How does inactivation change timing of replication in the human X chromosome?
The kinetics of replication of the inactive (late replicating) X chromosome (LRX) were studied in karyotypically normal lymphocytes and human amniotic fluid cells. Both cell types were successively pulse labeled with 1-h or 1/2-h thymidine pulses in an otherwise BrdU-substituted S phase after partial synchronization of the cultures at G1/S. For the first time with this technique, the entire sequence of replication was analyzed for the LRX from the beginning to the end of the S phase, with special reference to mid S (R-band to G-band transition replication). The inactive X is the last chromosome of the metaphase to start replication, with a delay of 1 or 2 h, after which time a thymidine pulse results in R-type patterns. In mid S, the inactive X is the first chromosome to switch to G-type replication (without overlapping of both types and without any detectable replication pause). Until the end of S, a thymidine pulse results in G-type patterns. To rule out artifacts that might arise by the synchronization of cultures in these experiments, controls were carried out with BrdU pulses and the BrdU antibody technique without synchronization. In the course of replication, no fundamental difference was seen between the two different cell types examined. In contrast to studies using continuous labeling, this study did not reveal an interindividual difference of replication kinetics in the LRXs of the seven individuals studied; thus it is concluded that the inactive X chromosome shows only one characteristic course of replication.
Schwemmle
S
S
Abteilung Klinische Genetik der Universität, Ulm, Federal Republic of Germany.
Mehnert
K
K
Vogel
W
W
D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002871:Chromosome Banding; D004261:DNA Replication; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D013997:Time Factors; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000648:ultrastructure