title: Protein kinase C: subcellular redistribution by increased Ca2+ influx. Evidence that Ca2+-dependent subcellular redistribution of protein kinase C is involved in potentiation of beta-adrenergic stimulation of pineal cAMP and cGMP by K+ and A23187.
abstract: Phenylephrine is known to stimulate translocation of protein kinase C in rat pinealocytes (Sugden, D., Vanecek, J., Klein, D.C., Thomas, T.P., and Anderson, W. B. (1985) Nature 314, 359-361). In the present study, the receptor mediating this effect was found to belong to the alpha 1-adrenoceptor subclass. Activation of this receptor is also known to produce a sustained increase in [Ca2+]i by increasing net influx (Sugden, A. L., Sugden, D., and Klein, D. C. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 11608-11612), which points to the possible importance of Ca2+ influx in the subcellular redistribution (activation) of protein kinase C in intact cells. This possibility was investigated by reducing extracellular Ca2+ ((Ca2+]o) with EGTA or by inhibiting Ca2+ influx with inorganic Ca2+ blockers. These treatments reduced alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated translocation of protein kinase C. This suggested that elevation of Ca2+ influx alone triggers activation of protein kinase C. In support of this, it was found that treatments which elevate Ca2+ influx, including increased extracellular K+ and addition of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, cause redistribution of protein kinase C. The effect of K+ was blocked by nifedipine and that of A23187 by EGTA, indicating that effects of these agents are Ca2+-dependent. The possible role of phospholipase C activation in these effects was examined by measuring the formation of [3H]diacylglycerol by cells labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid. Although [3H]diacylglycerol formation was easily detected in the presence or absence of an effective concentration of an inhibitor of diacylglycerol kinase, none of the agents which cause rapid translocation of protein kinase C were found to cause a rapid increase in the generation of [3H]diacylglycerol. These findings establish that an increase in Ca2+ influx is sufficient to trigger translocation of protein kinase C. In addition, we found that a very close correlation exists between translocation of protein kinase C by phenylephrine, K+, and A23187 and their ability to potentiate beta-adrenergic stimulation of cAMP and cGMP accumulation. This provides strong support to the proposal that translocation of protein kinase C is required for potentiation of beta-adrenergic stimulation of pinealocyte cAMP and cGMP accumulation.
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010870:Pineal Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000201:enzymology; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D000001:Calcimycin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium; D009638:Norepinephrine