title: An in vitro pharmacological study of the human trigone--a site of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurotransmission.
abstract: Muscle strips from the human detrusor and trigone were studied in vitro. The detrusor muscle contracted strongly to both cholinergic receptor stimulation with carbachol and to electrical field stimulation. There was no evidence of atropine resistance in the detrusor strips. The superficial trigone responded maximally to alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation but also produced a significant cholinergic response. Intramural nerve stimulation in the presence of both atropine and phentolamine produced a residual non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) response of 40% of its maximum at 5 Hz. Electrical stimulation, particularly at the lower frequencies of stimulation, produced relaxation responses in 40% of the superficial trigonal muscle strips. These relaxations were not blocked by atropine, phentolamine or propranolol, but were abolished by tetrodotoxin. The possible role of the cholinergic "input" to the superficial trigone and the importance of the NANC excitatory and inhibitory innervation in preventing vesico-ureteric reflux and and in aiding bladder neck opening is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Speakman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walmsley
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Brading
mesh_terms: D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002102:Cadaver; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D010646:Phentolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000187:drug effects*; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000187:drug effects*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D010656:Phenylephrine; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D001285:Atropine; D002217:Carbachol; D010646:Phentolamine