title: Effects of thoracic paravertebral block with bupivacaine versus combined thoracic epidural block with bupivacaine and morphine on pain and pulmonary function after cholecystectomy.
abstract: Twenty patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy via a subcostal incision were randomized in a double-blind study to either thoracic paravertebral blockade with bupivacaine 0.5% (15 ml followed by 5 ml/h) or thoracic epidural blockade with bupivacaine 7 ml 0.5% + morphine 2 mg followed by 5 ml/h + 0.2 mg/h, respectively for 8 h postoperatively. Mean initial spread of sensory analgesia on the right side was the same (Th3,4-Th11 versus Th2,6-Th11), but decreased (P less than 0.05) postoperatively in the paravertebral group. All patients in the epidural group had bilateral blockade, compared with three patients in the paravertebral group. In both groups only minor insignificant changes in blood pressure and pulse rate were seen postoperatively. Pain scores were significantly higher in the paravertebral group, as was the need for systemic morphine (P less than 0.05). Pulmonary function estimated by forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume and peak expiratory flow rate decreased about 50% postoperatively in both groups. In conclusion, the continuous paravertebral bupivacaine infusion used here was insufficient as the only analgesic after cholecystectomy. In contrast, epidural blockade with combined bupivacaine and low dose morphine produced total pain relief in six of ten patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bigler
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dirkes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kehlet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D013909:Thorax
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine; D002045:Bupivacaine