Combination cytokine immunotherapy with tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 2, and alpha-interferon and its synergistic antitumor effects in mice.
The antitumor activity of combination therapy with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (rhTNF-alpha), recombinant human interleukin 2 (rhIL-2), and recombinant hybrid alpha-interferon A/D (rhIFN-alpha A/D) was assessed against established weakly immunogenic (MCA-106) and nonimmunogenic (MCA-102) sarcomas at both s.c. and visceral (hepatic) sites. C57BL/6 mice were treated with a single i.v. dose of rhTNF-alpha followed by rhIL-2 (75,000 units) and rhIFN-alpha A/D (75,000 units) i.p. twice daily for 5 consecutive days. Substantial improvements were observed when the combination of rhTNF-alpha, rhIL-2, and rhIFN-alpha A/D was administered, as measured by regression of tumor, prolongation of survival, and improved cure rates, compared with any combination of two cytokines or any cytokine alone against the MCA-106 sarcoma. These findings were consistent in both the s.c. and single hepatic tumor models. For example, treatment of the MCA-106 s.c. tumor bearers with the triple cytokine combination resulted in cures of 16 of 18, 17 of 18, and 12 of 18 mice receiving rhTNF-alpha dosages of 2, 4, and 6 micrograms, respectively, compared with 2 of 18, 7 of 18, and 9 of 18 at 2, 4, and 6 micrograms of rhTNF-alpha plus rhIL-2 without rhIFN-alpha A/D. Established 10-day single liver tumor weights when treated with the triple combination therapy were 54 and 25 mg in treatment groups receiving 2 and 4 micrograms of rhTNF-alpha, compared with 376 and 302 mg with the same amounts of rhTNF-alpha alone (P less than 0.004). Mice bearing hepatic sarcomas treated with triple cytokine combination therapy had cure rates of 50% and 67% at rhTNF-alpha doses of 2 and 4 micrograms, compared with no survivors with rhTNF-alpha alone. No improved antitumor effects resulted from therapy with any cytokine alone or in combination against the nonimmunogenic MCA-102 sarcoma. Possible in vivo mechanisms by which these three cytokines synergize are discussed.
McIntosh
J K
JK
Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
Mulé
J J
JJ
Krosnick
J A
JA
Rosenberg
S A
SA
D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012513:Sarcoma, Experimental / Q000628:therapy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D007370:Interferon Type I; D007376:Interleukin-2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha