title: Group properties and outcomes: a study of group norms in self-help groups for widows and widowers.
abstract: Despite the nearly universally shared agreement among group therapists about the importance of group norms, empirical studies have rarely demonstrated a positive relationship between specific norms in psychotherapy groups and patient benefit. The study explored this relationship by examining the linkages between norms, a specific therapeutic process, and patient outcome. Examined were seventy-two spousal bereavement groups. Subjects' responses to a thirty-one item behavioral inventory were used to define norms; outcomes were based upon Time 1/Time 2 differences on a series of eleven measures indexing depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, abuse of psychotropic medication, coping mastery, well-being, self-esteem, target problem rating, several measures of role stress and strain, and stigma. The findings suggest that normative characteristics were linked to a process, reciprocal social exchange, that influences positive outcomes. The results are preliminary, since they only serve to demonstrate such a relationship can exist.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lieberman
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006117:Grief; D006126:Group Processes; D006127:Group Structure; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012657:Self-Help Groups; D012847:Single Person / Q000523:psychology*