title: Elimination of viruses and indicator bacteria at each step of treatment during preparation of drinking water at seven water treatment plants.
abstract: Seven drinking water treatment plants were sampled twice a month for 12 months to evaluate the removal of indicator bacteria and cytopathogenic enteric viruses. Samples were obtained at each level of treatment: raw water, postchlorination, postsedimentation, postfiltration, postozonation, and finished (tap) water. Raw water quality was usually poor, with total coliform counts exceeding 105 to 106 CFU/liter and the average virus count in raw water of 3.3 most probable number of cytopathogenic units (MPNCU)/liter; several samples contained more than 100 MPNCU/liter. All plants distributed finished water that was essentially free of indicator bacteria as judged by analysis of 1 liter for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, coagulase-positive staphylococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The total plate counts at 20 and 35 degrees C were also evaluated as a measure of the total microbial population and were usually very low. Viruses were detected in 7% (11 of 155) of the finished water samples (1,000 liters) at an average density of 0.0006 MPNCU/liter the highest virus density measured being 0.2 MPNCU/liter. The average cumulative virus reduction was 95.15% after sedimentation and 99.97% after filtration and did not significantly decrease after ozonation or final chlorination. The viruses isolated from treated waters were all enteroviruses: poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, coxsackievirus types B3, B4, and B5, echovirus type 7, and untyped picornaviruses.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Payment
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trudel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Plante
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010849:Picornaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply