title: The spectrum of structural brain changes in schizophrenia: age of onset as a predictor of cognitive and clinical impairments and their cerebral correlates.
abstract: A range of cerebral structures was assessed in a series of 172 CT scans of groups of psychiatric patients (including 101 in-patients with chronic schizophrenia) and related to assessments of clinical state and psychological function. Ventricular indices were increased in patients with schizophrenia by comparison with patients with other psychiatric disorders: brain area, which is modestly positively correlated with ventricular indices, was significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced in patients with schizophrenia. Among in-patients with chronic schizophrenia, measures of increased ventricular size were significantly associated with impaired social behaviour and with movement disorder. Memory for famous names in the distant past (a test of remote memory) was the only psychological test which showed significant associations with indices of ventricular size; this suggests that ventricular enlargement and its psychological sequelae occur relatively early in the disease process. Dichotomization of the sample of schizophrenic patients around the mean age of onset revealed that a range of clinical and psychological functions are significantly more abnormal in those with an early age of onset than in those in whom the onset was later. Early onset cases also perform less well academically and occupationally before illness onset. Within the early onset group some significant correlations between cognitive function and brain area were seen. The findings suggest that: (i) some at least of the structural changes in schizophrenia arise at a time when the brain is still developing; and (ii) age of onset is an important determinant of social and intellectual impairment and is relevant to the relationship between brain structure and cognitive deficits.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Bydder
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Colter
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Crow
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Frith
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000473:pathology; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000473:pathology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012688:Septum Pellucidum / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed