title: Survival in severe left ventricular failure treated with the new nonglycosidic, nonsympathomimetic oral inotropic agents.
abstract: Survival in severe left ventricular failure is poor but has not been widely assessed since the introduction of several new nonglycosidic, nonsympathomimetic oral inotropic agents for long-term therapy. We examined retrospectively the survival of 82 patients with severe left heart failure during long-term treatment with oral milrinone (17 patients), posicor (12 patients), enoximone (47 patients), and piroximone (6 patients). Sixty-five patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class 4, 15 patients were in class 3, and two patients were in class 2. There were 57 patients with ischemic and 25 patients were in class 2. There were 57 patients with ischemic and 25 patients with nonischemic etiology of left heart failure. Most patients were referred for inotropic therapy after failing to respond to conventional agents, including vasodilators. However, in almost all patients, marked hemodynamic and clinical improvement occurred initially. Overall survival was 36 percent at six months, the majority of deaths occurring during the first three months. Survival in relation to etiology of heart failure showed a trend toward increased mortality in patients associated with ischemic heart disease vs non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Sudden death mortality was also higher in the ischemic group (28 percent at six months vs 5 percent at six months; p less than 0.05). There was a trend toward reduced sudden death mortality in patients on antiarrhythmic agents during inotropic therapy (p = 0.06). We conclude that overall survival in symptomatic patients with severe left ventricular failure remains very low during long-term therapy with several new oral inotropic agents. Sudden death appears higher in patients with an ischemic etiology during therapy with these agents.
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000453:epidemiology; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D017335:Enoximone; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020105:Milrinone; D011728:Pyridones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D011728:Pyridones; D011799:Quinazolines; C039686:piroximone; D017335:Enoximone; C040850:quazinone; D020105:Milrinone