title: The use of chemical weapons. Conducting an investigation using survey epidemiology.
abstract: The use of chemical weapons in conflict represents a breach of international law as well as a grave violation of human rights. Investigating allegations of their use often is difficult. A basic tool is the survey interview. Experience has shown that a rigorous epidemiologic approach should be taken. A primary emphasis should be designing the study so that consistency of responses can be analyzed to judge the validity of the testimony. Only when the testimony can withstand this scrutiny is it possible to surmise the possible identity of agents employed. Securing samples of the putative agent is of obvious importance. Two recent investigations are discussed herein, one conducted by US Army medical researchers on allegations of chemical weapons use against the Hmong in Laos and another mounted by us on allegations of poison-gas attack against the Iraqi Kurds.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cook-Deegan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shukri
mesh_terms: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq; D007812:Laos; D008887:Military Medicine; D009150:Mustard Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D012036:Refugees; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D009150:Mustard Compounds; D012987:Soil