title: Conductive and convective heat flows of exercising humans in cold water.
abstract: The apparent conductance (Kss, in W.m-2.degrees C-1) of a given region of superficial shell (on the thigh, fat + skin) was determined on four nonsweating and nonshivering subjects, resting and exercising (200 W) in water [water temperature (Tw) 22-23 degrees C] Kss = Hss/(Tsf-Tsk) where Hss is the skin-to-water heat flow directly measured by heat flow transducers and Tsf and Tsk are the temperatures of the subcutaneous fat at a known depth below the skin surface and of the skin surface, respectively. The convective heat flow (qc) through the superficial shell was then estimated as qc = (Tsf - Tsk).(Kss - Kss,min), assuming that at rest Kss was minimal (Kss,min) and resting qc = 0. The duration of immersion was set to allow rectal temperature (Tre) to reach approximately 37 degrees C at the end of rest and approximately 38 degrees C at the end of exercise. Except at the highest Tw used, Kss at the start of exercise was always Kss,min and averaged 51 W.m-2.degrees C-1 (range 33-57 W.m-2.degrees C-1) across subjects, and qc was zero. At the end of exercise at the highest Tw used for each subject, Kss averaged 97 W.m-2.degrees C-1 (range 77-108 W.m-2.degrees C-1) and qc averaged 53% (range 48-61%) of Hss (mean Hss = 233 W.m-2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veicsteinas
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rennie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D013816:Thermodynamics