title: Contingency management in methadone maintenance: effects of reinforcing and aversive consequences on illicit polydrug use.
abstract: Treatment outcomes were compared for an intervention emphasizing reinforcement for abstinence from illicit drug use and an alternative intervention which combined the same reinforcement contingencies with aversive consequences for unauthorized drug use. Sixteen polydrug abusing methadone maintenance patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. Both groups received the opportunity to take methadone doses away from the clinic (take-home dose) as reinforcement for submitting urines testing negative for illicit substances. A regular weekly take-home dose of methadone could be earned for every 2 weeks of verified abstinence from unauthorized drugs, up to a maximum of three take-home doses per week. The combined intervention group had an additional contingency which involved a reduction in methadone dose as an aversive consequence for submitting urine samples testing positive for illicit substances. Specifically, 10% of the patient's daily methadone dose was lost for each week in which two of three urines tested positive for illicit drugs. An examination of the urinalysis results indicated no between group differences. Overall, 8% of the 12-week baseline urinalysis results tested negative for illicit substances while 42% tested negative for unauthorized substances during the 20 weeks of treatment intervention. At the end of the intervention period, nine subjects remained in treatment with three patients in each group receiving at least once weekly take-home privileges. Of the seven subjects no longer in treatment, five were in the combined intervention group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine/Francis Scott Key Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21224.
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Iguchi
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stitzer
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Bigelow
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Liebson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001348:Aversive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003042:Cocaine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010640:Phenothiazines; D012646:Self Administration; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010640:Phenothiazines; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003042:Cocaine; D008691:Methadone