title: The contraceptive and hormonal requirements of the premenopausal woman: the years from forty to fifty.
abstract: There is a growing awareness that many women over 40 require both contraceptive protection and hormonal replacement for the symptoms of the climacteric. These women are still menstruating and the risk of pregnancy remains, overshadowed by the increased life-threatening risk due to childbirth in this age group. The risk of mortality due to the use of oral contraceptives is little increased for the nonsmoking woman in the over 40 years compared with the years under 40. In contrast, women over 40 who smoke are best advised not to use hormonal contraceptives. It is evident from all the existing data that combination therapy is strongly advised if any replacement therapy is to be given a woman. There is considerable evidence suggesting that estrogen alone may be insufficient therapy and progestogen should be added to prevent endometrial hyperplasia, decrease the risk of breast cancer and prevent bone loss. In the premenopausal woman, such therapy should also provide contraception. Many physicians allow women 35 to 45 who do not smoke to continue on an oral contraceptive if there is no contraindication. However, a minimum-dose product has yet to be found close to the ideal of fulfilling both the contraceptive and therapeutic needs of women traversing a physiologically very hazardous period.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002621:Chemistry; D002979:Climacteric; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D011374:Progesterone / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D004967:Estrogens; D011374:Progesterone