title: Halo application in the infant.
abstract: The technique for halo application in very young children is described, with case presentations of three children aged less than 2 years who underwent successful cervical fusion with halo immobilization. Our multiple pin technique for very small children diverges significantly from previously accepted recommendations. With multiple pins, significantly less torque is required to provide stability, allowing a greater range of pin placement sites in areas where the infant skull might otherwise be considered too thin. This technique of halo application provides a safe and effective method of cervical immobilization for infants.
authors: Orthopedic Research Division, Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Mubarak
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: Camp
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Vuletich
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Wenger
authors: S R
authors: SR
authors: Garfin
mesh_terms: D001915:Braces; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D003394:Craniofacial Dysostosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D007223:Infant; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000601:surgery*; D007796:Laminectomy; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D014103:Torticollis / Q000601:surgery*; D014143:Traction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014945:Wound Healing