title: State of the art vitamin K in human milk.
abstract: Breast-feeding is the sole source of vitamin K for most of the world's children and breast-fed infants are at risk for vitamin K-responsive hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (HDNB). Recent advances in high performance liquid chromatography methodology have made possible the first quantitative studies of vitamin K in human milk. Although much progress has been made, much remains to be done. Innovative improvements in methodology are needed, as detection of nanogram quantities of vitamin K in milk is at the limit of current methodology. Additional studies are needed over the lactation period. A better understanding of colostrum is needed with regard to other nutrients as well as vitamin K. Vitamin K in the milk of mothers who gave birth prematurely has not been measured. The significance of menaquinones as a vitamin K source to the infant is undetermined. The mechanism regulating vitamin K secretion into milk has not been investigated. The localization of vitamin K in milk is undetermined as is the relationship of vitamin K to other milk lipids. The effects of fat-soluble vitamins in the diet on vitamin K concentrations in milk is unknown. The pharmacokinetics of vitamin K supplementation of mothers is particularly important in cultures where vitamin K is not routinely administered at birth. Finally, most critical at this point is our ignorance about the relationship of the maternal vitamin K status to the vitamin K status of the infant. As breast milk is the sole source of vitamin K for most of the world's infants, HDNB remains a very real threat to the health of infants and warrants concentrated study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Canfield
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hopkinson
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008722:Methods; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000032:analysis*; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014812:Vitamin K