title: Militarism and mortality. An international analysis of arms spending and infant death rates.
abstract: Examination of data from 141 countries showed that infant mortality rates for 1979 were positively correlated with the proportion of gross national product devoted to military spending (r = 0.23, p less than 0.01) and negatively correlated with indicators of economic development, health resources, and social spending. In a multivariate analysis controlling for per caput gross national product, arms spending remained a significant positive predictor of infant mortality rate (p less than 0.0001), while the proportion of the population with access to clean water, the number of teachers per head, and caloric consumption per head were negative predictors. The multivariate model accounted for much of the observed variance in infant mortality rate (R2 = 0.78, p less than 0.0001), and showed good fit to similar data for the year 1972 (R2 = 0.80, p less than 0.0001). The model was also predictive of infant mortality rates in subgroup analysis of underdeveloped, middle developed, and developed nations. Analysis of time trends confirmed that an increase in military spending presages a poor record of improvement in infant mortality rate. These findings support the hypothesis that arms spending is causally related to infant mortality.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woolhandler
authors.forename: D U
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Himmelstein
mesh_terms: D002201:Capital Expenditures; D004467:Economics; D005178:Faculty / Q000600:supply & distribution; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D038622:Internationality; D008891:Military Science; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011640:Public Policy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D040841:Resource Allocation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014881:Water Supply