title: Eating, drinking, and cycling. A controlled Tour de France simulation study, Part II. Effect of diet manipulation.
abstract: Field studies during the Tour de France indicated that cyclists consume 30% of daily energy intake as liquid carbohydrate (CHO)-enriched nutrition with the goal of maintaining energy and CHO balance. The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of such dietary manipulation during 2 days of long-lasting exhausting cycling on food and fluid intake, energy balance, nitrogen balance, and nutrient oxidation. Thirteen highly trained cyclists were divided into two subgroups receiving ad libitum either a primarily maltodextrin-based beverage (Mf) (20% w/v, 85% maltodextrin, 15% fructose) or a 50/50% composed fructose-maltodextrin (FM) beverage in addition to their normal diet. The study was performed during a 7-day stay in a respiration chamber (2 preparation days, 1 standardized resting day, 2 cycling days, 1.5 standardized recovery days), allowing for continuous gas analysis, weighed food and fluid intake procedure, and collection of excretes. The data of this study were compared with data from the same subjects receiving a normal CHO-rich diet (N) (60 En%) in a separate experiment. The results showed that the cyclists receiving Mf were able to maintain EB during sustained exercise days in contrast to when receiving N and to subjects receiving FM. With Mf treatment CHO intake increased, up to 80 En% (17.5 +/- 1.0 g.kg-1 BW) and carbohydrate balance remained positive. The subjects receiving FM had the largest CHO oxidation, calculated from R. Protein oxidation significantly increased in N and FM as a result of exercise but not in Mf. The latter subjects were in slightly negative nitrogen balance at a protein intake level of 1.4 g.kg-1 BW.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brouns
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stroecken
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beckers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thijssen
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Rehrer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: ten Hoor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism; D004326:Drinking; D004435:Eating; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013177:Sports
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates