title: Determinants of chronic mucus hypersecretion in a general population with special reference to the type of tobacco smoked.
abstract: Data from a prospective study of 3884 smokers and 3676 non-smokers followed for five years were analysed to investigate the determinants of chronic mucus hypersecretion (CMH). During the follow-up 414 (10.7%) smokers and 140 (3.8%) non-smokers developed CMH. The influence of the type of tobacco smoked (plain cigarettes, filter cigarettes, pipe and cheroots/cigars), lifetime tobacco consumption, age, alcohol consumption, and socioeconomic status on the development of CMH was assessed in men and women separately using multiple logistic regression. In smokers of both sexes, the risk of developing CMH increased significantly with lifetime tobacco consumption and almost significantly with age. In male smokers, the risk of developing CMH increased with alcohol consumption but was not significantly related to the type of tobacco smoked. In female smokers, the risk of CMH increased significantly with short school education and was, after adjustment for the amount of tobacco smoked, approximately twice as high in cigarette smokers as in cheroot smokers. However, as female cheroot smokers on the average consumed much more tobacco than female cigarette smokers the incidence of CMH was almost the same in the two groups. Among current non-smokers, the risk of developing CMH increased with age and previous tobacco consumption. It is concluded that although a number of factors are associated with the development of CMH, tobacco smoking, regardless of the type of tobacco, is a major determinant of CMH.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department B, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Groth
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nyboe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Appleyard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schnohr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D014026:Nicotiana