title: Testicular germ cell tumors after clomiphene therapy for subfertility.
abstract: The stimulatory effect of low doses of clomiphene citrate on the human male gonad is accepted widely. We used 25 mg. clomiphene daily for 3 weeks, with 1 week of rest, for 6 to 12 months in 650 oligospermic men without increased serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (less than 20 IU/l.). Unilateral testicular neoplasm developed in 2 subjects. Although a definite cause-and-effect relationship between treatment and tumor development cannot be assigned the possible risk of tumor development in men undergoing long-term clomiphene treatment is suggested. Since clomiphene administration or gonadotropin treatment might enhance tumor development in men, patients at risk undergoing such therapy should be examined frequently and when a testicle enlarges a malignant tumor must be ruled out.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nilsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000139:chemically induced*; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012306:Risk; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D002996:Clomiphene