title: Relationship between local temperature and heat transfer through the hand and wrist.
abstract: The heat uptake that resulted from immersing the hand and wrist into a water-filled calorimeter maintained at temperatures between 37-40 degrees C was measured under standard conditions in a group of eight subjects of either sex. The rate of heat transfer (W) increased exponentially with temperature and was a function of hand or body size and age, but not sex. The heat transfer rate normalized to hand mass (W.kg-1) was determined by temperature and age: best-fit mean values (and 95% confidence limits of the population) were 6.0 W.kg-1 (3.2-11.2 W.kg-1) at an immersion temperature of 37 degrees C and 25.4 W.kg-1 (13.7-47.0 W.kg-1) at 40 degrees C. The application of these results to limits on specific energy absorption rate induced in the hands and wrists by radiofrequency dielectric heat sealer welders is discussed.
authors.affiliation: National Radiological Protection Board, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Z J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Sienkiewicz
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: O'Hagan
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Muirhead
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pearson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001824:Body Constitution; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D002151:Calorimetry; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006361:Heating; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D013696:Temperature; D014953:Wrist