Radical-driven Fenton reactions: studies with paraquat, adriamycin, and anthraquinone 6-sulfonate and citrate, ATP, ADP, and pyrophosphate iron chelates.
Using paraquat, adriamycin, and anthraquinone 6-sulfonate, we have investigated the ability of radical-driven Fenton reactions to oxidize formate or deoxyribose when catalyzed by iron complexed with citrate, ADP, ATP, or pyrophosphate. Radicals were generated either radiolytically or enzymatically with xanthine oxidase or ferredoxin reductase. With each radical source, the citrate, ADP, and ATP complexes were at least 50% as active as Fe(EDTA) at catalyzing deoxyribose oxidation, and slightly less active as catalysts of CO2 formation from formate. Fe(pyrophosphate) was less efficient and in some cases inactive. Although it is not possible to definitively identify the oxidant involved, it behaved more like the hydroxyl radical than the proposed ferryl or peroxoferrous species formed in equivalent reactions catalyzed by nonchelated iron, which can oxidize deoxyribose but not formate. Chelator concentrations of 1-2 mM were required for maximum effect, which implies that the major effect of the chelators is on the reactivity of Fe2+ in the Fenton reaction with H2O2. This also suggests that any iron available physiologically could participate in the Fenton reaction in a nonchelated form, and produce a ferryl species rather than the hydroxyl radical. Reactions of the organic radicals contrast with the equivalent reactions of superoxide (Haber-Weiss reaction) for which the same iron chelates are all very inefficient catalysts. Fenton reactions driven by organic reducing radicals may therefore contribute more to the toxicity of redox cycling compounds than equivalent reactions of superoxide.
Vile
G F
GF
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand.
Winterbourn
C C
CC
Sutton
H C
HC
D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D002951:Citrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D019343:Citric Acid; D003855:Deoxyribose / Q000378:metabolism; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000378:metabolism*; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D006878:Hydroxides; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D010269:Paraquat / Q000378:metabolism*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D002614:Chelating Agents; D002951:Citrates; D011756:Diphosphates; C045076:Fenton's reagent; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D005609:Free Radicals; D006878:Hydroxides; D013481:Superoxides; D019343:Citric Acid; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; C020748:ferrous sulfate; D003855:Deoxyribose; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D004317:Doxorubicin; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron; D010269:Paraquat