title: Electromyography of the pharyngeal musculature: technical considerations.
abstract: Thirty-one EMG studies of the pharyngeal musculature using three types of electrodes were performed. Electrode characteristics are compared according to criteria developed specifically for the pharynx; techniques for electrode positioning are described in detail; and technical difficulties encountered in performing these studies are discussed. Needle electrodes were best for analyzing individual potentials. For analyzing the timing of myoelectric activity, we preferred the hooked wire electrode (for palatopharyngeus or cricopharyngeus) or bipolar suction electrode (for pharyngeal constrictors). Pharyngeal electromyography is technically feasible and has a role in studying normal and pathologic processes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Siebens
mesh_terms: D003679:Deglutition; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D006801:Humans; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*