title: Electrocardiograms in five bipolar leads recorded from the body surface of three fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Oreochromis niloticus and Pagrus major) in fresh or sea-water.
abstract: 1. ECGs were recorded using five bipolar leads from the body surface of porgy Pagrus major and tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in fresh or sea-water, or held on a dry towel. 2. The maximum QRS amplitude was detected in lead V in both species being 54 +/- 25 microV in porgy and 241 +/- 78 microV in tilapia, respectively, when the fish were held on the dry towel. 3. Clear ECG waves could not be obtained from porgy in sea-water because of the porgy's small cardiac potential and leakage of the potential. However, clear ECG waves could be obtained in sea-water from the body surface of tilapia, with the average QRS amplitude being 35 +/- 8 microV. 4. The mean electrical P and QRS axes in tilapia were directed toward almost the same direction (frontal downward), whereas both P and QRS axes in most carp were in opposite directions. In porgy, the relationship between the P and QRS axes could not be identified due to the smaller amplitude of the P wave.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Foundation of Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mitsuda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000502:physiology*; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D005618:Fresh Water; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010473:Perciformes / Q000502:physiology*