title: L-glutamate-induced depolarization in solitary photoreceptors: a process that may contribute to the interaction between photoreceptors in situ.
abstract: L-Glutamate is a leading candidate for the vertebrate photoreceptor transmitter. In addition to the signal transmission to second-order neurons, photoreceptors communicate with each other not only electrically but also chemically. In the present study, by using solitary turtle photoreceptors, we examined the possibility that L-glutamate mediates interreceptor communication. L-Glutamate evoked an inward current in all subtypes of photoreceptors voltage-clamped to the resting potential. The highest glutamate sensitivity was located at the axon terminal. Both stereoisomers of aspartate were effective, whereas kainate, quisqualate, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and D-glutamate were ineffective. The presence of Na+ was essential to response generation; even Li+ could not substitute for Na+. The relation between L-glutamate-induced current and the membrane voltage was strongly inward-rectifying. These results favor the hypothesis that the L-glutamate-induced response is generated by an electrogenic uptake carrier. However, L-glutamate-induced current was always accompanied by an increase in current fluctuations, a phenomenon commonly observed in ion channels but not expected for an uptake carrier. Although the underlying mechanism needs further elucidation, it seems likely that L-glutamate is a transmitter for communication between photoreceptors.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005971:Glutamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D007736:Kynurenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D016318:Quisqualic Acid; D012964:Sodium / Q000494:pharmacology; D014426:Turtles / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005971:Glutamates; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D016318:Quisqualic Acid; D012964:Sodium; D007736:Kynurenic Acid; D007608:Kainic Acid