title: Morphogenetic diapause in Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae).
abstract: In southern Africa, Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius is characterized by a strict seasonal activity. Experiments were carried out to determine whether a diapause mechanism regulates this seasonality. Engorged A.variegatum females were exposed to controlled laboratory conditions or natural field conditions at different times of the year. Females exposed in a natural environment in September-October (short day) had significantly longer pre-oviposition periods than females exposed from November to March. The season in which the previous instar fed had no apparent effect on the engorgement or pre-oviposition periods of the females. Furthermore, artificial changes in photoperiod during and after female engorgement had no significant effects on pre-oviposition periods. It is tentatively concluded that the unfed female is the responsive stage to photoperiodic changes which induce diapause. Diapause could be terminated and oviposition induced by exposing females to a short period of chilling (18 degrees C for 48 h). It is concluded that a morphogenetic diapause mechanism exists in A.variegatum, which is probably induced by short day responses and terminated following rainfall and a concomitant decrease in soil temperature. The diapause, which occurs in females which fed early in the season, causes a delay in oviposition and therefore effectively synchronizes the life-cycle to ensure that eggs and larvae occur at a climatically favourable period.
authors.affiliation: Economics of Ticks' Project, Food and Agriculture Organization, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pegram
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Mwase
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zivkovic
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jongejan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005260:Female; D008027:Light; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology; D010507:Periodicity; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D013987:Ticks / Q000502:physiology*; D015024:Zambia