title: Calcium carbonate precipitation in bicarbonate hemodialysis.
abstract: Calcium carbonate has been observed to precipitate in the fluid pathway of dialysate delivery systems dispensing bicarbonate-containing dialysates. Such precipitation can occlude the fluid pathway, leading to system malfunction and increased maintenance requirements. We show that commercial supplies of sodium bicarbonate are contaminated by trace amounts of sodium carbonate. This contamination may result in immediate precipitation of calcium carbonate on formulation of the dialysate, since bicarbonate-containing dialysates, as formulated, are metastable with respect to calcium carbonate. Sparging of the bicarbonate-containing concentrate with carbon dioxide converts any carbonate to bicarbonate, thus avoiding the formation of precipitates on addition of calcium ions.
mesh_terms: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D002254:Carbonates; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D004340:Drug Contamination; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007688:Kidneys, Artificial; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012964:Sodium; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002254:Carbonates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C005686:sodium carbonate; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D012964:Sodium; D002119:Calcium Carbonate