title: Effect of temperature and fat content on the solubility of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide in milk.
abstract: The solubility of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide in milk has been studied. Experiments were carried out at 5, 15, 25, and 37 degrees C on a buffer solution of pH 6.5, a 2.6% solution of casein, bovine skim milk samples, and bovine milk samples with fat contents of 0.75, 1.70, and 3.50%. The "total" solubility of both drugs in the media studied was higher than the buffer solubility. The highest "total" solubility for both drugs was observed in skim milk. Based on binding data of thiazides to milk, the "total" solubility was split into "free" and "bound" solubility. The increases of solubility noted cannot be explained on the basis of drug-milk binding data. The enhancement of solubility was attributed to the increase of intrinsic solubility of drugs in milk. Results of the thermodynamic analysis of solubility data showed that a different solubilization process of hydrochlorothiazide may be responsible for the high solubility values found in skim milk for this drug. In contrast, the thermodynamic parameters of chlorothiazide in all types of milk are similar, indicating a common solubilization mechanism. The biopharmaceutical significance of the findings is discussed in light of the freeze-dried drug-milk formulations and coadministration of drugs with milk in general.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Macheras
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Koupparis
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Antimisiaris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002021:Buffers; D002364:Caseins / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D002740:Chlorothiazide / Q000032:analysis*; D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis*; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000032:analysis*; D007700:Kinetics; D008892:Milk / Q000032:analysis*; D012995:Solubility; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D002364:Caseins; D005223:Fats; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; D002740:Chlorothiazide