title: Effects of ketamine, xylazine, and a combination of ketamine and xylazine in Pekin ducks.
abstract: Effects of ketamine, xylazine, and a combination of ketamine and xylazine were studied in 12 male Pekin ducks (7 to 12 weeks old; mean [+/- SD] body weight, 3.1 +/- 0.3 kg). After venous and arterial catheterization and fixation of a temperature probe in the cloaca, each awake duck was confined, but not restrained, in an open box in a dimly lit room. Blood pressure and lead-II ECG were recorded. Three arterial blood samples were collected every 15 minutes over a 45-minute period (control period) and were analyzed for pHa, PaCO2 and PaO2. After the control period, each duck was assigned at random to 1 of 3 drug groups: (1) ketamine (KET; 20 mg/kg of body weight, IV), (2) xylazine (XYL; 1 mg/kg, IV), and (3) KET + XYL (KET 20 mg/kg and XYL, 1 mg/kg; IV). Measurements were made at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after drug administration. All ducks survived the drug study. Cloacal temperature was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) increased above control cloacal temperature at 90 minutes after the administration of ketamine, and from 10 through 90 minutes after administration of ketamine plus xylazine. In ducks of the KET group, pHa, PaCO2, and PaO2, remained unchanged after administration of the drug. In ducks of the XYL group, pHa and PaO2 decreased significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) from control values for all time points up to and including 15 minutes after drug administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ludders
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rode
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Nordheim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004372:Ducks / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000662:veterinary; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D013843:Thiazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D013843:Thiazines; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine