title: Lower-extremity amputation in people with diabetes. Epidemiology and prevention.
abstract: The age-adjusted rate of lower-extremity amputation (LEA) in the diabetic population is approximately 15 times that of the nondiabetic population. Over 50,000 LEAs were performed on individuals with diabetes in the United States in 1985. Among individuals with diabetes, peripheral neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) are major predisposing factors for LEA. Lack of adequate foot care and infection are additional risk factors. Several large clinical centers have experienced a 44-85% reduction in the rate of amputations among individuals with diabetes after the implementation of improved foot-care programs. Programs to reduce amputations among people with diabetes in primary-care settings should identify those at high risk; clinically evaluate individuals to determine specific risk status; ensure appropriate preventive therapy, treatment for foot problems, and follow-up; provide patient education; and, when necessary, refer patients to specialists, including health-care professionals for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions and shoe fitters for proper footwear. Programs should monitor and evaluate their activities and outcomes. Many issues related to the etiology and prevention of LEAs require further research.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes Control, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bild
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Selby
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sinnock
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Browner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braveman
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Showstack
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D005734:Gangrene / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States