title: Osmotic and phorbol ester-induced activation of Na+/H+ exchange: possible role of protein phosphorylation in lymphocyte volume regulation.
abstract: The Na+/H+ antiport is stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13, acetate (TPA) and other phorbol esters in rat thymic lymphocytes. Mediation by protein kinase C is suggested by three findings: (a) 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol also activated the antiport; (b) trifluoperazine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, blocked the stimulation of Na+/H+ exchange; and (c) activation of countertransport was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of specific membrane proteins. The Na+/H+ antiport is also activated by osmotic cell shrinking. The time course, extent, and reversibility of the osmotically induced and phorbol ester-induced responses are similar. Moreover, the responses are not additive and they are equally susceptible to inhibition by trifluoperazine, N-ethylmaleimide, and ATP depletion. The extensive analogies between the TPA and osmotically induced effects suggested a common underlying mechanism, possibly activation of a protein kinase. It is conceivable that osmotic shrinkage initiates the following sequence of events: stimulation of protein kinase(s) followed by activation of the Na+/H+ antiport, resulting in cytoplasmic alkalinization. The Na+ taken up through the antiport, together with the HCO3- and Cl- accumulated in the cells as a result of the cytoplasmic alkalinization, would be followed by osmotically obliged water. This series of events could underlie the phenomenon of regulatory volume increase.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grinstein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothstein
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000584:Amiloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010704:Phorbols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D014268:Trifluoperazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004075:Diglycerides; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D010704:Phorbols; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D014268:Trifluoperazine; D000584:Amiloride; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D011494:Protein Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D002118:Calcium