title: An objective procedure for quantitating eye irritation based upon changes of corneal thickness.
abstract: For four decades, the Draize test has remained the accepted method for evaluating eye irritation. Criticisms center around the inhumane treatment of animals and the irreproducibility of the subjective scoring procedure. The objective of this study was to determine if changes in corneal thickness obtained using a slit-lamp pachometer could be used to replace the Draize scoring procedure and provide a method for quantifying ocular irritation. Twenty-four chemicals (six surfactants, seven alcohols, four ketones, four acetates, and three aromatics) were instilled in the conjunctival sacs of rabbits and irritation monitored by Draize scoring and changes in corneal thickness. The Draize procedure was more adept at detecting minor conjunctival damage, but corneal thickness exhibited less variation and increased sensitivity for detection of healing reactions. A significant linear correlation (y = 1.736 chi + 92.883) was established between Draize score and corneal thickness changes with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.86 and an F-value for regression of 261.3. Using these findings, an ocular irritation ranking system is proposed based upon the percentage of corneal swelling. Ocular irritation potential was ranked for the chemical groups tested (surfactants greater than alcohols greater than ketones or acetates greater than aromatics). Quantitation of ocular irritation from changes in corneal thickness provides objective, numerical data applicable to standard parametric statistical procedures. This should eliminate the subjective bias inherent to Draize scoring and decrease intra-and interlaboratory variability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, PPG Industries Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Kennah
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hignet
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Laux
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Dorko
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Barrow
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000633:toxicity; D000438:Alcohols / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D007509:Irritants / Q000633:toxicity*; D007659:Ketones / Q000633:toxicity; D011817:Rabbits; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000438:Alcohols; D007509:Irritants; D007659:Ketones; D013501:Surface-Active Agents