title: The unit impulse response procedure for the pharmacokinetic evaluation of drug entry into the central nervous system.
abstract: The unit impulse response theory has been adapted to characterize the transport profile of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS). From the obtained input function, the cumulative plasma volume (V) cleared by transport into the CNS in time can be calculated. Simulation studies demonstrated that transport governed by passive diffusion resulted in a linear relationship between V and time, while the slope of the line, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) clearance, proved to be an adequate and model independent parameter to characterize drug transport into the CNS. The error in the result of the numerical procedure could be limited to less than 10% of the theoretically predicted value. Superposition of 5 or 10% random noise on simulated data did not result in significant differences between the calculated and theoretically predicted clearance values. Simulations of carrier-mediated transport resulted in nonlinear transport curves; the degree of nonlinearity, and thus the detectability, was dependent on the initial degree of saturation of the system, the rate of desaturation, as caused by drug elimination processes and the noise level on the data. In vivo experiments in the rat were performed, using atenolol, acetaminophen, and antipyrine as model drugs. Linear transport relationships were obtained for all drugs, indicating that transport was dependent on passive diffusion or a low affinity carrier system. BBB-clearance values were 7 +/- 1 microliters/min for atenolol, 63 +/- 7 microliters/min for acetaminophen and 316 +/- 25 microliters/min for antipyrine. These experiments validate the applicability of the presented technique in in vivo studies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Bree
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Baljet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Geyt
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danhof
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Breimer
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D000983:Antipyrine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001262:Atenolol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism*; D003201:Computers; D004058:Diffusion; D004337:Drug Carriers; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D000082:Acetaminophen; D001262:Atenolol; D000983:Antipyrine