Use of pulsed Nd:YAG laser in the ureter.
An Nd-YAG laser of 1064-nm wavelength, 8-nanosecond pulse duration, and single-pulse energy of 20 to 80 mJ can create shock waves with a peak pressure of 1000 bar in less than 4 nanoseconds. The safety of this laser has been demonstrated in cultured cells, whole blood, and porcine urothelium. Clinically, ureteral calculi have been removed from 24 of 27 patients.
D000818:Animals; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D007834:Lasers / Q000009:adverse effects; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser; D011379:Prognosis; D013552:Swine; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*