title: trans-activation of viral enhancers including long terminal repeat of the human immunodeficiency virus by the hepatitis B virus X protein.
abstract: Human hepatitis B virus contains an open reading frame designated X. We have investigated the trans-activating function of the hepatitis B virus X gene in regulating transcriptional control elements. In the HBV genome the major target for X trans-activation is the enhancer element. Further, the X protein stimulates several other viral promoters/enhancers including the long terminal repeats (LTR) of human retroviruses. One of the viral sequences studied in detail is the human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) LTR which is trans-activated by the X protein. Using mutational analysis of the HIV LTR, we show that the NF-kappa B sequences contained within the U3 region are involved in this stimulatory activity. Nuclear run-on analyses support the notion that X-mediated trans-activation occurs at the level of transcription.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mapoles
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Farr
mesh_terms: D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005814:Genes, Viral; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014157:Transcription Factors; D014764:Viral Proteins