title: Hypercalcemic factors other than parathyroid hormone-related protein.
abstract: Hypercalcemia of malignancy is caused by different mechanisms in different types of tumors. In most solid tumors, increased bone resorption and decreased urine calcium excretion are responsible. However, in myeloma, increased bone resorption and decreased glomerular filtration are the cause. In most solid tumors, factors working in conjunction cause the hypercalcemic syndrome. In addition to PTHrP, these include transforming growth factor alpha, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, and lymphotoxin.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Mundy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003115:Colony-Stimulating Factors / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000209:etiology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000502:physiology; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000502:physiology; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003115:Colony-Stimulating Factors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D011453:Prostaglandins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors