Variations in blood supply allocations for quadrupedal and for bipedal posture and locomotion.
Hemodynamics and orthodynamics were investigated in quadrupeds (dogs) and in bipeds (humans). The subjects were investigated at rest in supine or lateral posture, in quadrupedal and then in bipedal posture, and during locomotion. Quadrupedalism in humans was with subjects on their hands and knees. Bipedalism in dogs was on hindlimbs with the forelimbs held by a technician. Blood flow in the main arteries of the body (aorta, external and internal carotid, subclavian, and femoral) was measured by sonography. Positional variations between the main bones of the body were determined from X-rays. This study investigated the reallocation of blood supply to different regions of the body when it switches from quadrupedal to bipedal posture and locomotion. Compared with resting posture, the principal findings are 1) cardiac output shows a minimal increase for humans in bipedal stance and a noticeable increase for dogs as well as humans in quadrupedal stance; 2) quadrupedal stance in humans and dogs and bipedal stance in dogs require increased blood supply to the muscles of the neck, back, and limbs, while human bipedal stance requires none of these; 3) cerebral blood flow (internal carotid) in humans did not change as a result of bipedal posture or locomotion, but showed a noticeable drop in quadrupedal posture and an even further drop in quadrupedal locomotion. The conclusion is that erect posture and encephalization produced a noticeable readjustment and reallocation of blood flow among the different regions of the body: This consisted in shifting a large volume of blood supply from the musculature to the human brain.
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Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York, Stony Brook.
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000502:physiology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D005121:Extremities; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion; D009132:Muscles / Q000098:blood supply*; D009333:Neck; D011187:Posture; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013348:Subclavian Artery / Q000502:physiology; D014463:Ultrasonography