title: Cystamine-enkephalin dimer. Syntheses and biological activities of enkephalin analogs containing cystamine and cysteamine.
abstract: A cystamine-enkephalin dimer, containing two molecules of [D-Ala2, Leu5] enkephalin cross-linked at the COOH-terminal leucine residue with cystamine, (NH2-CH2-CH2-S-)2, has been synthesized in order to examine directly the dimerization effect of an enkephalin molecule on the opiate receptor interactions. In a comparison of potencies against [3H]-[D-Ala2,D-Leu5] enkephalin (3H-DADLE) and [3H]-[D-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly-ol5] enkephalin (3H-DAGO) as delta and mu tracers, respectively, enkephalin dimer showed a very high affinity, especially for the delta opiate receptors. Dimer was almost threefold more potent than DADLE, which is one of the most utilized delta ligand to date. When the binding affinity of cystamine-dimer was compared with that of its reduced thiol-monomer, namely [D-Ala2,Leu5,cysteamine6] enkephalin, the increment in affinity was four to fivefold for both delta and mu receptors. The results strongly indicate that the dimeric enkephalin is more potent presumably due to the simultaneous interaction with the two binding sites of the opiate receptors.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D003538:Cystamine; D003543:Cysteamine; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D016308:Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000494:pharmacology; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D051381:Rats; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D004745:Enkephalins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine; D003543:Cysteamine; D016308:Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine; C048783:enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-cystamine-dimer-; D003538:Cystamine