title: The kidney-ureter stone sexual paradox: a possible explanation.
abstract: The greater frequency of renal stones seen on excretory urograms in women, compared with the greater frequency of ureteral stones in men has been termed a sexual paradox. We assessed stone composition and weight, and sex as possible explanatory factors. A total of 4,014 renal and ureteral calculi was analyzed. For the 3,119 calculi in which only calcium oxalate and/or phosphate was detected by infrared and wet chemical analysis, there was a strong relationship between the oxalate-to-phosphate weight ratio and sex (p less than 0.0001). The mean weight for phosphate stones was 330 mg. but for oxalate stones it was 107 mg. Male-to-female ratios were 2.7, 2.2 and 1.8 for stone weight groups of 20 or less, 21 to 100 and more than 100 mg. The male-to-female ratio was 0.87 for the 171 stones containing magnesium ammonium phosphate; the average weight was 508 mg. for men and 1,560 mg. for women. The tendency for phosphate stones to be heavier and relatively more common in women compared to predominantly oxalate stones may partly account for the sexual paradox.
authors.affiliation: Renal Laboratory, General Hospital, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gault
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chafe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parfrey
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000032:analysis*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000032:analysis*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D008297:Male; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D000069877:Struvite; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; C485828:alpha-tricalcium phosphate; C485830:tetracalcium phosphate; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; C485838:calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous; C020243:calcium phosphate; D000069877:Struvite; D008274:Magnesium; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous