Emergency medical care requirements for large public assemblies and a new strategy for managing cardiac arrest in this setting.
During the 1986 World's Exposition held in Vancouver, British Columbia, the types and frequencies of emergency medical problems were assessed. The average number of patients seeking care was 3.93 +/- 0.95 per 1,000 visitors (daily range, 1.94 to 6.8). Patient loads were linearly related to gate attendance, but the correlation was imperfect (P less than .001, r = .63). Only 4.4% of patients evaluated on site by nurses and paramedics were referred for additional testing and treatment: of these patients, 30% had suspected serious musculoskeletal injury, 16% had abdominal pain, and 25% had complaints of chest pain, dizziness, or loss of consciousness. Lay employees (security personnel) were trained to use automatic external defibrillators. There were six cardiac arrests (0.3 per million visitors). Two patients collapsed with ventricular fibrillation, were defibrillated by lay personnel, quickly regained consciousness, and survived. The other arrests were associated with asystole or electromechanical dissociation; no shocks were inappropriately given, and all four died. We conclude that four of every 1,000 persons at this assembly sought emergency medical care, that 95% of the problems seen were minor with few requiring physician skills, and that the automatic external defibrillator was suited for this setting and could be used by lay responders to provide early definitive treatment.
Weaver
W D
WD
Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle.
Sutherland
K
K
Wirkus
M J
MJ
Bachman
R
R
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001955:British Columbia; D003441:Crowding; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006285:Health Planning; D006287:Health Planning Guidelines; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity