title: Improvement in morning hyperglycaemia with basal human ultratard and prandial human actrapid insulin--a comparison of multiple injection regimens.
abstract: Three 'pen'-administered multiple injection regimens have been compared with twice daily insulin injection regimens by means of 24-h profiles of plasma glucose and free insulin concentrations. Ten Type 1 diabetic patients received their usual twice daily insulin regimen and were then randomized to receive the same total daily insulin dose in four divided doses using (1) 50:50 premixed soluble and isophane, (2) 30:70 premixed soluble and isophane, and (3) preprandial soluble and evening crystalline-zinc insulins. Profiles were performed after 1 week on each regimen. Plasma glucose concentrations were similar during the twice daily regimen and the two premixed regimens, rising during the early hours of the morning to a peak between 0900 and 0930 h of 13.8 +/- 2.8 (+/- SD) mmol l-1 on the twice daily regimen, 13.6 +/- 5.3 mmol l-1 on the premixed 50:50 regimen, and 13.5 +/- 4.2 mmol-1 on the premixed 30:70 regimen. With the basal and prandial regimen, overnight plasma glucose concentrations were higher than with the other regimens between 2400 and 0300 h (p less than 0.05). Concentrations then fell until breakfast, and rose after this meal to a peak of 9.5 +/- 4.3 mmol l-1 (p less than 0.01). Mean plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower than on the other three regimens between 0830 and 1100 h (p less than 0.05). Less variability was observed in 24-h mean plasma glucose concentrations during the basal and prandial regimen than during the other three regimens.
authors.affiliation: Diabetic Department, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McEwen
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Moreland
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Durnin
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D061389:Insulin, Regular, Pork; D008297:Male; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007328:Insulin; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D061389:Insulin, Regular, Pork; C023501:Insulin, Ultratard; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D007336:Insulin, Isophane; C000006:insulin, neutral