Historical perspective on the management of hypertension.
Remarkable progress has been made during the past 30 years in the management of hypertension, a disease that affects approximately one out of every four adults in the United States. In the 1960s, at least half of the individuals with hypertension were unaware of their disease, and the blood pressures of fewer than 20 percent were controlled at normotensive levels. In contrast, in the 1980s, only a small percentage, perhaps as few as 10 or 15 percent of hypertensive patients, are unaware of their disease and, in many parts of the country, more than 60 percent are being treated to goal blood pressure levels. More effective treatment of hypertension is probably a major reason for the 45 percent decrease in stroke mortality rates in the last 12 years alone and for the dramatic decrease in the number of hypertensive patients in whom renal failure or congestive heart failure develops. In addition, at least a portion of the 25 to 30 percent decrease in coronary mortality rates can probably be attributed to better management of patients with hypertension. The availability of antihypertensive drugs in the 1950s (rauwolfia preparations, veratrum derivatives, thiocyanates, hydralazine, and the ganglion blockers) and the discovery of more effective agents in the period from the 1960s to the present have dramatically improved the prognosis of hypertensive patients. Thiazide diuretics, centrally acting sympatholytic agents, beta-adrenergic inhibitors, and, more recently, selective alpha-adrenergic inhibitors, converting-enzyme inhibitors, and calcium entry blockers are examples of these medications. All of these agents have some side effects, with varying patient acceptability. The search continues for newer drugs that are well tolerated, that lower blood pressure by reducing peripheral resistance, and that produce few metabolic changes. A detailed review of the physiologic effects of antihypertensive medications, as well as a critique of the clinical trials and some of the problems noted in the pharmacologic management of hypertension, is presented.
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D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000266:history* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002216:Captopril / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D006830:Hydralazine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000266:history / Q000503:physiopathology; D008750:Methyldopa / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D046948:Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States
D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D046948:Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D006830:Hydralazine; D008750:Methyldopa; D002216:Captopril