title: Xeroradiography in the diagnosis of the Haglund syndrome.
abstract: Xeroradiography is the radiographic method of choice for assessment of soft tissues and calcaneal detail in patients suffering from a painful swelling localized in the heel. The radiographic triad of retrocalcaneal bursitis, superficial tendo Achillis bursitis, and Achilles tendon thickening, in the presence of an intact posterior superior calcaneal margin, are readily evaluated with xeroradiography. The Haglund syndrome is a painful inflammation involving the two bursae which surround the Achilles tendon. It is associated with a prominent posterior superior calcaneal margin. Of the two objective measurements devised to assess this prominence, neither the posterior calcaneal angle of Philip and Fowler of greater than 75 degrees nor the parallel pitch line (PPL) has proved to be a reliable index. In the present study, we evaluated four patients with heel pain and swelling as well as 100 control patients. The findings suggest that the prominence of the posterior calcaneal angle should be assessed relative to the known normal range rather than by comparison to a single fixed angulation which is arbitrarily designated as being abnormal.
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002062:Bursitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012775:Shoes / Q000009:adverse effects; D013577:Syndrome; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014986:Xeroradiography