title: Temporal clustering of heroin overdoses in Washington, DC.
abstract: During the 5-day period from 28 Feb. 1985 through 4 March 1985, 24 heroin overdoses occurred in the District of Columbia. Statistical tests for clustering of fatal and nonfatal overdoses during this interval identified 7 heroin-related deaths that occurred on March 1 to 2 as a statistically significant cluster (p = 0.007). An extension of the analysis for clustering to a 15-month period identified 2 additional clusters, 1 of fatal overdoses and 1 of nonfatal ones. When all victims of fatal overdose in cluster intervals were combined and compared with all other heroin-related deaths, no significant differences were noted for levels of morphine or ethanol in blood. However, bile morphine concentrations of cluster decedents were significantly lower than those of noncluster decedents (p = 0.033), suggesting that these decedents were less tolerant to the effects of narcotics than the comparison group. Heroin concentrations in street-level heroin samples collected during clusters did not differ from those collected during comparison intervals. These data conflict with the traditional explanation of overdose clusters, which attributes these events to unusually potent street-level heroin.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Kalter
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ruttenber
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Zack
mesh_terms: D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004219:District of Columbia; D003932:Heroin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000506:poisoning*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D013029:Space-Time Clustering
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin; D009020:Morphine