title: Prenatal cranial haemorrhages in 47 Pacific Islander infants: is traditional massage the cause?
abstract: Intracranial haemorrhage is usually a very rare occurrence in the fetus before the onset of labour but we have identified major, mostly subdural, prenatal intracranial haemorrhages in 47 infants of immigrant Pacific Islander parentage. Forty-four infants have been stillborn and the numbers from 1983 to 1986 were sufficient to account for the stillbirth rate for Pacific Islanders in Auckland being approximately 60% higher than rates for Europeans or Maoris. Two of three liveborn infants survived with neurological sequelae. Similar haemorrhages may be the cause of a congenital hydrocephalus in Pacific Islanders. A bleeding disorder can be excluded in most cases, as can trauma from accidents or assaults. Trauma during attempts at cephalic version of breech presentations by traditional methods could explain why 53% of deliveries were breech and other pathological and clinical features. Advice at antenatal clinics about possible dangers of traditional massage has coincided with a reduction in the incidence of haemorrhages since 1986.
authors.affiliation: Princess Mary Hospital for Children, Auckland.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Becroft
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Gunn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000209:etiology*; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008405:Massage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D009520:New Zealand; D010139:Pacific Islands / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy