title: Smoking and duodenal ulcer disease.
abstract: Cigarette smoking has long been thought to be associated with duodenal ulcer disease, there being an increased incidence and an adverse outcome in both healing and relapse. This review evaluates this evidence and the possible mechanisms that might account for a poor outcome in smokers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Chiverton
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hunt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005744:Gastric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D012008:Recurrence; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*