title: Microtubule-associated protein 1C from brain is a two-headed cytosolic dynein.
abstract: Dynein, an ATPase, is the force-generating protein in cilia and flagella. It has long been speculated that cytoplasmic microtubules contain a related enzyme involved in cell division or in intracellular organelle transport. A 'cytoplasmic dynein' has been described in sea urchin eggs, but because the egg stockpiles precursors for both cytoplasmic and ciliary microtubules, the role of this enzyme in the cell has remained unresolved. We recently found that the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 1C (ref. 6) from brain is a microtubule-activated ATPase that produces force in the direction corresponding to retrograde organelle transport in the cell. MAP 1C has several similar properties to ciliary and flagellar dynein. Here we show directly, using scanning transmission electron microscopy, that MAP 1C is structurally equivalent to the ciliary and flagellar enzyme and is the long-sought cytoplasmic analogue of this enzyme.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Group, Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01545.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Vallee
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Paschal
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Shpetner
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D002923:Cilia / Q000201:enzymology; D004398:Dyneins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005407:Flagella / Q000201:enzymology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011487:Protein Conformation
chemical_list: D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D004398:Dyneins