title: Long-term survival of human rotavirus in raw and treated river water.
abstract: This study was aimed at assessing the role of water as a vehicle for rotavirus spread by determining how well these viruses survive in the water environment. A cell culture adapted strain of human rotavirus subgroup 2, grown in MA-104 cells, was used as a model. Virus survival was tested in the following types of water samples, derived from the Ottawa River, at two different times of the year: (i) raw water (RW), (ii) muncipally treated tap water (TW), and (iii) raw water that had been filtered (FW) through a membrane (0.22 micron). The water samples, with approximately 5.0 X 10(4) plaque-forming units (PFU) of the virus, were held at either 4 or 20 degrees C and tested for infectious virus over a period of 64 days. The TW samples had a total and free chlorine content of 0.05 and less than 0.05 mg/L, respectively. The chlorine in these samples was not neutralized before virus contamination. Irrespective of the holding temperature, the virus titre in FW remained essentially unaltered throughout the test period. In TW held at 4 degrees C, there was no significant drop in the virus titre even after 64 days, whereas at 20 degrees C the titre in TW was reduced by about 2 log10 over the same period. Even though the loss of virus infectivity was most rapid in RW held at 20 degrees C, it took about 10 days for a 99.0% reduction in the plaque titre of the virus. These findings, therefore, indicate that rotaviruses can survive for several days in raw and treated river water thus making recreational and potable waters potential vehicles for the transmission of rotavirus infections.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Raphael
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sattar
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Springthorpe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005618:Fresh Water; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000254:growth & development*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply