title: Evaluation of theophylline pharmacokinetics in a pediatric population using mixed effects models.
abstract: Routine clinical pharmacokinetic data collected prospectively from pediatric patients receiving theophylline were analyzed using the NONMEM (nonlinear mixed effects model) digital computer program. A total of 314 measured serum theophylline concentrations (STCs) were obtained from 84 hospitalized patients ranging in age from 4 months to 15.2 years with the majority of patients between the ages of 1 and 8 years. Fifty-six percent were male. The race/ethnicity distribution was 71.4% Latin, 15.5% black, 11.9% Caucasian, and 1.2% (one subject) Pakistani. Of the total number of observed STCs, 16.2% reflected some degree of outpatient dosing. The pharmacokinetic model used was a one-compartment open model with either zero-order or first-order absorption and first-order elimination. Age was the most important determinant of theophylline clearance (Cl); weight was inferior to age and did not statistically improve the model (p greater than 0.005) when combined with age. Total Cl increased by 10%/year over the age range of 1 to 15 years of age. Black race and male gender were associated with higher Cl values: for a given age, Cl was 34% higher for blacks than the reference population composed of the remaining patients, and Cl for males was 25% higher than that for females. The volume of distribution (Vd) for the population was estimated to be 0.62 L/kg. The interindividual variability in Cl and Vd expressed as coefficients of variation were 19 and 28%, respectively. The residual intraindividual error variance corresponded to a standard deviation of 2.8 micrograms/ml. The STCs that represented some degree of outpatient dosing were 21% lower than those reflecting only inpatient dosing. Alternate models that include weight as a determinant of theophylline clearance are also provided. The NONMEM method of determining population pharmacokinetics is well suited to the pediatric population since it does not require a large number of STCs per patient. In this study a mean of only 3.7 STCs per patient were utilized to provide information which should prove useful in the design and adjustment of theophylline dosage regimens in children.
authors: College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin.
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Driscoll
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Ludden
authors: D T
authors: DT
authors: Casto
authors: L C
authors: LC
authors: Littlefield
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001682:Biological Availability; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D012984:Software; D013806:Theophylline / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D013806:Theophylline