title: Fast neutron radiotherapy for the treatment of carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A review of clinical trials.
abstract: The major clinical investigation employing fast neutrons in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer are reviewed. Although data suggest that preoperative radiation schedules employing neutrons may result in a greater degree of pathologic downstaging than conventional precystectomy photon regimens, this has not led to an improved survival rate for neutron-treated patients over photon-treated patients. Randomized clinical trials comparing primary neutron irradiation and primary photon irradiation do not disclose an advantage for neutrons over photons as measured by survival rate or freedom from local tumor recurrence. The late complications in normal pelvic tissues following neutron irradiation with low-energy beams exceed those experienced after photon irradiation and have led to an unexpectedly high rate of treatment-related morbidity and mortality. A partial explanation for the toxicity may be attributed to the use of neutron beams with poor depth dose characteristics for the treatment of what is a deep-seated malignancy. An additional explanation is the documented lack of a differential in radioresponsiveness to neutrons between the bladder primary tumor and adjacent normal pelvic tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Laramore
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Krall
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005214:Fast Neutrons / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009502:Neutrons / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011827:Radiation; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011897:Random Allocation; D012074:Remission Induction; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*