title: Long-term outcome with the automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.
abstract: The automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was implanted in 270 patients because of life-threatening arrhythmias over a 7 year period. There was a history of sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, or both, in 96% of these patients, 80% had one or more prior cardiac arrests and 78% had coronary artery disease as their underlying diagnosis. The average ejection fraction was 34%, and 96% of these patients had had an average of 3.4 antiarrhythmic drug failures per patient before defibrillator implantation. There were four perioperative deaths and eight patients had generator infection or generator erosion, or both, during the perioperative period or during long-term follow-up. Concomitant antiarrhythmic drug therapy was given to 69% of patients. Shocks from the device were given to 58% of patients. and 20% received "problematic" shocks. The device was removed from 16 patients during long-term follow-up for a variety of reasons. There were 7 sudden cardiac deaths and 30 nonsudden cardiac deaths, 18 of which were secondary to congestive heart failure. The actuarial incidence of sudden death, total cardiac death and total mortality from all causes was 1%, 7% and 8%, respectively, at 1 year, and 4%, 24% and 26% at 5 years. The automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator nearly eliminates sudden death over a long-term follow-up period in a high risk group of patients. It has an acceptable rate of complications or problems, or both, and most late deaths in these patients are nonsudden and of cardiovascular origin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Sequoia Hospital, Redwood City, California.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Winkle
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Mead
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ruder
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Gaudiani
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Buch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shipman
mesh_terms: D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000209:etiology; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*