title: Hexamethonium: a probe to assess autonomic nervous system involvement in upper gastrointestinal functions in conscious sheep.
abstract: Hexamethonium, which inhibits cholinergic transmission by preventing acetylcholine release, has been considered an ideal reference drug for the blockade of autonomic ganglia, Auerbach plexus and reflex gastrointestinal secretions. The degree of inhibition of ruminant gastrointestinal functions with this reference drug were as follows: cyclical contractions of the reticulo-rumen and abomasal motility greater than gastric acid secretion and duodenal migrating myoelectrical complexes. Although reduced at high dosages, the initiation of migrating myoelectric complexes was enhanced at clinically used dosages. The duration of the inhibition of reticular contractions was dose-related varying from 0.5 to 5 h for 1.25 to 20 mg/kg subcutaneously. Abomasal motility and acid secretion were similarly reduced but exhibited strong and long-lasting rebound effects. Inhibition of the reticulum by the blockade of muscarinic receptors by atropine was also dose-related lasting from 0.5 to 3 h for 0.5 to 2 mg/kg, whereas inhibition of the abomasal motor and secretory functions lasted from 1 to 6 h. These results suggest a higher degree of impingement of the parasympathetic pathways on abomasal acid secretion and motility than on the cyclical activity of the reticulum and only a modulatory role of the extrinsic neural activity on the cyclical motor events of the duodenum.
mesh_terms: D000018:Abomasum / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004386:Duodenum / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography / Q000662:veterinary; D005725:Ganglia, Autonomic / Q000187:drug effects*; D005744:Gastric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D018738:Hexamethonium; D006584:Hexamethonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D011706:Pyloric Antrum / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D012159:Reticulum / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D012417:Rumen / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology*; D013279:Stomach, Ruminant / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006584:Hexamethonium Compounds; D018738:Hexamethonium; D001285:Atropine