title: Effect of intranasal glucagon on blood glucose levels in healthy subjects and hypoglycaemic patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.
abstract: Glucagon in solution with a surfactant (deoxycholic acid 1% w/v) was administered by intranasal spray to 6 healthy fasting subjects and 6 insulin-dependent diabetics with insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. In the normal subjects, intranasal glucagon increased plasma glucose levels, with a dose-response effect. In the diabetic patients, plasma glucose levels showed a mean increase of 100% above nadir values in approximately 26 min in response to 7.5 mg intranasal glucagon; hypoglycaemic symptoms were relieved within about 7 min. These results suggest that intranasal glucagon is effective and may represent an alternative to parenteral glucagon or glucose or to oral sugar as the first-line treatment of hypoglycaemic episodes in insulin-dependent diabetics.
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D011863:Radioimmunoassay
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005934:Glucagon