title: Metabolic changes induced by sustained exhaustive cycling and diet manipulation.
abstract: Thirteen highly trained subjects were studied concerning the effect of consuming a normal carbohydrate-rich diet (N) on energy exchange, substrate metabolism, and performance. Six of these subjects performed the same protocol receiving N supplemented with a high-maltodextrin, low-fructose beverage (Mf). The studies were performed in random order. The subjects performed 2 days of sustained exhausting cycling, preceded and followed by a standardized resting day, in a respiration chamber, allowing continuous gas analysis, weighed food and fluid intake procedures, collection of excretes, and drawing of blood samples at 7:00 AM, 12:00 AM (halfway exercise) and 3:00 PM at exhaustion. Muscle biopsies were taken prior to, 45 min after, and 24 h after exercise (energy expenditure 25.2-26.6 MJ.day-1). The results showed that while consuming a normal diet, the cyclists developed a negative energy balance (-9 MJ.day-1) and regulated their hormone levels in such a way that fat oxidation and protein breakdown were increased and CHO oxidation became depressed. When supplemented with Mf, the subjects showed increased blood glucose, insulin and decreased glucagon levels. Fat metabolism was significantly depressed as indicated by the levels of blood fatty acids, glycerol, and ketones. A significant glycogen sparing, as well as supercompensation within 24 h of recovery, was observed after Mf supplementation. The normal CHO-rich diet, available ad libitum, was insufficient to fully restore glycogen within 24 h. The changes in substrate availability and glycogen depletion were accompanied by a significant performance improvement, 126% when cycling a final 90% Wmax bout, when supplemented with Mf compared with N.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brouns
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beckers
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adlercreutz
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van der Vusse
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Keizer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Menheere
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wagenmakers
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: ten Hoor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005221:Fatigue / Q000378:metabolism; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D013177:Sports
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D006003:Glycogen