title: Construction and characterization of an Azotobacter vinelandii strain with mutations in the genes encoding flavodoxin and ferredoxin I.
abstract: Flavodoxin and ferredoxin I have both been implicated as components of the electron transport chain to nitrogenase in the aerobic bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii. Recently, the genes encoding flavodoxin (nifF) and ferredoxin I (fdxA) were cloned and sequenced and mutants were constructed which are unable to synthesize either flavodoxin (DJ130) or ferredoxin I (LM100). Both single mutants grow at wild-type rates under N2-fixing conditions. Here we report the construction of a double mutant (DJ138) which does not synthesize either flavodoxin or ferredoxin I. When plated on ammonium-containing medium, this mutant had a very small colony size when compared with the wild type, and in liquid culture with ammonium, this double mutant grew three times slower than the wild type or single mutant strains. This demonstrated that there is an important metabolic function unrelated to nitrogen fixation that is normally carried out by either flavodoxin or ferredoxin. If either one of these proteins is missing, the other can substitute for it. The double mutant phenotype can now be used to screen site-directed mutant versions of ferredoxin I for functionality in vivo even though the specific function of ferredoxin I is still unknown. The double mutant grew at the same slow rate under N2-fixing conditions. Thus, A. vinelandii continues to fix N2 even when both flavodoxin and ferredoxin I are missing, which suggests that a third as yet unidentified protein also serves as an electron donor to nitrogenase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92717.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Iismaa
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Smartt
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Dean
mesh_terms: D001395:Azotobacter / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005288:Ferredoxins / Q000235:genetics*; D005418:Flavodoxin / Q000235:genetics*; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D005288:Ferredoxins; D005418:Flavodoxin; D005420:Flavoproteins