title: Brain amino acid concentrations during diving and acid-base stress in turtles.
abstract: To assess the role of brain amino acid neurotransmitters in the breath hold of diving animals, concentrations of free amino acids present in the brains of turtles immediately after 2 h of apneic diving (at 20 degrees C) were measured. Additionally, the same measurements were performed on four other groups of animals subjected to 2 h of hypercapnia (8% CO2 in air), anoxia (N2 breathing), anoxia plus hypercapnia (8% CO2-92% N2), or air breathing (control). Significant changes in the concentrations of the inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters known to affect respiration [gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and taurine] were seen. GABA increased significantly in those animals subjected to anoxia, whereas taurine decreased significantly in the diving animals and increased significantly in those subjected to anoxia plus hypercapnia. These results suggest that the attenuated central ventilatory drive during diving in these animals may be related to alterations in brain concentrations of GABA and taurine.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hitzig
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kneussl
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Brandstetter
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kazemi
mesh_terms: D000137:Acid-Base Imbalance / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D004242:Diving; D005260:Female; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000378:metabolism; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000378:metabolism; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D013654:Taurine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014426:Turtles / Q000378:metabolism*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D013654:Taurine; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid