title: Measurement of fetal urine production in normal pregnancy by real-time ultrasonography.
abstract: Serial measurements of fetal bladder volume were obtained by real-time ultrasonography at 2- to 5-minute intervals, and the hourly fetal urine production rate was calculated. The mean hourly fetal urine production rate increased from 5 ml/hr at 20 weeks' gestation to 51 ml/hr at 40 weeks. These values are double those reported in previous studies that measured fetal bladder volumes at 15- to 30-minute intervals because the cycle length is shorter than previously thought.
authors.affiliation: Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kings College School of Medicine, London, England.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rabinowitz
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vyas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
mesh_terms: D004231:Diuresis; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology