title: Low-dose intramuscular ketamine for anesthesia pre-induction in young children undergoing brief outpatient procedures.
abstract: The authors sought to determine whether intramuscular ketamine (2 mg/kg) would facilitate inhaled induction of anesthesia in those children who are uncooperative. Thirty-five children were anesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide for insertion of tympanotomy tubes. Twenty of those children were deemed by the anesthesiologist to be uncooperative and received 2 mg/kg of ketamine im prior to induction of anesthesia. The onset time (time from ketamine administration until induction of inhaled anesthesia could be started) was 2.7 +/- 0.3 min. The quality of the subsequent acceptance of inhaled induction with halothane was excellent in 61% of the patients and adequate in the remaining 39%. The recovery and discharge times were compared with those observed in 15 matched children who accepted induction of anesthesia via a mask without the use of ketamine. Recovery time was not prolonged, but home discharge was delayed by an average of 13 min in the ketamine group (P less than 0.04). Low-dose im ketamine was found to be an acceptable pre-induction drug in young children who are uncooperative for an inhaled induction of anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital National Medical Center, Washington, D.C.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hannallah
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006221:Halothane; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007649:Ketamine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D006221:Halothane