title: Spatial velocity distribution and acceleration in serial subvalve tunnel and valvular obstructions: an in vitro study using Doppler color flow mapping.
abstract: To evaluate the spatial distribution of flow velocities, turbulence and spatial acceleration in serial tunnel-valve obstruction, Doppler color flow mapping was performed in a pulsatile flow model with a tunnel obstruction (1.0 or 1.5 cm2) inserted at 2, 20 and 40 mm proximal to a mildly stenotic bioprosthetic valve studied at flow rates of 1, 2.7 and 4.9 liters/min. Measured pressure gradients were consistently higher across the tunnel (mean +/- SD 32.7 +/- 26.5 mm Hg) than across the tunnel plus valve (28.8 +/- 26.9 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). Doppler color flow map images were analyzed using a Sony RGB video-digitizing computer, providing numerical velocity assignments for the blue, red and green (variance) pixel components to allow the flow maps to be constructed into digital velocity maps and pseudo three-dimensional velocity maps. The maximal velocity stream extended distal to the tunnel (2 to 19 mm), and the length of this extension correlated well with the pressure gradient measured across the tunnel (r = 0.89), with a rapidly decelerating and turbulent spray area seen immediately distal to the valve. Pressure gradient calculated from the maximal velocity derived from the color flow map, which could only be estimated from the velocity maps for the 1.5 cm2 tunnel, correlated well with the gradient measured across the tunnel (18.0 +/- 14.1 versus 19.2 +/- 14.5 mm Hg, respectively, r = 0.98). Acceleration was seen proximal to both tunnels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego 92103.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Valdes-Cruz
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Yoganathan
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jimoh
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sahn
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular