title: Gynecomastia.
abstract: Gynecomastia may be physiologic, familial, pathologic, drug-induced or, in many cases, of unknown etiology. Breast enlargement is usually unilateral and asymptomatic. Mechanisms of gynecomastia involve increased estrogen stimulation, decreased testosterone levels or a decreased androgen/estrogen ratio. Hyperprolactinemia is not a cause. Treatment of gynecomastia should be directed at the underlying cause when one can be identified. Most cases are benign and can be managed by explanation, reassurance and observation.
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Alberta.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male