title: Assessment of adolescents' learned helplessness in achievement situations.
abstract: Three studies are reported that describe the development, reliability, and initial validation of the Mastery Orientation Inventory (MOI; Reynolds & Miller, in press) as a measure of generalized learned helplessness in adolescents. In Study 1, an initial version of 50 items was administered to a sample of 112 adolescents. A revised 40-item scale with an internal consistency reliability of .94 was then constructed, which correlated significantly with measures of locus of control and depression. Study 2 involved the administration of the 40-item MOI to 645 adolescents. In this study, the reliability of the MOI was .92, and MOI scores were significantly correlated with subjects' depression scores and with self-reported grade point average. Factor analysis of the MOI items produced a strong first factor with high loadings for every item. In Study 3, the 112 subjects who participated in Study 1 were, 3 months later, readministered the MOI, locus of control, and depression measures. As an external criterion variable, 13 teachers provided global ratings of learned helpless/mastery-oriented behaviors for 99 of these subjects. The MOI demonstrated high internal consistency (r alpha = .95) and adequate test-retest (rtt = .77) reliability. Validity was supported by significant correlations between the MOI and the three criterion variables (/rs/ = .49-.58). The results of these investigations provide initial support for the reliability and validity of the MOI as a measure of learned helplessness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006380:Helplessness, Learned / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D010556:Personality Tests; D011594:Psychometrics