title: Is increased ammonia liberation after bleeding in the digestive tract the consequence of complete absence of isoleucine in hemoglobin? A study in pigs.
abstract: A variable protein-induced toxicity has been reported in liver disease. The aim of this study was to establish the cause of increased ammonia liberation in the gut after intraluminal bleeding. Therefore, blood was sampled from catheterized piglets [20 +/- 0.8 kg (means +/- S.E.); n = 10] to determine ammonia, urea and amino acid levels before and 1, 2, 3 and 6 hr after a standard pig meal (750 gm, 12% protein). After 1 week, this procedure was repeated after ingestion of an isonitrogenous amount of bovine whole blood (400 ml). In a second series of experiments, the same procedures were performed after ingestion of plasma, whole blood, erythrocytes and feed. Electromagnetically measured total intestinal, small and large bowel flow was not significantly influenced by the type of meal ingested. Portal ammonia release was significantly increased 2-fold after a blood meal, whereas intestinal glutamine utilization did not increase. Plasma urea levels were increased 200 to 300% after whole blood and erythrocytes, whereas after ingestion of plasma, urea levels were similar to values in controls. Glutamine utilization was not different among the various groups and occurred predominantly in the small bowel. In the fasted state, small bowel glutamine utilization paralleled ammonia production. In the fed state, this equimolar relationship could not be assessed because luminal glutamine utilization could not be determined. Isoleucine levels decreased to 25% of fasting levels. Analysis of blood constituents revealed a complete lack of isoleucine in the hemoglobin molecule. Net total alpha-amino-nitrogen absorption was doubled after a blood meal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors: Department of Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: C L
authors: CL
authors: van Berlo
authors: A E
authors: AE
authors: van de Bogaard
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: van der Heijden
authors: H M
authors: HM
authors: van Eijk
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Janssen
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Bost
authors: P B
authors: PB
authors: Soeters
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000097:blood; D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000097:blood; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000098:blood supply; D007532:Isoleucine / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*; D007930:Leucine / Q000097:blood; D008102:Liver Circulation; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013552:Swine; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism; D014633:Valine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D007532:Isoleucine; D005973:Glutamine; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea; D007930:Leucine; D014633:Valine; D000409:Alanine