title: Opioids and breathing.
abstract: This review summarizes recent developments on the effects of opiate drugs and the various endogenous opioid peptides on breathing. These developments include demonstration of receptors and site-specific effects of application of opioids in the pons and medulla, demonstration of variable tolerance of respiratory responses in addicted individuals as well as their offspring, and demonstration of an endogenous opioid influence on breathing in early neonatal life and in certain physiological settings and disease states. The validity and limitations of using naloxone as a tool to uncover postulated endogenous opioid influences are also discussed as well as the potential problems imposed by the various settings in which this opiate antagonist drug is used. It is concluded that some parallelism exists between the role of endogenous opioids in pain modulation and their role in respiration especially in adults. Although more studies are needed especially with regard to defining specific effects of the various opioid receptors and ligands, it is felt that the effects of endogenous opioids on the control of breathing will probably be one of modulating the responses to drugs or nociceptive respiratory stimuli through inhibitory pathways.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D004723:Endorphins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine / Q000378:metabolism; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012907:Smoking; D001615:beta-Endorphin
chemical_list: D004723:Endorphins; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D009270:Naloxone; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine; D001615:beta-Endorphin; D009020:Morphine