title: Sexual transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the seroprevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) in a sexually active population and to determine sexual behavior risk factors for infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional seroprevalence study using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. Risk-factor data were gathered by administered questionnaire and chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two urban, primary care clinics for persons with sexually transmitted diseases run by the Jamaican Ministry of Health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 2050 consecutive patients presenting with new episodes of sexually transmitted disease, 1977 patients were eligible for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall HTLV-I seroprevalence was 5.7%; prevalence increased with age from 1.6% (age, 14 to 19 years) to 5.1% (age, 30 years and older) in men and from 5.3% (age, 14 to 19 years) to 14.1% (age, 30 years and older) in women. Compared with a reference cohort of food service employees, age-adjusted HTLV-I seroprevalence was increased in female patients with sexually transmitted disease (odds ratio = 1.83; CI, 1.41 to 2.83) but not in male patients with sexually transmitted disease. Independent risk factors for HTLV-I infection in women included having had more than ten lifetime sexual partners (odds ratio = 3.52, CI, 1.28 to 9.69) and a current diagnosis of syphilis (odds ratio = 2.12; CI, 1.12 to 3.99). In men, a history of penile sores or ulcers (odds ratio = 2.13; CI, 1.05 to 4.33) and a current diagnosis of syphilis (odds ratio = 3.56; CI, 1.24 to 10.22) were independent risk factors for HTLV-I infection. Of 1977 patients, 5 (0.3%) had antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), including 2 with HTLV-I and HIV-1 coinfection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that HTLV-I is transmitted from infected men to women during sexual intercourse. Our data are consistent with the lower efficiency of female-to-male sexual transmission of HTLV-I, but penile ulcers or concurrent syphilis may increase a man's risk of infection.
authors: National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors: E L
authors: EL
authors: Murphy
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: Figueroa
authors: W N
authors: WN
authors: Gibbs
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Brathwaite
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Holding-Cobham
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Waters
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Cranston
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Hanchard
authors: W A
authors: WA
authors: Blattner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015497:HIV-1; D015490:HTLV-I Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007563:Jamaica; D008297:Male; D010409:Penile Diseases / Q000150:complications; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012698:Serologic Tests; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D015229:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013587:Syphilis / Q000150:complications