title: Effect of nitrogen dioxide exposure on susceptibility to influenza A virus infection in healthy adults.
abstract: The effect of NO2 exposure and human susceptibility to respiratory virus infection was investigated in a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial conducted in an environmentally controlled research chamber over 3 yr. Healthy, nonsmoking, young adult volunteers who were seronegative to influenza A/Korea/82 (H3N2) virus were randomly assigned to breathe either filtered clean air (control group) or NO2 for 2 h/day for 3 consecutive days. The NO2 concentrations were 2 ppm (Year 1), 3 ppm (Year 2), and 1 or 2 ppm (Year 3). Live, attenuated cold-adapted (ca) influenza A/Korea/82 reassortant virus was administered intranasally to all subjects immediately after the second exposure. Only one of the 152 volunteers had any symptoms; this person had a low grade fever. Pulmonary function measurements and nonspecific airway reactivity to methacholine were unchanged after NO2 exposure, virus infection, or both. Infection was determined by virus recovery, a fourfold or greater increase in serum or nasal wash influenza-specific antibody titers, or both. The infection rates of the groups were 12/21 (2 ppm NO2) versus 15/23 (clean air) in Year 1, 17/22 (3 ppm NO2) versus 15/21 (clean air) in Year 2, and 20/22 (2 ppm) and 20/22 (1 ppm) versus 15/21 (clean air) in Year 3. Each group exposed to 1 or 2 ppm NO2 in the last year became infected more often (91%) than did the control group (71%), but the differences were not statistically significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Goings
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kulle
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bascom
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Sauder
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hebel
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Clements
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide