title: The Surgeon General's warnings in outdoor cigarette advertising. Are they readable?
abstract: Outdoor advertising media represent a major vehicle by which cigarette companies promote their products. We investigated the readability of the Surgeon General's warning in cigarette advertisements (ads) in two outdoor media: billboards and taxicab ads. In an experiment in metropolitan Atlanta under typical driving conditions, observers were able to read the entire health warning on 18 (46%) of 39 street billboards but on only two (5%) of 39 highway billboards. In contrast, the content of the ads (ie, brand name, other wording, and notable imagery) could be recognized under the same conditions on more than 95% of the billboards. In a similar study of 100 taxicab cigarette ads in New York City, observers were unable to read the health warning in any of the ads but were able to identify the brand name in all ads and notable imagery in 95% of the ads. Significant differences between the readability of the warning and identification of the advertising content persisted even when partially read warnings were considered to have been read. We conclude that the Surgeon General's warning is not readable in its current form in the vast majority of billboard and taxicab ads. Factors contributing to unreadability include the small size of the letters, the excessive length of the warnings, the distance between the viewers and the ads, and movement between the viewers and the ads.
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kendrick
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising / Q000379:methods; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D011939:Mental Recall; D011356:Product Labeling; D011932:Reading; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention