title: Detectability of emergency lights for underwater escape.
abstract: The time to detect each of three underwater lights by six subjects was measured in clear and turbid (attenuation coefficient = 4.2.m-1) water, at distances of 1.54 m and 3.1 m, from two viewing angles, straight ahead (0 degrees) or 65 degrees to one side, and under three levels of ambient illumination. The lights were viewed either through a window, to simulate the use of a face mask, or with the subjects immersed. All lights were detected rapidly (less than 1 s) when viewed through the window in clear water. In turbid conditions, none of the lights was seen at 3.1 m by any subject. At a 1.54 m viewing distance, reliable detection by immersed subjects was found only in the clear water under the two darker ambient illuminations. In turbid water, detection was unreliable. We conclude that the design of underwater escape lighting should not rely on visibility over distances greater than 1.5 m, and that an illuminated guide-bar might provide valuable assistance in directing escape from aircraft.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Sciences Division, RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine, Farnborough, Hants, U.K.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation; D000328:Adult; D000401:Aircraft; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D008029:Lighting; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D014796:Visual Perception; D014873:Water Pollutants
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants