title: Modification of local anesthetic toxicity by vasoconstrictors.
abstract: We studied the effects of epinephrine or levonordefrin on the toxicity (convulsions) and lethality of four local anesthetics in mice. Appropriate doses of procaine, lidocaine, tetracaine or bupivacaine--either alone or in combination with 15 mcg/kg epinephrine or levonordefrin--were injected intravenously into the tail vein of male mice. Dose-response curves were constructed from the data obtained, and the CD50 and LD50 values for each local anesthetic alone and in combination with each of the vasoconstrictors were calculated by probit analysis. Both epinephrine and levonordefrin decreased the toxicity and lethality of procaine with respect to dose. Epinephrine, but not levonordefrin, increased the toxicity and lethality of bupivacaine as well as the lethality of tetracaine. Neither vasoconstrictor significantly affected the toxicity of lidocaine in mice but in rats epinephrine markedly increased lidocaine's lethality under identical conditions. Tight physical restraint decreased the LD50 values of all four local anesthetics and eliminated any modifying effect of the vasoconstrictor.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dorris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000633:toxicity; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008771:Nordefrin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D011343:Procaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013748:Tetracaine; D011343:Procaine; D008012:Lidocaine; D008771:Nordefrin; D009638:Norepinephrine; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004837:Epinephrine