title: Differentiation of blastocysts derived from in vitro-fertilized rhesus monkey ova.
abstract: Six in vitro-fertilized ova were cultured for 10 to 13 days in vitro. All six had formed blastocysts with cavities, five had hatched from the zona pellucida, and one had attached to the substrate. After fixation and preparation for examination by light and electron microscopy, it was determined that all but the youngest blastocysts had developed substantial amounts of syncytial trophoblast, which morphologically resembled the syncytial trophoblast present in the first 2 days of implantation in vivo. One of the smaller blastocysts had developed syncytial trophoblast but had not hatched from the zona. All of the blastocysts showed indications of loss or inadequate development of the inner cell mass constituents, indicating that the culture conditions were suboptimal for these constituents. Apparent C-type virus particles were abundant, budding from the basal surface of the syncytial trophoblast. Because the type of trophoblast formed was that normally associated with epithelial invasion and formation of the trophoblast plate, it is suggested that such blastocysts would be useful for in vitro implantation studies as well as studies of formation of syncytial trophoblast. However, other methods should be developed for study of postimplantation embryo development. It is also noted that the inadequate differentiation of the epiblast and endoderm would not have been apparent without microscopic examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Enders
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boatman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Bavister
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology