title: Third generation cephalosporins as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated disease: a four-year survey in a general hospital.
abstract: The main clinical features of patients who developed pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) or Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) during their stay at the S. Anna General Hospital, Como, over the period February 1984 to May 1988, are reported. Forty patients developed either CDAD (ten cases) or PMC (30 cases). Twenty-seven (65.7%) had undergone surgery and 32 (80.0%) had received prolonged antibiotic treatment. Three patients (7.5%) were given three doses only of ceftriaxone. Five patients (12.5%) had not received any antibiotic treatment; but three were nursed in a bed next to a patient with PMC-CDAD. The number of cases diagnosed were correlated retrospectively with the cumulative consumption of different groups of antibiotics on wards in which PMC or CDAD occurred. A significant difference (P less than 0.01) between third generation cephalosporins (16 cases) and ureidopenicillins (one case), was found. Twenty-five patients were treated with oral vancomycin. Two died of the underlying disease and 23 were cured. The disease recurred clinically in three, and follow-up cultures were positive in another asymptomatic case. Fifteen patients (all PMC cases) were treated with oral teicoplanin. All were clinically cured and remained asymptomatic and all but one were also cleared of C. difficile. No adverse reactions were observed in patients given either drug. Third generation cephalosporins, even when administered as short-term perioperative prophylaxis, but not ureidopenicillins, are significantly associated with C. difficile-related diseases. Teicoplanin proved to be very effective and safe in the treatment of PMC, and should be further evaluated there.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, S. Anna Hospital, Como, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Lalla
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Privitera
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ortisi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rizzardini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scarpellini
mesh_terms: D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012308:Risk Management
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins