title: Self-efficacy, standards, and abstinence violation: a comparison between newly sober and long-term sober alcoholics.
abstract: Recent theory and empirical data suggest that self-efficacy plays an important role in resistance to relapse for substance abusers. Another key in the relapse process, according to Marlatt and Gordon (1985), is the abstinence violation effect, which comprises self-attribution for failure and affective reaction to violation of self-imposed standards. The combination of unrealistically high standards and low self-efficacy for following those standards may potentiate the risk for relapse. A 25-item questionnaire designed to assess self-efficacy and standards was administered to alcoholics newly admitted to an inpatient treatment program and alcoholics who had been sober for at least 1 year. The groups did not differ with regard to having high standards, but the successfully abstinent alcoholics had significantly higher self-efficacy expectations than the newly sober alcoholics. These results suggest that treatment programs may need to include interventions which decrease unrealistic standards as well as those designed to increase self-efficacy expectations.
authors.affiliation: VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Emmerson
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Todt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012649:Self Concept; D013695:Temperance / Q000523:psychology*