title: Virus, bacteriophages and water purification.
abstract: Water can be a vector of viral disease, but direct virological analysis of water has logistic and practical limitations. Viruses of major importance for water hygiene (e.g. hepatitis and gastro-enteritis viruses) cannot yet be grown in tissue culture. Therefore, as in bacteriological quality procedures, model organisms are required for the evaluation of virological quality of water and the effectiveness of virus removal by water treatment processes. On the basis of published information, the F specific RNA (FRNA) phages have been chosen for this purpose. For the enumeration of the phages a particular Salmonella typhimurium strain with an artificially introduced F plasmid was developed as a host strain and was found to give accurate and reliable results. FRNA phages were found in very high numbers (10(2)-10(5) pfu/ml) in all types of waste water investigated. FRNA phages are seldom found in non-faecally contaminated waste water. Surprisingly low numbers are found in faeces. FRNA phages in waste water effluent were found to be highly resistant to chloramines and relatively resistant to UV inactivation. The FRNA phages can thus effectively be used as indicator organisms for human pathogenic viruses in the evaluation of disinfection processes for water treatment plants.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Water- and Food Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Hygiene, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Havelaar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004203:Disinfection; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D012317:RNA Phages / Q000254:growth & development*; D013242:Sterilization; D014871:Water Microbiology