title: Telling the truth in the face of medical uncertainty and disagreement.
abstract: The pediatric oncologist often must face medical uncertainty and differing opinions among consultants. This raises a dilemma about telling the truth: Does the ethical requirement for telling the truth include informing parents about uncertainties and disagreements, or does the obligation to protect from emotional burden justify withholding information? Answering this question requires an analysis of the nature of medical disagreements. It is argued that disagreements that arise because of medical uncertainties are not disagreements about facts, but disagreements in attitude, where appeal to expertise is not possible. Thus, treatment recommendations must be offered carefully, in order to avoid imposing values on patients. Physicians should make clear the reasoning behind their recommendations, as well as areas of uncertainty. This approach offers the only possibility for parents to give informed consent and to participate in responsible decision making for their child that is consistent with their own values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Brown University Program in Medicine, Providence, RI 02903.
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ladd
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003657:Decision Making; D003933:Diagnosis; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006801:Humans; D008495:Medical Oncology; D033282:Parental Consent; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012945:Social Values; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D035501:Uncertainty