title: Arterial air embolism of venous origin in dogs: effect of nitrous oxide in combination with halothane and pentobarbitone.
abstract: The effects of using nitrous oxide (N2O) with halothane or pentobarbitone anaesthesia on the filtration of venous air emboli (VAE) by the pulmonary circulation were studied in dogs. Dogs anaesthetized with either pentobarbitone, pentobarbitone/N2O, halothane, or halothane/N2O were embolized with venous air into the right atrium at 0.25 to 0.35 ml.kg-1.min-1 for 30 min. The animals were in a supine, head down position. A Doppler ultrasonic probe located over the suprarenal aorta detected arterial bubbles that escaped filtration by the lungs. No bubbles were detected at 0.25 ml.kg-1.min-1, but at 0.30 ml.kg-1.min-1 the incidence was 11 per cent (pentobarbitone), 0 per cent (pentobarbitone/N2O), 33 per cent (halothane), and 63 per cent (halothane/N2O) and at 0.35 ml.kg-1.min-1, 44 per cent (pentobarbitone), 14 per cent (pentobarbitone/N2O), and 56 per cent (halothane). Half of the dogs receiving VAE with halothane/N2O at 0.30 ml.kg-1.min-1 died within the first 10 min of the air infusion. Thus, no animals were studied at the next higher dose (0.35 ml.kg-1.min-1). The results suggest that the occurrence of VAE with nitrous oxide anaesthesia may result in greater haemodynamic consequence and increased likelihood for spillover of the venous bubbles into the arteries if used with halothane as compared to pentobarbitone.
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology*; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D012212:Rheology
chemical_list: D010424:Pentobarbital; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D006221:Halothane