title: Stereomicroscopic evaluation of canal shape following hand, sonic, and ultrasonic instrumentation.
abstract: This study evaluated the root canal shape after using sonic, ultrasonic, and hand instrumentation on the mesial canals of extracted human mandibular first and second molars. One-hundred and five mesial roots were randomly divided into six experimental groups and one untreated control group of 15 roots each. The following instrumentation techniques were evaluated in the experimental groups: hand instrumentation with K-Flex files, sonic instrumentation with the Endostar 5, sonic instrumentation with the Sonic Air MM 3000, and ultrasonic instrumentation with the Cavi-Endo unit. Each technique was directly compared with each other. The mesial roots were instrumented alternating the techniques between the buccal and lingual canals in each group so that a direct comparison could be made. All canals were instrumented to a size corresponding to a #30 K-Flex file 1 mm from the anatomical apex. The roots were then sectioned perpendicular to the long axis so the apical and middle thirds could be evaluated with the stereomicroscope for canal shape. The control group was sectioned and examined without instrumentation. A significantly more regular shape was obtained at both levels with hand instrumentation than was obtained with either sonic or ultrasonic techniques. The comparisons between the sonic and ultrasonic techniques showed significantly better shapes were obtained with the Sonic Air MM 3000 instrument.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Loushine
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hartwell
mesh_terms: D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008963:Molar; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*