title: Gonadal hormones influence the emergence of cortical function in nonhuman primates.
abstract: The role of gonadal hormones in the maturation of the orbital prefrontal cortex (ORB) was studied in normal male and female rhesus monkeys, monkeys given ORB lesions at 50 days of age, and female monkeys given androgen at different ages. Monkeys were tested on an object discrimination reversal task at 75 days of age. Gender influenced the performance of monkeys on the task during normal development and after ORB lesions. Normal males made fewer errors than did normal females. Females treated with androgen performed similarly to normal male monkeys. ORB lesions produced deficits in male monkeys and in females given androgen during late prenatal or early postnatal life, but not in normal females. These findings suggest that gonadal hormones may play an inductive role in the differentiation of higher cortical function in nonhuman primates.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neuroanatomy, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Goldman-Rakic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005556:Form Perception / Q000502:physiology; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012733:Sex Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000502:physiology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D013739:Testosterone