L. The LC50 of petroleum naphtha (greater than 4.8 mg/L) and raw shale oil (greater than 3.95 mg/L) also indicated low toxicity. Results demonstrate that shale oil products are of low acute toxicity, mild to moderately irritating and similar to their petroleum counterparts. The results further demonstrate that hydrotreatment reduces the irritancy of raw shale oil.
authors.affiliation: Unocal Corporation, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Katchen
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000473:Alkanes / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D005126:Eye Burns / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008297:Male; D009821:Oils / Q000633:toxicity*; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012882:Skin Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D009821:Oils; D010578:Petroleum; C004544:naphtha