title: Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: tics and central nervous system stimulants in twins and nontwins.
abstract: Thirty-four of 170 surveyed individuals with Tourette's syndrome (TS) were treated with CNS stimulants before age 18. In 24% of treated individuals, persistent exacerbation of tics was closely associated with treatment. In 3%, tic response was transient, and in 24%, tics were not obviously associated with treatment. Six pairs of monozygotic twins were discordant for stimulant treatment, and all untreated co-twins also developed TS. The number of individuals in whom stimulants permanently exacerbate tics may be small, but the risk appears to be real. Genetic vulnerability and duration and timing of treatment may mediate response.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Leckman
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Pauls
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kidd
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D013997:Time Factors; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D014427:Twins; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D006220:Haloperidol