title: Clinical stage I nonseminomatous and mixed germ cell tumors of the testis. A clinicopathologic study of 93 patients on a surveillance protocol after orchiectomy alone.
abstract: This study of 93 patients with Stage I nonseminomatous and mixed germ cell testicular tumors who were placed in a surveillance study following orchiectomy was designed to evaluate pathologic prognostic factors. Follow-up was at least 12 months post-orchiectomy except for one patient who was followed for 9 months. Lymphatic invasion was identified in 26 patients, 62% of whom developed distant metastases; metastasis developed in only 18% of 67 patients without lymphatic invasion (P less than 0.01). Relapse was also associated with the presence of embryonal carcinoma. Of 81 patients with an embryonal carcinoma component, 35% developed metastases, whereas none of those without an embryonal carcinoma developed metastasis (P = 0.05). Effects of other histologic features and tumor size were not significant. Lymphatic invasion appeared to be a significant poor prognostic factor, and embryonal carcinoma was an independent poor prognostic factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston 77030.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Dunphy
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Logothetis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000473:pathology*; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*