title: Multiple hepatocyte-enriched nuclear factors function in the regulation of transthyretin and alpha 1-antitrypsin genes.
abstract: Transthyretin (TTR) and alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) are expressed at high levels in the liver and also in at least one other cell type. We report here a detailed analysis of the proximal regulatory region of the TTR gene, which has uncovered two new DNA-binding factors that are present mainly (or only) in hepatocytes. One of these new factors, hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF-3), binds to two sites that are crucial in TTR expression as well as to two additional sites in the alpha 1-AT proximal enhancer region. The second new factor, HNF-4, binds to two sites in TTR that are required for gene activity. We had previously identified binding sites for another hepatocyte-enriched DNA-binding protein (C/EBP or a relative thereof), and additional promoter-proximal sites for that protein in both TTR and alpha 1-AT are also reported here. From these results it seems clear that cell-specific expression is not simply the result of a single cell-specific factor for each gene but the result of a combination of such factors. The variation and distribution of such factors among different cell types could be an important basis for the coordinate expression of the TTR and alpha 1-AT genes in the liver or the discordant transcriptional activation of these genes in a few other cell types. The identification of such cell-enriched factors is a necessary prelude to understanding the basis for cell specificity.
authors: Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021.
authors: R H
authors: RH
authors: Costa
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Grayson
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Darnell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011228:Prealbumin / Q000235:genetics*; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011228:Prealbumin; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D004247:DNA