title: Drug ingestion during pregnancy: infrequent exposure in a contemporary United States sample. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study Group.
abstract: Drug ingestion in a cohort of United States women proved consistently lower than in prior United States populations. Participating were 342 insulin-dependent diabetic and 387 control subjects who were enrolled before conception (76%) or no later than 21 days after conception (24%). Drug exposures were then recorded at entry and periodically throughout organogenesis (gestational weeks 6, 8, 10). During gestational weeks 1 to 10, approximately two thirds of the subjects were exposed to no agent other than oral iron, oral vitamins, or insulin (diabetic subjects). The mean exposures in gestational weeks 1 to 10 were 0.72 +/- 1.05 (SD) for diabetic women and 0.54 +/- 0.96 for control subjects; throughout pregnancy, the mean exposures were 1.26 +/- 1.66 and 1.58 +/- 1.78, respectively. The low exposure frequency in this contemporary United States population is highly encouraging. However, it follows that collaborative cohort efforts may be necessary in order to assess teratogenicity of drugs because relatively few women are now exposed.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morey
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Knopp
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jovanovic-Peterson
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Aarons
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Allen
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy; D004363:Drug Utilization; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000187:drug effects*; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000188:drug therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States