title: Incidence of visceral pain during cesarean section: the effect of varying doses of spinal bupivacaine.
abstract: The safety of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, as well as the incidence and severity of visceral pain, were evaluated in 36 women undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia who, randomly divided into two groups, received different dose ranges according to height, 7.5-10 mg in group A and 10-12.5 mg in group B. When sensory block to at least the fourth thoracic dermatome was established, surgery was begun and the occurrence and severity of visceral pain recorded (visual analog scale) by an observer unaware of patient data. The level of analgesia to pinprick was determined when and if there was onset of pain intraoperatively, and supplementary medication was administered as needed. Hypotension, the incidence of which was similar in both groups, was treated as necessary with ephedrine. No patients experienced pain until after delivery of the infant. Thereafter, moderate to severe pain, in association with peritoneal traction, occurred in 12 patients in group A (70.5%) but only in 6 patients in group B (31.6%). In patients experiencing moderate to severe pain, the mean time between induction of anesthesia and onset of pain was similar in both groups, as was the amount of systemic narcotic given. Total time for regression of sensory analgesia to L5 was longer in patients in group B (243.9 versus 195.4 min), and the incidence of complete motor blockade was greater in group B. Increasing the amount of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine per spinal segment reduces the occurrence of moderate to severe visceral pain during elective cesarean section without jeopardizing mother or fetus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Schapiro
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Finster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D002045:Bupivacaine