title: Site-directed mutagenesis of the cytoplasmic domains of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Localization of regions involved in G protein-receptor coupling.
abstract: Numerous plasma membrane-bound receptors are coupled to various effectors via a family of guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins (G proteins). Amino acid sequences of these receptors, deduced from cDNA and genomic clones, indicate the presence of seven transmembrane-spanning domains. Alignment of the available amino acid sequences of these G protein-linked receptors reveals striking homologies in regions predicted to lie near the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane. As these areas are likely those which interact with G proteins, we reasoned that systematic introduction of non-native sequence into these highly conserved regions of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor would allow resolution of loci participating directly in receptor-G protein coupling. Based on this strategy, we constructed 19 mutant receptor species comprising substitutions and deletions of native sequence in the putative cytoplasmic domains of human beta 2-adrenergic receptor. By monitoring ligand binding characteristics and receptor-mediated stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, we have determined that the C-terminal portion of the third cytoplasmic loop and the N-terminal segment of the cytoplasmic tail appear to be critical for productive receptor-coupling to G proteins. In addition, we have implicated two other areas of the receptor that possibly play supportive roles in maintaining proper orientation of the G protein binding site. These comprise the second cytoplasmic loop and a conserved cysteine residue in the cytoplasmic tail.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: O'Dowd
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hnatowich
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Regan
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Leader
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Caron
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lefkowitz
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins