Enantioselective N-oxygenation of verapamil by the hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase.
The chemical and enzymatic N-oxygenation of verapamil was investigated. Verapamil N-oxide is readily synthesized by chemical means. It is not indefinitely stable, however, and undergoes Cope-type elimination to produce 3,4-dimethoxystyrene and a hydroxylamine. The major stable metabolite observed during the metabolism of verapamil with rat and hog liver microsomes and purified flavin-containing monooxygenase is 3,4-dimethoxystyrene. 3,4-Dimethoxystyrene is formed at a rate 4 times that of nor-verapamil. Studies suggest that N-oxygenation is catalyzed largely by the flavin-containing monooxygenase and N-demethylation is catalyzed by cytochrome P-450. This conclusion is based on the effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors and positive effectors for the flavin-containing monooxygenase as well as on studies with the purified enzyme. In the presence of rat and hog liver microsomes, significant stereoselectivity in N-oxygenation of verapamil is observed (S/R ratio of 3.1 and 4.1, respectively). With purified hog and rat hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase, the stereoselectivity for verapamil N-oxygenation (S/R ratio of 10.1 and 6.6, respectively) suggests a role for this enzyme in the stereoselective first-pass metabolism of verapamil.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0446.
J R
JR
Cashman
D000818:Animals; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013552:Swine; D014700:Verapamil / Q000378:metabolism*
D005420:Flavoproteins; D014700:Verapamil; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases