title: Veratridine-induced release of endogenous glutamate from rat brain cortex slices: a reappraisal of the role of calcium.
abstract: The efflux of endogenous glutamate from thin slices of rat brain cortex superfused in vitro with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) was studied. Initially, glutamate efflux was very high (2.5 nmol/mg protein/min), possibly because of the cutting procedure, but declined sharply, and at 30 min of superfusion was 25 pmol/mg protein/min. In ACSF without added calcium, spontaneous glutamate efflux was always higher than that in calcium-containing medium, e.g. at 30 min it was 75 pmol/mg protein/min. Addition of 10 microM veratridine for 2 min, between 30 and 32 min of superfusion, led, in ACSF with calcium, to an increase in glutamate efflux of 288%, when the maximum efflux following veratridine is compared to the glutamate efflux that immediately preceded the application of this drug (from 25 to 97 pmol/mg protein/min), while in ACSF without added calcium, veratridine induced an increase of only 117% (from 75 to 163 pmol/mg protein/min). These results are interpreted as due to the dual effect of veratridine. In calcium-containing ACSF, veratridine increases sodium influx which depolarizes the neurons and opens voltage-sensitive calcium channels. The increased intraneuronal calcium induces glutamate release from synaptic vesicles, while increased intracellular sodium enhances the release of soluble cytoplasmic glutamate by the reverse operation of the plasma membrane, sodium-dependent glutamate carrier. In ACSF without calcium, the release of vesicular glutamate is suppressed, while the sodium-dependent mechanism remains. This appears as if veratridine-induced glutamate efflux were only partially calcium-dependent.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005971:Glutamates / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051381:Rats; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014701:Veratridine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014702:Veratrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D005971:Glutamates; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D014701:Veratridine; D014702:Veratrine; D002118:Calcium