title: Radicals from "Good's" buffers.
abstract: Oxidative deposition of iron in ferritin or the autoxidation of iron in the absence of protein produces radicals from Good's buffers. Radical species are formed from the piperazine ring-based buffers Hepes (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid), Epps 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid, and Pipes 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid, but not from Mes (4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid) which contains a morpholine ring. The radicals all have half-lives around 10 min and display very similar electron paramagnetic resonance spectra consisting of at least 30 lines. The Hepes radical can be formed by the addition of potassium superoxide directly to the buffer and its production during iron(II) autoxidation is inhibited by superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1). Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) accelerates the decay of the EPR spectrum. Thus the buffer radicals are secondary radical species produced from oxygen radicals formed during the iron catalyzed Haber-Weiss process. The deoxyribose/thiobarbituric acid assay for hydroxyl radical production shows that Hepes is an effective hydroxyl radical scavenging agent. The Hepes radical can also be formed electrolytically at a potential of +0.8 V (vs standard hydrogen electrode). Oxidation of Hepes at pH 10 during the autoxidation of iron(II) or by the addition of hydrogen peroxide produces a nitroxide radical. These results indicate that piperazine ring Good buffers should be avoided in studies of redox processes in biochemistry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824-3598.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Chasteen
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D002021:Buffers; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005609:Free Radicals; D006531:HEPES; D007501:Iron; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D005609:Free Radicals; D007501:Iron; D006531:HEPES; D010100:Oxygen