title: Malformations induced in cultured rat embryos by enzymically generated active oxygen species.
abstract: Day 9.5 rat embryos were exposed in culture to xanthine/xanthine oxidase generated active oxygen species. Growth and development were assessed after 46 hr of culture. The treatment induced abnormalities of the neural suture, the severity of which increased in a dose-related manner with the concentration of substrate or enzyme. Glutathione (10 mM) or catalase (50 micrograms/ml) either partially or completely abolished the effects of xanthine/xanthine oxidase, whereas the addition of superoxide dismutase (50 micrograms/ml) or desferrioxamine (1mM) did not reduce the number of malformed embryos. These findings suggest that hydrogen peroxide and/or hydroxyl radicals are responsible for the effects of xanthine and xanthine oxidase.
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000494:pharmacology; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010100:Oxygen; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology; D019820:Xanthine; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000633:toxicity; D014970:Xanthines / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014970:Xanthines; D019820:Xanthine; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase; D005978:Glutathione; D003676:Deferoxamine; D010100:Oxygen