title: Inhibition of proliferation without affecting the generation of cytotoxicity in the human mixed lymphocyte reaction.
abstract: Phosphoramide mustard (PM) is considered to be the major tumoricidal metabolite of cyclophosphamide in vivo. The effects of this metabolite in vitro on several immune functions of human lymphocytes have been investigated. Very low concentrations (10(-7) to 10(-9) M) of PM added to lymphocyte cultures inhibited proliferation of the lymphocytes in response to mitogens and alloantigens. At these concentrations, inhibition of proliferation appeared to be due to a direct action of PM on the proliferative cells. Thus, concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes still acquired IL-2 receptors (Tac antigen) normally in the presence of PM (10(-6) to 10(-9) M). Only exceedingly high concentrations of PM (10(-5) M or greater) prevented the acquisition of Tac antigen. Similarly, the inhibition of proliferation was probably not related to endogenous IL-2 levels: addition of exogenous IL-2 to PM-containing cultures did not result in any restoration of proliferation. Further evidence that PM directly affected proliferative cells was that low concentrations of PM inhibited the proliferation of T cells continuously growing in IL-2. The exposure time to PM necessary for inhibition was essentially identical to those for lymphoproliferative responses to mitogens and alloantigens. Paradoxically, however, the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs) and mixed lymphocyte tumor cell cultures (MLTCs) was very resistant to PM. In parallel MLRs and MLTCs the cytotoxic responses were resistant to approximately 1000-fold more PM than were the proliferative responses. Only at 10(-5) M PM were these inhibited. These data suggest that clonal expansion of cytotoxic lymphocytes or their precursors by proliferation is not an absolute requirement for the generation of cytolytic activity.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hengst
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000032:analysis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007519:Isoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D010752:Phosphoramide Mustards / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000032:analysis; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D018127:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D007376:Interleukin-2; D007519:Isoantigens; D008934:Mitogens; D010752:Phosphoramide Mustards; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D018127:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7; C030090:phosphoramide mustard