title: Current trends in the management of urinary stones.
abstract: The treatment of renal and ureteral stones has undergone rapid and major changes over the past ten years. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy has become the most commonly used modality for the treatment of renal and upper ureteral stones. Lower ureteral stones are more commonly being approached by retrograde techniques. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, medical therapy, and open surgical nephrolithotomy offer viable alternatives in given situations. Presented here is the current application of each of these techniques, both alone and in combination, for the treatment of urinary stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Hospital and Clinic, Minneapolis 55455.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Castaneda-Zuniga
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Darcy
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Cragg
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amplatz
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D011859:Radiography; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*