title: Psychogenic respiratory distress.
abstract: Five patients developed recurrent episodes of psychogenic respiratory difficulty that were superimposed on psychogenic neurologic symptoms. Misdiagnosis resulted in long hospital stays, code blue alerts, intubation, mechanical ventilation, and, in one case, tracheostomy. Patients "learned" psychogenic respiratory distress because their breathing symptoms evoked distinct evidence of anxiety in physicians and staff. In these patients, gain was not incidental but exerted primary control over symptom selection. The behavioral mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of psychogenic respiratory distress have significant implications for its diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27103.
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Alessi
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Digre
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: McLean
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003291:Conversion Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008306:Malingering / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D009110:Munchausen Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy