title: Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Sinemet CR: a summary of human studies.
abstract: The pharmacokinetics of Sinemet CR, a controlled-release formulation containing carbidopa and levodopa, were investigated in healthy young and elderly volunteers and in patients with Parkinson's disease. Sinemet CR produced more sustained plasma levels of levodopa, carbidopa, and 3-O methyldopa than did conventional Sinemet. In elderly subjects, the corresponding steady-state plasma levels fluctuated in narrower ranges with Sinemet CR than those following the administration of Sinemet. Results indicate a levodopa bioavailability of 71% for Sinemet CR, in contrast to a bioavailability of 99% for Sinemet for these subjects. The carbidopa bioavailability of Sinemet CR was 58% relative to that of Sinemet. Systemic decarboxylase inhibition was comparable between the 2 regimens as indicated by the renal clearance of levodopa. The absorption of levodopa was slower and more protracted with Sinemet CR than with Sinemet. Food increased the levodopa bioavailability of Sinemet CR. This increase was attributed to an increased gastric retention time. No dose-dumping occurred with Sinemet CR in either the nonfasting or the fasting state. Levodopa bioavailability was lower in young volunteers than in elderly volunteers. This was attributed to an age-related decrease in gastric emptying and in 1st-pass metabolic decarboxylation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In parkinsonian patients, as in healthy subjects, the Sinemet CR formulation produced more sustained levodopa plasma levels. These patients required a higher total daily dosage of Sinemet CR than of Sinemet for control of parkinsonian symptoms, but less frequent dosing was required during chronic therapy. Peak plasma levodopa levels increased proportionately with increasing Sinemet CR dosage. These observations were consistent with the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the formulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: August
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lasseter
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Musson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Titus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002230:Carbidopa / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004338:Drug Combinations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005215:Fasting; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007980:Levodopa / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D013607:Tablets; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000097:blood / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013607:Tablets; C009265:carbidopa, levodopa drug combination; D014443:Tyrosine; D007980:Levodopa; D002230:Carbidopa; C008404:3-methoxytyrosine