title: Distribution of in vivo insulin action in Pima Indians as mixture of three normal distributions.
abstract: If a single gene produced insulin resistance, with environmental effects creating some additional variance, insulin action might be distributed as a mixture of two normal distributions if the gene is dominant or recessive or as a mixture of three normal distributions if the gene is codominant. To estimate maximal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake rates (MaxMs), hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps were performed on 245 nondiabetic Pima Indians (126 men, 119 women). Five models (for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 components each, normally distributed with a common variance) were fitted to the frequency distribution of MaxM by iterative maximum-likelihood estimation. The three-component model fit the data significantly better than a single normal distribution (chi 2 = 14.3 with 4 df P less than .01) or a mixture of two normal distributions (chi 2 = 9.9 with 2 df, P less than .01). Mixtures of four or five normal distributions did not fit the data significantly better than a mixture of three normal distributions. The first component of the distribution comprised 23%, the second 48%, and the third 29% of the total distribution. Similarly, the frequency distributions of fasting plasma insulin concentrations and a principal component score derived from MaxM and fasting insulin were best fitted by a mixture of three normal distributions. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that among Pimas, insulin resistance is determined by a single gene with a codominant mode of inheritance. Segregation analyses of studies performed in pedigrees are indicated to prove or disprove this genetic hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Diabetes and Nutrition Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85016.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bogardus
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lillioja
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Nyomba
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zurlo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Swinburn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esposito-Del Puente
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Knowler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ravussin
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mott
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001130:Arizona; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001824:Body Constitution; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose