title: Biological boundaries: a concept in facial skeletal restructuring.
abstract: The concept of biological boundaries is based on observations of craniofacial restructuring. It describes the body's intrinsic sense of physical surface and how this knowledge can be used to determine when to use bone grafts, segment shifts, or synthetic material.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (Plastic), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Whitaker
mesh_terms: D001846:Bone Development; D001862:Bone Resorption; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D010027:Osteotomy