title: A comparison of methods for proximal palmar metacarpal analgesia in horses.
abstract: Three techniques for inducing analgesia of the proximal metacarpal region were evaluated for the frequency of inadvertent injection into the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints. Using methylene blue solution as a marker dye and 30 fresh cadaver specimens each, three clinicians performed either 30 infiltrations at the origin of the suspensory ligament (method A), 30 palmar and palmar metacarpal nerve blocks at the proximal end of the metacarpus (method B), or 30 palmar and palmar metacarpal nerve blocks at the distal aspect of the accessory carpal bone (method C). The frequency of inadvertent injection into the distal carpal joints was 37, 17, and 0% for methods A, B, and C, respectively. The association between method and injection into the joints was significant (p less than 0.01). Infiltration of the distal carpal joints occurred with injection distances from the carpometacarpal joint of 1.5 to 4.5 cm. Although there was no joint injection with method C, the carpal synovial sheath was inadvertently infiltrated in 68% of the specimens. Injection into the distal carpal joints can occur when deep injections are made into the proximal palmar aspect of the metacarpus because of the distopalmar outpouchings of the carpometacarpal joint between the axial surfaces of the second and fourth metacarpal bones and the abaxial surface of the suspensory ligament.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square 19348.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Orsini
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D002350:Carpus, Animal; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular / Q000662:veterinary; D008663:Metacarpus; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000662:veterinary*