title: Facial expression as a behavioral indicator of emotional states.
abstract: This article gives an overview of possibilities for the assessment of facial behavior. With regard to validity, results from a longitudinal study of 36 depressed patients and nine controls as well as of ten schizophrenic patients and their relatives will be referred to. These results are used to illustrate the following principles which have to be taken into account when studying facial behavior: a) communication strongly facilitates facial expression, b) activation of facial behavior follows the "principle of least effort", and c) the principle of individual specificity applies to the association of nonverbal behavior and mood states. Making allowance for these principles has, among others, consequences a) for situations or conditions under which to asses behavior (specifically conditions of communication), b) for data analysis (e.g., dealing with frequent and rare events), and c) for empirical or experimental strategies (e.g., aggregation of single-case longitudinal comparisons). From the results on facial behavior during depression it can be concluded that the nonverbal reaction tendencies of endogenous and neurotic depressed patients differ. Moreover, the differential behavioral patterns observed cast doubt on the assumption of a homogeneity of affects in depression. Taking into account the conditions which govern it, facial behavior has proved to be a valid and, especially, a differential indicator for pathologic affective states and their changes. Given the fact that a psychiatric illness generally incorporates emotional problems it is more than surprising that little attention has been paid to the systematic study of emotional behavior. Some of the reasons for this will be clarified in the following.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute for Psychiatry, Munich, FRG.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ellgring
mesh_terms: D001519:Behavior; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D006801:Humans