title: Hypertension, erectile dysfunction, and occult sleep apnea.
abstract: Sleep-related respiratory pattern was evaluated in 175 hypertensive and 110 normotensive men, none of whom reported difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep. Patients were grouped according to sexual status (complaint of erectile problems), hypertension treatment status (treated or untreated), and blood pressure (diastolic less than 90 or greater than or equal to 90). The prevalence of sleep apnea, apnea index, duration of the longest episode of apnea, and penile rigidity were tabulated. The group with elevated blood pressure, persistent even with antihypertensive drug therapy, had the most sleep apnea. The treated hypertensive men with controlled blood pressure had significantly less apnea than those whose blood pressure remained high. Untreated hypertensive groups, however, did not differ from normotensive groups with respect to apnea. Evidence of abnormal sleep-related respiratory activity was found in both hypertensive and normotensive groups with erectile problems. Interestingly, penile rigidity was significantly lower for hypertensive men with erectile complaints than for normotensive men with erectile complaints. There was also a small, but significant, negative correlation between apnea index and penile rigidity among men with erectile complaints. These results indicate that sexual status is an important consideration in the diagnosis of hypertension and sleep apnea. Moreover, these data suggest an interrelationship among hypertension, erectile dysfunction, and sleep apnea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirshkowitz
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karacan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gurakar
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000187:drug effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents