title: Accidental X-Y recombination and the aetiology of XX males and true hermaphrodites.
abstract: Accidental recombination between the differential segments of the X and Y chromosomes in man occasionally allows transfer of Y-linked sequences to the X chromosome leading to testis differentiation in so-called XX males. Loss of the same sequences by X-Y interchange allows female differentiation in a small proportion of individuals with XY gonadal dysgenesis. A candidate gene responsible for primary sex determination has recently been cloned from within this part of the Y chromosome by Page and his colleagues. The observation that a homologue of this gene is present on the short arm of the X chromosome and is subject to X-inactivation, raises the intriguing possibility that sex determination in man is a quantitative trait. Males have two active doses of the gonad determining gene, and females have one dose. This hypothesis has been tested in a series of XX males, XY females and XX true hermaphrodites by using a genomic probe, CMPXY1, obtained by probing a Y-specific DNA library with synthetic oligonucleotides based on the predicted amino-acid sequence of the sex-determining protein. The findings in most cases are consistent with the hypothesis of homologous gonad-determining genes, GDX and GDY, carried by the X and Y chromosomes respectively. It is postulated that in sporadic or familial XX true hermaphrodites one of the GDX loci escapes X-inactivation because of mutation or chromosomal rearrangement, resulting in mosaicism for testis and ovary-determining cell lines in somatic cells. Y-negative XX males belong to the same clinical spectrum as XX true hermaphrodites, and gonadal dysgenesis in some XY females may be due to sporadic or familial mutations of GDX.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, U.K.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferguson-Smith
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Affara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015342:DNA Probes; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis; D014960:X Chromosome; D014998:Y Chromosome
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes