title: Causes of death in sheep exported live by sea.
abstract: Post-mortem examinations were conducted on 950 dead and terminally ill sheep during assembly for export and during transport by sea from Fremantle, Western Australia to various Middle East ports. Causes of death were grouped into 5 major categories; inanition (deaths associated with reduced feed intake, including hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia), salmonellosis (enteric and septicaemic), trauma, diseases associated with excessive feed intake (lactic acidosis and enterotoxaemia) and miscellaneous diseases (mostly of farm origin). During assembly the causes of death were salmonellosis 53.4%, miscellaneous diseases 23.8%, trauma 12.6%, inanition 10.2%, acidosis 3.9%, enterotoxaemia 3.4% and no diagnosis was made in 3.4%. During shipping the causes of death in defined populations of sheep in 5 voyages were; inanition 43.4%, salmonellosis 20.2%, trauma 10.6%, miscellaneous diseases 5.9%, enterotoxaemia 1.0% and no diagnosis was made in 19.0%. The range of mortality rates per 10,000 sheep at risk for the first 11 days at sea in 5 voyages were inanition 52.6 to 76.7, salmonellosis 7.8 to 109.8, trauma 2.1 to 17.1, miscellaneous diseases 5.9 to 17.1 and enterotoxaemia nil to 10.3.
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, Western Australia.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Dunlop
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: McQuade
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000172:deficiency; D002423:Cause of Death; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000662:veterinary; D012307:Risk Factors; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000401:mortality; D012756:Sheep / Q000293:injuries; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D012767:Ships
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium