title: Ecotoxicological evaluation of soil quality criteria.
abstract: To implement the Soil Protection Act of 1986, the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning, and Environment has recently proposed a list of soil quality reference values. These values are, as yet, insufficiently based on ecotoxicological evidence. In this paper, a three-step procedure of risk assessment for soil contaminants is proposed. Arguing from experimental results concerning no observed effect concentrations for a set of selected soil organisms, the method aims at protecting a certain fraction of soil life, taking factors such as soil organic matter and clay content into account. When applied to cadmium, a concentration protecting 95% of soil invertebrates is estimated as 0.16 micrograms/g for a standard soil. The value of 0.8 micrograms/g, as proposed by the Dutch authorities, may, given the present variation and uncertainty of toxicity data, protect about 85% of the soil invertebrate fauna. It is concluded that even low levels of cadmium in soil may endanger the functioning of some sensitive soil animal species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: van Straalen
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Denneman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity; D004463:Ecology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000187:drug effects; D008433:Mathematics; D012306:Risk; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium