title: Kinetics of drug action in disease states. XXV. Effect of experimental hypovolemia on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of desmethyldiazepam.
abstract: It has been reported that hypovolemia secondary to extensive blood loss alters the functionality of the central nervous system and is associated with changes in the dose requirements or intensity of action of various central nervous system depressants, including a benzodiazepine. To investigate the mechanism(s) of this effect, the influence of experimental hypovolemia on the pharmacodynamics, receptor binding and pharmacokinetics of a benzodiazepine drug was determined. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were made hypovolemic by removal of about 30% of their blood over 30 min. An i.v. infusion of desmethyldiazepam (DDZP) was started 30 min later and continued until the animals lost their righting reflex. Compared to results obtained with normal controls, the hypovolemic rats required about one-half the dose of DDZP to produce loss of righting reflex and had significantly lower DDZP concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid at that time. This effect of substantial blood removal could not be reversed by prompt return of the removed blood to the animals. Experimental hypovolemia had no apparent effect on the in vitro binding of tritiated diazepam to benzodiazepine receptor sites in the cerebral cortex of rats. The plasma clearance of DDZP was decreased significantly and the biological half-life was increased in hypovolemic rats compared to normal animals when both received a 30-mg/kg dose by i.v. infusion over 10 min. It is concluded that acute hemorrhagic hypovolemia increases the sensitivity of the central nervous system to the depressant effect of DDZP and decreases the body clearance of that drug in rats. Thus, the pharmacodynamics as well as the pharmacokinetics of a benzodiazepine are altered by hypovolemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, State University of New York, Amherst.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Klockowski
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D003975:Diazepam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D003708:Nordazepam / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects; D012769:Shock / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D003708:Nordazepam; D003975:Diazepam