title: Optimal two-stage designs for phase II clinical trials.
abstract: The primary objective of a phase II clinical trial of a new drug or regimen is to determine whether it has sufficient biological activity against the disease under study to warrant more extensive development. Such trials are often conducted in a multi-institution setting where designs of more than two stages are difficult to manage. This paper presents two-stage designs that are optimal in the sense that the expected sample size is minimized if the regimen has low activity subject to constraints upon the size of the type 1 and type 2 errors. Two-stage designs which minimize the maximum sample size are also determined. Optimum and "minimax" designs for a range of design parameters are tabulated. These designs can also be used for pilot studies of new regimens where toxicity is the endpoint of interest.
authors.affiliation: Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simon
mesh_terms: D004341:Drug Evaluation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012107:Research Design; D013223:Statistics as Topic