title: Pattern of glomerulonephritis in Singapore children--a renal biopsy perspective.
abstract: This study was aimed at determining the pattern of glomerulonephritis (GN) in Singapore children from a histopathological perspective. Fifty-seven consecutive children, aged between 10 weeks to 16 years, who underwent a renal biopsy at the Departments of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore and Singapore General Hospital over an 8 year period were studied. The main indications for biopsy were nephrotic syndrome (67%), recurrent gross haematuria (16%), nephritic syndrome (7%), and renal failure (10%). Primary GN occurred in 81%, while secondary GN was seen in 19%, the most common being lupus nephritis. Of the primary GN, minor abnormalities was the most common (22%), followed by focal global sclerosis (20%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (17%), diffuse mesangial proliferative GN (11%), focal mesangial proliferative GN (9%), membranous GN (7%), diffuse endocapillary GN (4%), diffuse sclerosing GN (4%), diffuse mesangial sclerosis (4%), and diffuse crescentic GN (2%). Immunofluorescent examination was performed in 50 children. IgA nephropathy was diagnosed in 17% of the patients with primary GN. Of the children with primary nephrotic syndrome due to minimal change disease or focal global sclerosis, about half had IgM mesangial deposits. Of 47 patients who were followed up, 9 developed chronic renal failure, of which 7 reached end-stage disease (4 have died, while 3 are on chronic dialysis). Three other patients died of other complications. The histopathological findings influenced the therapeutic decision in 49% of our patients. In summary, the pattern of GN in our cohort of patients tended to reflect more severe glomerular lesions, mainly due to our criteria of selection for renal biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Murugasu
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000473:pathology*; D015432:Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative / Q000473:pathology; D015433:Glomerulonephritis, Membranous / Q000473:pathology; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009401:Nephrosis / Q000473:pathology*; D009402:Nephrosis, Lipoid / Q000473:pathology; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000473:pathology; D012846:Singapore