title: The effects of calcium and magnesium in hyperkalemic cardioplegic solutions on myocardial preservation.
abstract: Sustained left ventricular pressure development during each infusion of a cold calcium-containing hyperkalemic cardioplegic solution has been observed in rat hearts. The present study was undertaken to relate such contraction (i.e., increase in resting pressure) to myocardial preservation and to the calcium and magnesium contents of a crystalloid hyperkalemic cardioplegic solution. Isolated perfused rat hearts with a left ventricular isovolumic balloon were arrested at 8 degrees C by the fully oxygenated cardioplegic solution infused every 15 minutes for 2 hours. Cardioplegic solutions containing ionized calcium in concentrations of 0, 0.1, or 1.2 mmol/L were each studied with (groups 2, 4, and 6) and without (groups 1, 3, and 5) the addition of magnesium (16 mmol/L). Hearts arrested by the cardioplegic solution with no calcium or magnesium (group 1) developed a pressure (averaged over the second to eighth infusion and expressed as percent prearrest left ventricular pressure) of 6.0% +/- 0.4% during cardioplegic infusions. This solution maintained end-arrest myocardial adenosine triphosphate (13.1 +/- 1.0 nmol/mg dry weight) and phosphocreatine (21.7 +/- 2.8 nmol/mg dry weight) contents near the prearrest contents and preserved left ventricular function at 95% +/- 3% of prearrest developed left ventricular pressure at 15 minutes of reperfusion at 37 degrees C. Calcium (groups 3 and 5) increased pressure development during cardioplegic infusions (10.4% +/- 0.5% and 15.1% +/- 0.9%), depleted adenosine triphosphate (7.2 +/- 1.0 and 7.4 +/- 0.9) and phosphocreatine (13.3 +/- 1.8 and 10.7 +/- 1.5), and depressed left ventricular functional recovery (71% +/- 1% and 73% +/- 3%). Magnesium alone (group 2) decreased pressure development during cardioplegic infusions (3.0% +/- 0.3%), maintained adenosine triphosphate (15.6 +/- 0.9), augmented phosphocreatine (38.3 +/- 1.2), and preserved left ventricular function (99% +/- 4%). Magnesium added to calcium (groups 4 and 6) prevented the calcium-induced increased pressure development during cardioplegic infusions (4.0% +/- 0.5% and 6.7% +/- 0.6%), maintained adenosine triphosphate (13.6 +/- 1.4 and 14.9 +/- 0.7), augmented phosphocreatine (31.3 +/- 1.6 and 32.2 +/- 2.4), and ameliorated the depression of functional recovery (82% +/- 2% and 86% +/- 2%). These data suggest that left ventricular pressure development during arrest contributed to calcium-induced energy depletion and impairment of functional recovery and that these deleterious effects were inhibited by magnesium. The inhibitory effects of magnesium on left ventricular pressure development were rapidly reversed on reperfusion. The data support the addition
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Geffin
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hendren
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Torchiana
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Titus
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Redonnett
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Daggett
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium