title: Cranial bone marrow in children: assessment of normal development with MR imaging.
abstract: Magnetic resonance images of cranial bone marrow in 238 patients (246 examinations) less than 25 years old were reviewed to establish normal age-related standards. Bone marrow in the clivus and calvaria had uniformly low signal intensity (grade 1) on T1-weighted images in most infants less than 1 year old. The number of patients with grade 1 marrow decreased rapidly in early childhood, while the number of patients with marrow of low and high signal intensity (grade 2) and uniformly high signal intensity (grade 3) gradually increased with age. A grade 1 marrow was no longer observed in either the clivus or calvaria after age 7. Most patients had a grade 3 marrow by age 15. Because bone marrow in certain pathologic conditions has decreased signal on T1-weighted images and therefore resembles grade 1 or 2 appearances of normal marrow in children, these results may be useful for differentiating normal and abnormal bone marrow signal intensities in infants and children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco 94143-0628.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barkovich
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Kjos
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Brasch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*