title: Acetylcholine and norepinephrine stimulate the release of corticotropin-releasing factor-41 from the rat hypothalamus in vitro.
abstract: The effects of the two putative neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine on immunoreactive CRF-41 release from incubated rat hypothalami were studied. Acetylcholine at concentrations of 10(-11) to 10(-7) M stimulated CRF-41 release. This effect was blocked in a dose-dependent manner by the muscarinic antagonist atropine (10(-9) to (-7) M). The nicotinic antagonist hexamethonium was ineffective at a dose of 10(-7) M, but produced slight inhibition of this response at 10(-5) M. Norepinephrine at concentrations of 10(-10) to 10(-6) M also produced a dose-dependent stimulation of CRF-41 release. The beta-adrenoceptor antagonists propranolol (10(-5) M) and timolol (10(-6) M) blocked norepinephrine-induced CRF-41 release. The alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists thymoxamine (10(-5) M), prazosin (10(-5) M), and corynanthine (10(-4) M), and the alpha 2-antagonist idazoxan (10(-5) M), were ineffective. Potassium depolarization (56 mM) caused stimulation of CRF-41 release which was dependent on the presence of calcium in the incubation medium. Authenticity of immunoreactive CRF-41 released was demonstrated by chromatographic criteria using gel filtration and reversed phase HPLC. These results provide evidence for a stimulatory role of acetylcholine and norepinephrine on CRF-41 release, and consequently on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat, through actions at a hypothalamic level. The stimulatory effect of acetylcholine is mediated principally through muscarinic receptors and that of norepinephrine through beta-adrenoceptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsagarakis
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Holly
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Besser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grossman
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004146:Dioxanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019329:Idazoxan; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D013948:Moxisylyte / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology; D011224:Prazosin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013999:Timolol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004146:Dioxanes; D013999:Timolol; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D011433:Propranolol; D000109:Acetylcholine; D013948:Moxisylyte; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium; D009638:Norepinephrine; D011224:Prazosin; D019329:Idazoxan