title: The impairment of mobility and development in freshwater snails (Physa fontinalis and Lymnaea stagnalis) caused by herbicides.
abstract: 1. The pulmonate freshwater snails Physa and Lymnaea and the earthworms Eisenia and Lumbricus can take up and concentrate a carbamate herbicide (chlorpropham). 2. The mobility of freshwater snails was diminished in the presence of the herbicides chlorpropham (carbamate), cycloate (thiocarbamate), pentanochlor (amide) and chloroxurone (urea derivate). 3. The egg-assemblies of Lymnaea stagnalis turned out to be suitable objects for testing the influences of herbicides upon embryonic development. 4. In the presence of chlorpropham, chloroxurone, cycloate, propanil, simazine and terbutryne, all applied in concentrations lower than in practical use, the period of egg-maturing was delayed and the total number of dead embryos increased. 5. Developing snail eggs were very sensitive towards triazine herbicides (simazine, terbutryne) reflecting in an ED50-value lower than 10(-7) M. 6. Similar herbicidal-induced effects suggested that the developing stages of snail embryos may be suitable models for the ecologically more important but experimentally less accessible earthworms.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002748:Chlorpropham / Q000633:toxicity; D004463:Ecology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects*; D008195:Lymnaea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012908:Snails / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D002748:Chlorpropham