title: Instruction in clinical pharmacology: changes in the wind.
abstract: We have presented some views on past, present and potential trends for teaching clinical pharmacology in the medical curriculum. Clinical pharmacology as subject matter in the medical curriculum has been operationally defined for our purposes as: (1) the application of fundamental principles of basic pharmacology to rational drug therapy in humans; and (2) the application of appropriate nuances of the human pharmacology of individual drugs to their use in particular disease states. In terms of improving the results of drug therapy, arguments were advanced for the importance of teaching clinical pharmacology at all levels in the medical curriculum and in postgraduate medical education. The introduction of so many new and potent pharmaceuticals over the past 25 years requires well educated and skilled medical practitioners adept and well versed in the fundamental principles of basic and applied pharmacology, so as to achieve the most prudent, effective and economically sound use of these drugs as possible. This creates a challenge to medical educators, particularly those involved in teaching clinical pharmacology, to devise innovative teaching techniques and curricular changes that foster these goals. In an attempt to address these challenges, we have reviewed some innovative teaching approaches and curricular reforms, both published and unpublished, that have already met with success, and we have also discussed some future trends in teaching both undergraduate and graduate physicians the fundamental principles of rational drug therapy. The challenges and issues involved in these future trends have been identified and will be addressed in subsequent articles in this journal. These will be concerned with teaching clinical pharmacology: (1) in basic medical pharmacology courses; (2) to upperclass medical students; and (3) in continuing medical education programs. Subsequent articles will also deal with new and innovative teaching modalities for clinical pharmacology and with the role of the drug industry in these modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4354.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ingenito
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lathers
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Burford
mesh_terms: D004501:Education, Medical; D010600:Pharmacology / Q000193:education; D010601:Pharmacology, Clinical / Q000193:education*; D010820:Physicians; D014481:United States