title: Effect of midazolam and diazepam premedication on central nervous system and cardiovascular toxicity of bupivacaine in pigs.
abstract: To determine the effect of benzodiazepine premedication on central nervous system and cardiovascular effects of bupivacaine, the authors administered toxic doses of bupivacaine to awake spontaneously breathing pigs after intravenous premedication with midazolam (0.06 mg/kg), diazepam (0.15 mg/kg), or saline. Five minutes after administration of one of these solutions, they began an infusion of bupivacaine at 2 mg.kg-1.min-1. The bupivacaine infusion was continued until cardiovascular collapse. They then attempted to resuscitate the animals via open chest cardiac massage and a standard resuscitation protocol. Premedication with midazolam or diazepam significantly delayed the onset of ventricular dysrhythmias (P less than 0.05), decreased the incidence of seizures (P less than 0.05), and prevented the increase in blood pressure and heart rate following bupivacaine infusion (P less than 0.05). Benzodiazepine premedication did not affect the dose of bupivacaine or the blood concentration required to produce cardiovascular collapse. The ability to resuscitate animals premedicated with midazolam did not differ from control; however, significantly fewer animals premedicated with diazepam were resuscitated (P less than 0.05). A clinically relevant observation was that almost all animals premedicated with a benzodiazepine progressed directly to cardiovascular collapse without first manifesting seizures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Virginia Mason Clinic, Seattle, Washington 98111.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bernards
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rupp
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: B V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Morell
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D003975:Diazepam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D012151:Resuscitation; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam; D009638:Norepinephrine; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004837:Epinephrine