title: Clinical differentiation between major depression only, major depression with panic disorder and panic disorder only. Childhood, personality and personality disorder.
abstract: A consecutive sample of 298 nonpsychotic psychiatric outpatients was classified according to DSM-III and divided into 4 diagnostic groups: pure major depression, mixed major depression/panic disorder, pure panic disorder and a remaining group of other disorders. The patients' report of childhood relationship to parents and siblings, family atmosphere, their own personality characteristics as children and precipitating events were compared in the various groups. In addition, differences in personality and frequencies of personality disorders were investigated by means of various instruments. Our results show that the type of relationship to parents in childhood differed in the various groups. The mother seems to be the most crucial person for the development of depression, the father for the development of panic disorder. Patients with major depression are more obsessive and patients with panic disorder more infantile and avoidant with less control of their personality. Finally, patients with mixed conditions are more in accordance with the DSM-III anxious personality disorder cluster.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alnaes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torgersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008370:Manuals as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D010200:Panic; D010553:Personality Development; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors