title: Persistent tardive dyskinesia in bipolar patients.
abstract: The prevalence and outcome of persistent tardive dyskinesia (TD) was studied in 131 bipolar patients. There were 34 cases of persistent TD in the subgroup (n = 96) with a history of neuroleptic treatment (prevalence, 35.4%; 95% confidence interval, 25% to 45%); there were no cases of persistent TD in the subgroup (n = 35) without such treatment history. Except in one patient, signs of TD persisted in spite of lithium carbonate treatment in 23 patients (median duration, 16 months; range, five to 24 months), of whom 15 remained off of a neuroleptic regimen during the study period for a median duration of 14 months (range, four to 24 months). Using multiple regression analysis, two variables were found to predict the presence of persistent TD and account for 36% of the variance: longer cumulative duration of maintenance neuroleptic treatment and shorter duration of previous lithium carbonate treatment. There appears to be a significant risk of persistent TD among neuroleptic-treated bipolar patients. High-risk subgroups within this category need to be identified.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caracci
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shukla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D008297:Male; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010808:Physical Examination; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D008094:Lithium