title: Bipolar affective disorder and high achievement: a familial association.
abstract: The authors studied 442 probands with nonbipolar major depression, 64 with bipolar II disorder, and 88 with bipolar I disorder. Although the proband groups did not differ in occupational or educational achievement, the first-degree relatives of probands with bipolar disorders had significantly higher mean levels of achievement than did those of probands with nonbipolar disorder. This pattern applied whether or not the relatives themselves had bipolar illness. The authors conclude that the socioeconomic advantage previously associated with affective disorder in general may be limited to the bipolar forms.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression--Clinical Studies, Iowa City, IA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Coryell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endicott
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andreasen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grove
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hirschfeld
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Scheftner
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D009790:Occupations; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class