title: Olfaction by melanophores: what does it mean?
abstract: Hypotheses on general olfaction can be divided into two broad groups: those that predict the existence of olfactory-specific olfactory receptor proteins and those that do not. Recently, much attention has been paid to the discovery of an odorant-stimulated adenylate cyclase in purified olfactory cilia. This finding has, for the most part, been accepted as evidence that the former hypotheses are correct. Here we report that frog melanophores, which are nonolfactory in nature, disperse their melanosomes in response to the same types and concentrations of odorants used in the investigations of olfactory cilia and that pigment dispersion is accompanied by rises in intracellular cAMP levels. The effects show that the existence of a cAMP-based second messenger system in olfactory cilia is not in itself proof of the existence of olfactory-specific olfactory receptor proteins. Also they explain the basis of Ottoson's pioneering work of 30 years ago on the electrical responses of frog olfactory epithelium to stimulation with alcohols. The results suggest that there could be two mechanisms that are important for the detection of odorants: one based on specific receptors, the other nonspecific, but both working through activation of cAMP.
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reagan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gyorgyi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roby
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D009074:Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008547:Melanophores / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009812:Odorants; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D009074:Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases