title: Acceleration of heat transfer in vial freeze-drying of pharmaceuticals. I: Corrugated aluminum quilt.
abstract: The medium offering the greatest resistance to heat transfer from the freeze-dryer shelf to the moving and subliming interface within the product is the space between the flat shelf top and the concave vial bottom. The resistance to heat transfer can be greatly reduced by improving the thermal conductivity of this intervening space. Several heat transfer augmentation devices, which fill this gap, are described. The devices are inexpensive and easy to use. Experimental data show that the resistance of the intervening space is reduced appreciably and the drying time is greatly reduced.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yalkowsky
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum; D004867:Equipment Design; D005612:Freeze Drying / Q000295:instrumentation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013814:Thermal Conductivity
chemical_list: D000535:Aluminum