title: The S nipple-areola reconstruction.
abstract: Nipple reconstruction is performed as a last stage in breast reconstruction following mastectomy. Various methods of nipple reconstruction have been described, most of them utilizing either free composite grafts or local flaps. The main problem encountered using either method is the gradual absorption and flattening of the nipple. The technique we used in reconstructing 22 nipples, in preference over the various methods accepted in breast reconstruction, achieves a long-standing, protruding nipple constructed from two large local flaps raised from an S-shape design. The technique is simple and permits freedom in choosing the height of the nipple, even in the presence of a mastectomy scar. The size of the nipple thereby constructed is in excess of what was expected. Shrinkage occurs during the first 2 months, and the resulting size is more than adequate. The areola is reconstructed by a full-thickness skin graft harvested from a nonhairy area of the upper inner thigh. The local flaps lack the necessary color, which is achieved by tattooing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shafir
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008408:Mastectomy; D009558:Nipples / Q000601:surgery*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013524:Surgical Flaps