title: The micronucleus test in Xenopus: a new and simple 'in vivo' technique for detection of mutagens in fresh water.
abstract: The aim of this study was to extend the micronucleus test to Xenopus laevis to screen water for potential mutagens. Up to now, the most commonly used methods for screening fresh water are the bacterial tests (Ames tests). Ames tests are well validated, but are merely in vitro bacterial assays which can only detect point mutations whereas the micronucleus test is an in vivo assay using a vertebrate species, and thus is able to detect both chromosome and genome mutations. This study was designed to optimize the micronucleus test for Xenopus. Three different variables were investigated: (i) the effect of temperature; (ii) the effect of the stage of larval development; and (iii) the effect of varying or continuous exposure concentrations. In addition, a dose-response curve was established for eight concentrations of benzo[alpha]pyrene. The results indicate that the micronucleus test with Xenopus can be used to monitor water pollution.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorium voor Antropogenetica, Vrije Universiteit, Brussel, Belgium.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Hummelen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zoll
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paulussen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirsch-Volders
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaylet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000032:analysis; D005020:Ethyl Methanesulfonate / Q000633:toxicity; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects; D015162:Micronucleus Tests / Q000379:methods*; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D014873:Water Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005020:Ethyl Methanesulfonate; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide