title: Surgical decisions in the management of sudden cardiac death and malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Subendocardial resection, the automatic internal defibrillator, or both.
abstract: Subendocardial resection and implantation of an automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator are the current preferred treatments for the management of drug-resistant malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. We reviewed retrospectively the case histories of 269 patients who had subendocardial resection and 77 patients who had defibrillator implantation to define clinical characteristics of each group and compare operative and long-term results. All patients treated by subendocardial resection had recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia as a result of a myocardial infarction. From the standpoint of arrhythmia substrate and cardiac disease, patients receiving the defibrillator were a more heterogeneous group. Forty-eight (62%) had coronary artery disease, 28 (36%) cardiomyopathy, and one patient had a primary electrical abnormality. Among patients receiving the defibrillator, 55% had sustained ventricular tachycardia and 45% polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Overall ventricular function was similar in the two groups. Operative mortality rate was better in the group having defibrillator implantation (3% versus 15%). Complications related to the defibrillator device or implantation occurred in 46 (60%) patients, with asymptomatic shocks occurring in 35 patients (45%). Since the defibrillator was not designed to prevent arrhythmias, the arrhythmia-free survival rate was much better in the group having subendocardial resection (95% versus 44% at 3 years). Fewer patients treated by subendocardial resection required antiarrhythmic medications (33% versus 66%). The actuarial survival rate was similar in the two groups (approximately 60% at 4 years), with heart failure the most common cause of death. Thus both subendocardial resection and defibrillator implantation are highly effective in preventing sudden cardiac death. The choice of procedure depends on (1) arrhythmia diagnosis, (2) cardiac disease, and (3) intangible factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hargrove
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Josephson
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Marchlinski
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000601:surgery*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004699:Endocardium / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000601:surgery*; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*