Depressions of bereavement.
The clinical significance of the depressions of bereavement is controversial. Although evidence suggests that most of these depressions remit spontaneously, some of them do require professional attention. Using a trained, non-professional screener, a study to screen for depressions of bereavement at 6 and 12 months after loss of a spouse was performed to determine the rate of depression and its characteristics. The relative value of using a dimensional assessment of depression (20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression [CES-D] Scale) and a structured diagnostic schedule for depression (Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM [SCID]) as telephone screening measures was evaluated. We found that while the CES-D overestimated, the SCID more precisely reflected the true rate of depression as determined in a subsample. The criterion for depression in this analysis was a diagnostic interview by a psychiatrist using DSM-III criteria and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The study confirmed the existing literature on the high rate of depressions at 6 months (32% of bereaved spouses) and 12 months (27% of bereaved spouses) after a loss. These depressions were more common in widows than widowers. Past personal history (PPH) of depression and family history (FH) of depression were common among bereaved spouses, but did not enhance the risk of depression. Most of these depressions lasted considerably longer than 1 month. Anxiety, restlessness, and psychomotor retardation were prominent; melancholia was occasionally observed; and intense grief was associated with the depression.
Jacobs
S
S
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-8068.
Hansen
F
F
Berkman
L
L
Kasl
S
S
Ostfeld
A
A
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000275:Adjustment Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006117:Grief; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012847:Single Person / Q000523:psychology*