title: An improved technique for the internal mammary artery coronary bypass graft procedure.
abstract: An improved technique for internal mammary artery graft preparation is described. Following cautery dissection of the internal mammary artery (IMA) pedicle, the pedicle investing fascia is incised to the adventitial level along a single plane. This incision allows the tissue around the internal mammary artery to fall away and severs the muscular constrictions that often surround the internal mammary artery. Balloon calibration is performed to identify remaining constrictions and to relieve internal mammary artery spasm. A shear force limiting gauge insures that the exerted balloon force remains below the level demonstrated to cause intimal damage during electron microscopic studies. This technique allows full internal mammary artery distention without the devascularizing effects of full skeletonization. Distention of the distal internal mammary artery provides an enlarged hood to facilitate suture placement. Elongation of the internal mammary artery during balloon calibration aids in the performance of sequential grafts. This technique has been applied to 793 patients over the past five years. Postcalibration flow rates increased 3- to 18-fold over precalibration flow rates. Two early occlusions occurred during this series, one due to endothelial strippage prior to the development and use of the shear force limiting gauge. Follow-up showed 93.3% of patients to be asymptomatic. This combination of fascial incision and balloon calibration appears to offer safe technical and functional improvements to the performance of the internal mammary artery graft.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sequoia Hospital, Redwood City, California.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Gaudiani
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Buch
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ayres
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Fogarty
mesh_terms: D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality / Q000592:standards; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000637:transplantation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality