title: The action of parotoid venom on the heart of the toad (Bufo ictericus ictericus Spix 1824) and its effects on the inhibition caused by vagal stimulation.
abstract: 1. The administration of crude venom of the parotoid glands of the toad Bufo ictericus ictericus to the in situ (via abdominal vein) or isolated heart of this anuran causes both chronotropic and inotropic effects. 2. While under action of parotoid venom, the heart of the animal is insensitive to vagus nerve stimulation. 3. This blocking of vagal action is dose dependent and it is suggested that it results from a functional antagonism between the venom constituents and the acetylcholine liberated by the nerve endings on stimulation. 4. The venom constituents probably involved in this antagonism are catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline), tryptamine derivatives (serotonin and bufotenidin) and genins (bufagin and bufotoxin), possibly also ATP. 5. Adrenaline, noradrenaline and serotonin, or a mixture of the three, mimic, at least partially, the blocking of vagal action caused by crude venom. 6. The blocking action of crude venom can be prevented by previously or simultaneously adding acetylcholine to the infused crude venom. This prevention is dose dependent. 7. The blocking action persists in the boiled venom and in the material dialysed from crude venom.
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000664:Amphibian Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002025:Bufonidae; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000032:analysis*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000664:Amphibian Venoms; D000109:Acetylcholine; D009638:Norepinephrine