title: Prenatal diagnosis and management of congenital heart disease.
abstract: Thirty-two fetuses were diagnosed as having congenital heart disease (CHD). The major indications for level II echocardiography other than suspected cardiac abnormalities were fetal malformations, nonimmune hydrops and cardiac arrhythmia. Only three patients had a previous history of fetal CHD. No false-abnormal diagnosis of severe CHD was made. Aortic arch anomalies represented the major diagnostic problem among the six correct but incomplete diagnoses. Sixty-one percent of the fetuses were growth retarded, thus confirming the severity of their CHD. Chromosomal anomalies and extracardiac malformations were associated in 19% and 44% of the fetuses, respectively. Obstetric management and fetal prognosis in cases of extracardiac malformations were greatly influenced by the diagnosis of CHD. The poorest perinatal outcome was associated with heart failure. The only intrauterine deaths occurred in that group, and only one neonate survived. The outcome was more favorable in neonates without other malformations or heart failure. Four of ten (40%) of those neonates survived, while the overall perinatal survival rate was 24%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrazzi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fesslova
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellotti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agostoni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pardi
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Makowski
mesh_terms: D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000150:complications; D025063:Chromosome Disorders; D004452:Echocardiography; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis