Tumor necrosis factor alpha activates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through induction of nuclear factor binding to the NF-kappa B sites in the long terminal repeat.
Expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can be activated in a chronically infected T-cell line (ACH2 cells) by a cytokine, human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). TNF-alpha treatment of ACH2 cells resulted in an increase in steady-state levels of HIV RNA and HIV transcription. Gel mobility shift assays demonstrated that the transcriptional activation of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) by TNF-alpha was associated with the induction of a nuclear factor(s) binding to the NF-kappa B sites in the LTR. Deletion of the NF-kappa B sites from the LTR eliminated activation by TNF-alpha in T cells transfected with plasmids in which the HIV LTR directed the expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Thus, TNF-alpha appears to activate HIV RNA and virus production by ACH2 cells through the induction of transcription-activating factors that bind to the NF-kappa B sequences in the HIV LTR.
Duh
E J
EJ
Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Maury
W J
WJ
Folks
T M
TM
Fauci
A S
AS
Rabson
A B
AB
D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014775:Virus Activation
D004279:DNA, Viral; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha