title: Use of liposomes for protective immunisation against Crotalus durissus (tropical rattlesnake) venom.
abstract: Crotalus durissus venom has been described as a weak antigen when injected in combination with Freund's complete adjuvant during the course of traditional methods of equine immunisation. Antibody production is slow and unpredictable, with a wide variation in individual responses. In this experimental study, C. durissus venom was incorporated into stabilised sphingomyelin-cholesterol liposomes both in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide immunostimulant and injected by both i.v. and s.c. routes into mice and rabbits. A rapid, sustained and protective immune response was obtained following a single injection of these preparations in mice. Antibody levels were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the protective effect was evaluated by subsequent challenge with a subcutaneous minimum lethal dose of the venom. Results indicated that the immune response was significantly potentiated by the presence of immunostimulant in the venom liposomes. The use of C. durissus venom liposomes should be a useful tool for the immunisation of animals both in experimental and commercial procedures.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Theakston
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laing
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: New
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007114:Immunization; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D008081:Liposomes / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008081:Liposomes