title: Isolation and characterization of granules of the toad bladder.
abstract: The electron-dense granules that lie just below the apical plasma membrane of granular epithelial cells of toad urinary bladder contribute glycoproteins to that apical membrane. Also, exocytosis of granules (and tubules) elicited by antidiuretic hormone potentially doubles that apical surface, during the same period the transport changes characteristic of the hormonal response occur. Granules separated from other membrane systems of the cells provide the material to assess the importance of the granules as glycocalyx precursors and in hormone action. We used isosmotic media to effect preliminary separations by differential centrifugation. Then granules were isolated by centrifugation on self-forming gradients of Percoll of decreasing hypertonicity. We find qualitative and quantitative changes in protein composition and enzymic activities in the isolated fractions. The primary criterion for granule purification was electron microscopic morphology. In addition, polypeptide species found in the granule fraction are limited in number and quantity. The granules are enzymically and morphologically not lysosomal in nature. Granules may provide the glycoproteins of the apical glycocalyx but they differ from the isolated plasma membrane fraction enzymically, in protein composition and in proportion of esterified cholesterol. We conclude that the granules are not "average" plasma membrane precursors. Their role in the membrane properties of the toad urinary bladder may now be evaluated by characterizing permeability and other properties of the isolated organelles.
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002024:Bufo marinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000032:analysis / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000032:analysis; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004848:Epithelium / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009940:Organoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000032:analysis / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases