title: Faecal incontinence in childhood: a multidisciplinary approach including biofeedback.
abstract: One hundred and seven children with faecal incontinence were evaluated and managed over a 3 year period by a multidisciplinary team. After initial clinical assessment, evaluation of defaecatory mechanisms (using a balloon model) and assessment of personal-social development and self-concept were undertaken. Management was based on initial bowel evacuation, short-term laxatives, and habit training involving systematic use of positive reinforcement; 69 children received biofeedback conditioning. Idiopathic megacolon with constipation and soiling was the most common finding (98 cases). Other diagnoses included previously undiagnosed neurogenic bowel (three cases), post-surgical and anomalies (four cases), and psychogenic encopresis (two cases). Idiopathic megacolon was characterized by decreased rectal sensation, increased threshold for external sphincter relaxation and an inability to evacuate. Faecal incontinence was associated with an undesirably low social self-concept (70% of the 40 evaluated), but was not related to a delay in development (mean general developmental quotient = 105 +/- 8, for the 35 tested). Family psychopathology warranting referral for family therapy was found in 14 children (13%). The management programme yielded a short-term (3 months) cure rate of 68% and a long-term (12 months) cure rate of 90%, with 10% having continued soiling which varied from occasional to several incidents/week. No significant improvement in self-concept was observed overall, although marked improvements were observed in some children. We conclude that disordered defaecatory dynamics are a major determinant of faecal incontinence in children. Undesirably low social self-concepts but normal developmental ability accompany this condition. Management is facilitated by a multidisciplinary approach, acknowledging the role of both behavioural and physiological components of the problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Child Development Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hickstein
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nasser
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Cleghorn
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Shepherd
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005196:Family Therapy; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012007:Rectum / Q000503:physiopathology; D012649:Self Concept; D012677:Sensation