title: Cardiovascular and renal toxicity of a nonionic radiographic contrast agent after cardiac catheterization. A prospective trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of cardiovascular and renal toxicity of a nonionic contrast agent when used for cardiac catheterization, and to assess the value of electrolytes and urinalysis results as predictors of nephropathy induced by a contrast agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonrandomized trial using a criterion standard and a cohort analytic study with a 48-hour follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Referral-based university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience sample of patients having diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Renal function and clinical status were evaluated at baseline in 1,144 patients; at 24 hours in 1,077 (94%); and at 48 hours in 663 (57%).
  
  
  METHODS
  After patients received saline for hydration, coronary angiography and left ventriculography were done with iopamidol (average dose, 203 +/- 56 cc).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The definite and possible incidence of major acute cardiovascular complications from nonionic contrast media was 0.2% and 0.7%, respectively. The mean serum creatinine level increased 11.5 mumol/L from baseline at 24 hours (P less than 0.0001) and 16.8 mumol/L from baseline at 48 hours (P less than 0.0001). Results in a randomly selected training sample were studied to determine predictors of a rise in serum creatinine of 44.2 mumol/L or more. The baseline serum creatinine level and age were significant predictors of renal injury, but hypertension, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, vascular disease, the volume of contrast agent injected or baseline values of urinary variables did not predict nephrotoxicity. In an independent validation sample, only the baseline serum creatinine level was confirmed as a predictor of nephrotoxicity, whereas age was not. A model that predicted contrast-induced nephropathy by the serum creatinine level showed an exponential increase in the risk for nephrotoxicity if the baseline level was 106.1 mumol/L or higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients have a small but significant rise in serum creatinine after cardiac catheterization with a nonionic contrast agent. Baseline renal insufficiency is the only confirmed predictor of nonionic contrast-induced nephrotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hlatky
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Skelton
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bashore
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007479:Iopamidol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine; D007479:Iopamidol