title: The human ATP synthase beta subunit gene: sequence analysis, chromosome assignment, and differential expression.
abstract: In humans, the functional F0F1-ATP synthase beta subunit gene is located on chromosome 12 in the p13----qter region. Other partially homologous sequences have been detected on chromosomes 2 and 17. The bona fide beta subunit gene has 10 exons encoding a leader peptide of 49 amino acids and a mature protein of 480 amino acids. Thirteen Alu family DNA repeats are found upstream from the gene and in four introns. The gene has four "CCAAT" sequences upstream and in close proximity to the transcriptional initiation site. A 13-bp motif is found in the 5' nontranscribed region of both the beta subunit gene and an ADP/ATP translocator gene that is expressed in high levels in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Analysis of the beta subunit mRNA levels reveals marked differences among tissues. The highest levels are found in heart, lower levels in skeletal muscle, and the lowest levels in liver and kidney. These findings suggest that the tissue-specific levels of ATP synthase beta subunit mRNA may be generated through transcriptional control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neckelmann
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kudoh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minoshima
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fukuyama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maekawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002881:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12; D002886:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17; D002889:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2; D005091:Exons; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014178:Translocation, Genetic
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases