title: Training physicians in counseling about smoking cessation. A randomized trial of the "Quit for Life" program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether physicians who receive a continuing education program ("Quit for Life") about how to counsel smokers to quit would counsel smokers more effectively and have higher rates of long-term smoking cessation among their patients who smoke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized trial with blinded assessment of principal outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four health maintenance organization medical centers in northern California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-one internists assigned by blinded randomization to receive training (40) or serve as controls (41). Consecutive samples of smokers visiting each physician (mean, 25.6 patients per experimental and 25.2 per control physician).
  
  
  METHODS
  Internists received 3 hours of training about how to help smokers quit. Physicians and their office staff also were given self-help booklets to distribute free to smokers and were urged to use a system of stickers on charts to remind physicians to counsel smokers about quitting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the basis of telephone interviews with patients after visiting the physician, we determined that internists who attended the Quit for Life program discussed smoking with more patients who smoked, spent more time counseling them about smoking, helped more patients set dates to quit smoking, gave out more self-help booklets, and made more follow-up appointments to discuss smoking than did internists in the control group. One year later, the rate of biochemically confirmed, long-term (greater than or equal to 9 months) abstinence from smoking was 1% higher among all patients of trained internists than among patients of controls (95% CI, -0.1% to +2.3%), and 2.2% (+0.2% to +4.3%) higher among the patients who most wanted to quit smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This continuing education program substantially changed the way physicians counseled smokers. As a result, a few more patients who wanted to quit smoking achieved long-term abstinence.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Zahnd
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: VanderMartin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gerbert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003376:Counseling / Q000193:education*; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D009042:Motivation; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D010819:Physician's Role; D011897:Random Allocation; D012495:San Francisco; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires