title: Self-esteem in children medically managed for attention deficit disorder.
abstract: Self-esteem was measured initially in a group of 21 eight- to 12-year-old children with newly diagnosed attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity and remeasured after 1-month courses of treatment with methylphenidate and placebo given in double-blind crossover fashion. Multimodal management of all patients included diagnosis, demystification, medication, close follow-up with supportive counseling, and referral as indicated for psychosocial and educational assistance. Long-term follow-up of 12 children who continued to receive methylphenidate was done for an average of 16 months. Initial total self-esteem was low in 30% of all subjects, intermediate in 55%, and high in 15%. No statistically significant changes occurred in self-esteem during the short-term phase of the study despite clinically significant behavioral responses to medication as assessed by serial questionnaires. At long-term follow-up, total, general, and academic self-esteem scores were improved significantly, however. These findings indicate that many preadolescents with attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity exhibit low self-esteem. Despite clinical response to medication, short-term improvement in self-esteem may not occur; however, long-term, multimodal management that includes medication does appear to improve self-esteem.
authors.affiliation: 97th General Hospital, Frankfurt, West Germany.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: W O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: O L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Caskey
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Atkinson
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010290:Parents; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010919:Placebos; D012649:Self Concept; D013663:Teaching
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D008774:Methylphenidate