title: Social and biological correlates of localized enamel hypoplasia of the human deciduous canine tooth.
abstract: Recent studies of teeth from prehistoric children have reported a localized, roughly circular patch of deficient enamel on the labial aspect of the primary canine, which reaches its highest prevalence in the Upper Paleolithic of Europe. This study reports social and biological correlates of 33 affected kindergarten-aged children from Vancouver, Canada (2.4% of 1,350 examined). Affected children can be characterized as coming from low-income families often of East Asian or Chinese origin in which there is a degree of milk avoidance and reduced breastfeeding. The defect appears to be due to minor physical trauma to the face approximately 6 months after birth occasioned by normal motor development, involving handling and mouthing objects, which damages the developing tooth crown through deficient cortical bone over the canine crypt. Reduced cortical bone in the face of the infant is attributed to nutritional factors, involving calcium deficiency, of the mother and/or developing infant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hung
mesh_terms: D001955:British Columbia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology*; D003744:Dental Enamel Hypoplasia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000473:pathology*