title: Vulnerability of the retina to injury from a military ruby rangefinder at battlefield distances.
abstract: This study investigates the possibility of causing a vitreal hemorrhage with a standard ruby rangefinder at battlefield engagement distances when the laser is observed with the naked eye or through magnifying optics or filters. The experiments were undertaken on the eyes of anesthetized pigs. The pigs were anesthetized with Mebumal and given 0.5% thropicamid in the eyes. They were then exposed to the radiation from a standard military ruby rangefinder (pulsewidth 25 ns, pulse energy 180 mJ). The rangefinder was aligned with a He-Ne laser and a beamsplitter. Eight experiments were performed, each with several exposures. The range was varied from 0.5-850 m. Some of the experiments were made using the naked eye, some with a filter, some with binoculars (7 x 50) and some with a combination of filter and binoculars. The pulse energy was varied from 91-6500 muJ. Vitreal hemorrhages were caused at distances of 410 and 850 m when a pair of binoculars (7 x 50) was placed in front of the eyes. The intraocular energy varied between 1500 and 4400 microJ. Results indicate that there is a possibility of causing a vitreal hemorrhage in a soldier who is using standard field binoculars and looking in the direction of an ordinary military rangefinder at distances at least up to 850 m.
authors.affiliation: National Defense Research Institute, Department 3, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anderberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sjölund
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bolander
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Steinvall
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tengroth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008889:Military Personnel; D012160:Retina / Q000293:injuries*; D013552:Swine; D014823:Vitreous Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D014857:Warfare