Quantitative assessment of lives lost due to delay in the regulation of occupational exposure to benzene.
Benzene exposure can cause leukemia, aplastic anemia, and possibly lymphoma. In 1978, on the basis of strong but incomplete data then available on the risk of benzene-induced leukemia, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) reduced the permissible occupational exposure standard for benzene from 10 ppm to 1 ppm. Shortly thereafter, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals stayed this ruling, and in 1980, the Supreme Court overturned the regulation, citing insufficient evidence of benefit. Thus, from 1978 until the standard was again lowered to 1 ppm in 1987, American workers were exposed to benzene at levels in excess of 1 ppm. An estimated 9600 were exposed to levels between 1 and 10 ppm, and an additional 370 were exposed at levels above 10 ppm. To assess the risk resulting from this delay in regulation, we have conducted an epidemiologic risk analysis. We merged data on numbers of persons (238,000) exposed to benzene in seven occupational categories with dose-response data from three epidemiologic studies. The range of risk in these studies indicates that 44 to 152 excess leukemia deaths will ultimately result from exposure to benzene at 10 ppm over a working lifetime (45 years) and that lower or briefer exposures will result in proportionately fewer deaths. On this basis, we calculated that between 30 and 490 excess leukemia deaths will ultimately result from occupational exposures to benzene greater than 1 ppm that occurred between 1978 and 1987. Deaths from aplastic anemia and lymphoma will likely add to this toll. These data confirm the risk of regulatory delay. They suggest that the courts, in reviewing public health regulations, must beware of facile cost-benefit arguments and be willing to accept strong evidence of health risk even when such evidence is incomplete.
Nicholson
W J
WJ
Department of Community Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029.
Landrigan
P J
PJ
D001554:Benzene / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality*; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality*; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014489:United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration
D001554:Benzene