title: [Carbohydrates and fiber].
abstract: Dietary carbohydrates comprise two fractions that may be classified as digestible, and which are useful as energy sources (simple and complex carbohydrates) and fiber, which is presumed to be of no use to the human body. There are insufficient epidemiologic data on the metabolic effects of simple carbohydrates and it is not advisable to make quantitative recommendations of intake. It is questionable to recommend in developing countries that a fixed proportion of dietary energy be derived from simple sugars, due to the high prevalence of deficient energy intake, cultural habits, and regional differences in food intake and physical activity. In relation to recommendations of complex carbohydrates, it should be considered that their absorption is influenced by many factors inherent to the individual and to the foods. Fiber is defined as a series of different substances derived from tissue structures, cellular residues and undigested chemical substances that may be partially utilized after intestinal bacteria have acted on them. There is not a clear definition of the chemical composition of fiber, but it consists mainly of polysaccharides (such as cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins), lignin and end products of the interactions of various food components. The effects of fiber, such as control of food intake, regulation of gastrointestinal transit, post-prandial blood concentrations of cholesterol, glucose and insulin, flatulence and alterations in nutrient bioavailability are due to various physical properties inherent to its chemical components. Impairment of nutrient absorption may be harmful, mainly among populations whose food intake is lower than their energy needs, and with a high fiber content. This may be particularly important in pregnant women, growing children and the elderly, and should be considered when making nutrient recommendations. A precise knowledge of fiber is also important to calculate the real energy value of foods, mainly for two reasons: 1) the proportion of "crude fiber" (as measured by acid and alkaline digestion) leads to an over-estimation of the proportion of digestible carbohydrates calculated by difference; 2) fiber may alter the polysaccharide utilization of some foods, as shown by the "glycemic index". It is difficult to make recommendations on dietary fiber due to insufficient data on intake, fiber composition, its physiological effects, and epidemiological studies. However, a preliminary evaluation of the diets from most Latin American countries shows large intakes of vegetable foods and, consequently, an adequate fiber intake may be expected.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lajolo
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: de Menezes
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Filisetti-Cozzi
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000378:metabolism; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber
vernacular_title: Considerações sobre carboidratos e fibra.