title: Corticospinal direct response in humans: identification of the motor cortex during intracranial surgery under general anaesthesia.
abstract: The corticospinal direct (D) response to stimulation of the motor cortex exposed for intracranial surgery was recorded in 20 cases from wire electrodes inserted into the spinal epidural space. The D response was obtained from stimulation of restricted areas of the cerebral cortex, that is, the hand, trunk and thigh areas of the motor cortex. The D response was resistant to anaesthesia and unaffected by muscle relaxants. Thus, recordings of the D response are useful for identifying the location of the motor cortex during intracranial surgery under general anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsubokawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maejima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009132:Muscles / Q000294:innervation; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission