title: Proliferative retinopathy in NIDDM. Incidence and risk factors in Pima Indians.
abstract: The incidence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was determined in the Pima Indians of the Gila River Indian Community in Arizona. Over 4 yr, this complication developed in 25 of 953 subjects greater than or equal to 9 yr of age with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. No cases were diagnosed in less than 35-yr-old subjects, and the incidence was strongly related to the duration of diabetes. The cumulative incidence of proliferative retinopathy after 20 yr duration was 14%. All cases of proliferative retinopathy occurred in subjects with background retinopathy. Younger age at diagnosis of diabetes was associated with a higher incidence of proliferation when subjects with diabetes of similar duration were compared. A higher incidence of proliferative retinopathy, after controlling for age, sex, and diabetes duration, was associated with hypertension, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, absence of Achilles tendon reflex, elevated total serum cholesterol concentration, and insulin therapy.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Arthritis Epidemiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, Phoenix AZ 85014.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pettitt
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Knowler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001130:Arizona; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors