title: Dynamics of a fluorescent calmodulin analog in the mammalian mitotic spindle at metaphase.
abstract: We have compared the exchange kinetics of fluorescein-labeled calmodulin and tubulin in the spindles of living mitotic cells at metaphase. Cultured mammalian cells in early stages of mitosis were microinjected with labeled calmodulin or tubulin and returned to an incubator to allow equilibration of the fluorescent protein with the endogenous protein pools. Calmodulin becomes concentrated in the mitotic spindle, and treatments with inhibitors of tubulin assembly show that this concentration is dependent on the presence of microtubules. The steady-state exchange rates of both tubulin and calmodulin were measured by an analysis of fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP), using cells pre-equilibrated to either 26 +/- 2 degrees C or 36 +/- 2 degrees C. A pulse of laser light focused to a 5-microns diameter column was used to destroy the fluorescence at one pole of a metaphase mitotic spindle. Ratios of fluorescence intensity from the two half-spindles and from the two polar regions were calculated for each image in a post-bleach time series to determine the rates and extents of FRAP. For tubulin, we confirm earlier observations concerning the temperature dependence of the extent of FRAP, but our data do not show a significant temperature dependence for the rate of FRAP. We hypothesize that the reduced extent of tubulin FRAP at the lower temperatures is a result of microtubules that are stable to depolymerization at 26 degrees C and are thus less likely to exchange subunits. Calmodulin's FRAP, however, does not exhibit any of the temperature dependence observed with fluorescent tubulin. At 26 +/- 2 degrees C calmodulin exchanges rapidly with the relatively stable population of microtubules, suggesting that calmodulin is bound, either directly or indirectly, to microtubule walls.
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005453:Fluorescence; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008677:Metaphase; D008938:Mitosis; D015739:Nocodazole; D017239:Paclitaxel; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002147:Calmodulin; D005452:Fluoresceins; D014404:Tubulin; C039083:5-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)fluorescein; D017239:Paclitaxel; D015739:Nocodazole