title: Corneal toxicity studies in rabbits and dogs with hydroxyethyl cellulose and benzalkonium chloride.
abstract: Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as a viscosity-enhancing agent in ophthalmic formulations to prolong corneal contact time and increase intraocular drug levels. Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is the preservative most frequently used in ophthalmic formulations. Corneal epithelial changes were seen by slit lamp and light microscopic examination in rabbits but not dogs after multiple instillations of an ophthalmic vehicle containing 0.01% BAK and 0.5% HEC. Microscopically, there was sloughing of superficial epithelial cells and a slight loss of polarity of the basal cells. Formulations with 0.01% BAK and HEC, at concentrations between 0.3 and 0.8%; caused these changes but not with BAK or HEC alone. It was concluded that hydroxyethyl cellulose increased the viscosity and prolonged the contact time of BAK with cornea resulting in corneal epithelial damage in the rabbit. Physiological and anatomical features of the rabbit combined with the increased contact time were concluded to favor these changes in this species. The results confirm that the rabbit is a sensitive and unique species in studies of ocular toxicity of drugs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratories Merck Sharp & Dohme-Chibret, Department of Safety Assessment, Riom, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Durand-Cavagna
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delort
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duprat
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bailly
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Plazonnet
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds; D002482:Cellulose; C002283:hydroxyethylcellulose