title: Molecular analysis of bacterial cytolysins.
abstract: Results of molecular and pathogenic studies of three different bacterial hemolysins (cytolysins) are presented. These exoproteins derive from the two gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila and from the gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. The hemolysin of E. coli is determined by an 8-kilobase (kb) region that includes four clustered genes (hlyC, hlyA, hlyB, and hlyD). This hemolysin determinant is part either of large transmissible plasmids or of the chromosome. The genes located chromosomally are found predominantly in E. coli strains that can cause pyelonephritis and/or other extraintestinal infections. A detailed analysis of the chromosomal hyl determinants of one nephropathogenic E. coli strain revealed the existence of specific, large chromosomal insertions 75 kb and 100 kb in size that carry the hly genes but that also influence the expression of other virulence properties, i.e., adhesion and serum resistance. The direct involvement of E. coli hemolysin in virulence could be demonstrated in several model systems. The genetic determinants for hemolysin (cytolysin) formation in A. hydrophila (aerolysin) and L. monocytogenes (listeriolysin) are less complex. Both cytolysins seem to be encoded by single genes, although two loci (aerB and aerC) that affect the expression and activity of aerolysin have been identified distal and proximal to the structural gene for aerolysin (aerA). Cytolysin-negative mutants of both bacteria were obtained by site-specific deletion and/or transposon mutagenesis. These mutants show a drastic reduction in the virulence of the respective bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Genetik und Mikrobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kathariou
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hacker
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hof
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huhle
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Goebel
mesh_terms: D000333:Aeromonas / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity; D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity; D008088:Listeriosis / Q000382:microbiology; D009154:Mutation; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010957:Plasmids; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins