title: EMT-defibrillation: the Wisconsin experience.
abstract: The survival rate for patients with prehospital cardiac arrest has improved in some communities with early defibrillation by emergency medical technician-defibrillators (EMT-Ds). In rural areas, previous studies on survival with defibrillation by EMT-Ds have been variable. We conducted an EMT-D study to determine effectiveness in various prehospital settings. Sixty-four ambulance services from communities ranging in size from rural areas to city suburbs participated in our prospective study. EMTs were trained in rhythm recognition and the use of a manual defibrillator during a standardized 20-hour course. Over 18 months, data were collected locally for central analysis. Five hundred sixty-six patients with primary cardiac arrest were included in our study: 36 (6.4%) survived. Retrospective review revealed survival before EMT-D implementation to be 3.6% (P less than .02). Three hundred four patients (54%) had an initial rhythm of ventricular fibrillation, with 33 (11%) surviving. The survival rate for EMT-D-witnessed arrest with an initial rhythm of ventricular fibrillation was 42%. Patients with asystole were countershocked in our study; however, there were no survivors from this group. The neurologic status of survivors at time of hospital discharge was normal in 72%. The average response time, defined as time of emergency medical services activation to the time of EMT-D arrival, was 7.3 +/- 5.8 and 3.7 +/- 2.0 minutes for nonsurvivors and survivors, respectively (P less than .002). There were no survivors when the response time was more than eight minutes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LaRochelle
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fark
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aprahamian
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Aufderheide
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mateer
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hargarten
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Stueven
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012151:Resuscitation; D012424:Rural Population; D013997:Time Factors; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D014922:Wisconsin