title: Iron fortification of infant cereals: a proposal for the use of ferrous fumarate or ferrous succinate.
abstract: Hemoglobin-repletion tests in rats, organoleptic studies, and iron-absorption studies in humans were used to search for Fe sources with high bioavailability that could be added to infant cereals as alternatives to the Fe compounds currently used for fortification. From rat and organoleptic studies on 11 alternative Fe sources, ferrous fumarate, ferrous succinate, and ferric saccharate were selected as the most suitable for infant-cereal fortification and, by use of radioactive labels, absorption of those compounds from fortified cereal was measured in adult human volunteers. There was no difference in absorption between ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate whereas the values for ferrous succinate, ferrous saccharate (10% Fe), and ferric pyrophosphate were 92%, 74%, and 39% of the ferrous sulfate values, respectively. We conclude that ferrous fumarate and ferrous succinate are highly available Fe sources in man that can be used to fortify infant cereals without causing fat oxidation or discoloration.
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hurrell
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Furniss
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burri
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D003116:Color; D005223:Fats / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009812:Odorants; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; C022943:ferrous succinate; C031621:ferrous fumarate