title: Reproductive effects of chlorpromazine exposure to female mice: cell proliferation disadvantage revealed by the Chimera Embryo Assay.
abstract: Administration of chlorpromazine-HCl at 5 to 15 mg/kg bodyweight to pregnant CD-1 mice at 24 h after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (20-23 h after mating) inhibited blastocyst formation and reduced the cell number of embryos recovered at 95 h after hCG. When embryos are recovered at the two- to four-cell stage (48-50 h after hCG) and cultured for an additional 47 h (to 95 h after hCG) or 72 h (to 120 h after hCG), blastocyst formation and embryo cell number were similarly reduced. When the dose range was reduced to 0.5 to 2 mg/kg bodyweight, no significant effect of the drug was observed on blastocyst formation or on embryo cell number. However, when aggregation chimeras were formed between embryos recovered from drug-exposed females and from untreated females, a decrease in cell proliferation rate of the embryo from the drug-exposed female was observed at a dose of 2 mg/kg bodyweight. This result indicates that exposing pregnant mice to chlorpromazine-HCl at doses as low as 2 mg/kg bodyweight can induce a potential for decreased cleavage rate in their pre-implantation embryos that can be revealed by challenging those embryos by direct contact with embryos from nonexposed females. Finally, when four-cell stage embryos recovered from untreated females cultured in the presence of chlorpromazine (0.1-25 mM), blastocyst formation and embryo cell number were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner. This last result suggests that in vivo the drug may act directly on the embryo from the pronuclear stage to the early morula stage of development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Obasaju
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wiley
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Overstreet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000187:drug effects*; D002452:Cell Count / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002678:Chimera / Q000187:drug effects*; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D046508:Culture Techniques; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002746:Chlorpromazine