The contributions of self-defeating philosophies, perceived helplessness, and repression to anxiety among psychiatric patients.
Four of the most influential psychological explanations for the development of anxiety attribute it to (1) repressed awareness of undesirable emotions; (2) the emergence of unacceptable feelings from the unconscious; (3) adherence to irrational, self-defeating philosophies; and (4) perceived helplessness/lack of control over one's affairs. To test these theories, the authors administered the Trait Anxiety, Denial, Irrational Beliefs, and Locus of Control scales to 190 psychiatric inpatients. Appropriate zero-order, attenuation-corrected, multiple, and partial correlations were run. Denial was correlated negatively with Trait Anxiety; this is consistent with the view that awareness of unpleasant emotions generates anxiety, but does not support the claim that it is the result of repression. The correlations of Trait Anxiety with the Irrational Beliefs scale were substantial. However, its relationships with Locus of Control were limited and nonsignificant after the effects of the Denial and Irrational Beliefs scales were removed statistically. The findings lend support to the positions that anxiety results from self-defeating philosophies and/or the emergence of unpleasant thoughts about oneself, but give only modest support to the "perceived helplessness" hypothesis and seem to contradict the "excessive repression" explanation.
Veterans Administration Medical Center, St. Cloud, Minnesota 56303.
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Watson
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Vassar
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Plemel
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Herder
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Manifold
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Anderson
D000275:Adjustment Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003717:Denial, Psychological; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D006380:Helplessness, Learned / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D010556:Personality Tests; D010684:Philosophy; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital; D011574:Psychoanalytic Theory; D011594:Psychometrics; D012094:Repression, Psychology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012649:Self Concept