Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat: analysis of regulatory elements.
The long terminal repeats (LTRs) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and a related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) contain cis-acting positive regulatory elements upstream and the major transactivator gene (tat) response element and a possible negative regulatory element downstream of the transcriptional initiation site. The tat response element of HIV-2 and of SIVmac was more complex than that of HIV-1. Two structurally similar subelements within the HIV-2 tat response element could be identified. Both of these subelements were required for optimal transactivation by the HIV-2 tat gene product. Either of these subelements, however, was sufficient for transactivation by the HIV-1 tat gene product. These observations provide an explanation for the poor transactivation of HIV-1 LTR-directed gene expression by the HIV-2 tat gene product since the HIV-1 LTR contains an analog of only one of the HIV-2 subelements. The HIV-2 tat gene product also affected the function of the upstream elements, including enhancer activity. The response of these cis elements of HIV-2 to transactivation by HIV-2/SIVmac and HIV-1 tat gene differed somewhat in virus-infected and tat gene transfected cells, probably related to the differences in the effective concentration of the tat gene products and/or other viral or cellular factors. The steady-state levels of HIV-2 LTR-linked gene transcripts were much higher in the presence of HIV-2, SIVmac, and HIV-1 tat genes than in their absence, suggesting transcriptional modulation as a mechanism for tat gene function.
Arya
S K
SK
Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Gallo
R C
RC
D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
D015696:Gene Products, tat; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014157:Transcription Factors; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus