3'-Formyl phosphate-ended DNA: high-energy intermediate in antibiotic-induced DNA sugar damage.
Under anaerobic conditions where the nitroaromatic radiation-sensitizer misonidazole substitutes for dioxygen, DNA strand breakage (gaps with phosphate residues at each end) by the nonprotein chromophore of the antitumor antibiotic neocarzinostatin (NCS-Chrom) is associated with the generation of a reactive form of formate from the C-5' of deoxyribose of thymidylate residues. Such lesions account for a minority (10-15%) of the strand breakage found in the aerobic reaction without misonidazole. Amino-containing nucleophiles such as tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) and hydroxylamine act as acceptors for the activated formate. The amount of [3H]formyl hydroxamate produced from DNA labeled with [5'-3H]thymidine is comparable to the spontaneously released thymine. During the course of the reaction, misonidazole undergoes a DNA-dependent reduction and subsequent conjugation with glutathione used to activate NCS-Chrom. From these and earlier results, we propose a possible mechanism in which the carbon-centered radical formed at C-5' by hydrogen atom abstraction by thiol-activated NCS-Chrom reacts anaerobically with misonidazole to form a nitroxyl-radical-adduct intermediate, which fragments to produce an oxy radical at C-5'. beta-Fragmentation results in cleavage between C-5' and C-4' with the generation of 3'-formyl phosphate-ended DNA, a high-energy form of formate, which spontaneously hydrolyzes, releasing formate and creating a 3'-phosphate end, or transfers the formyl moiety to available nucleophiles. A similar mechanism, involving dioxygen addition, is probably responsible for the 10-15% DNA gap formation in the aerobic reaction.
D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010582:Bacteriophage lambda / Q000032:analysis; D004249:DNA Damage; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003855:Deoxyribose / Q000032:analysis; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008920:Misonidazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D009353:Zinostatin / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004279:DNA, Viral; D005609:Free Radicals; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; C053858:formyl phosphate; D003855:Deoxyribose; D008920:Misonidazole; D009353:Zinostatin; D010100:Oxygen