title: Identifying regions of membrane proteins in contact with phospholipid head groups: covalent attachment of a new class of aldehyde lipid labels to cytochrome c oxidase.
abstract: A series of amine-specific reagents based on the benzaldehyde reactive group have been synthesized, characterized, and used to study beef heart cytochrome c oxidase reconstituted in phospholipid bilayers. The series contained three classes of reagents: lipid-soluble phosphodiesters having a single hydrocarbon chain, phospholipid analogues, and a water-soluble benzaldehyde. All reagents were either radiolabeled or spin-labeled or both. The Schiff bases formed by these benzaldehydes with amines were found to be reversible until the addition of the reducing agent sodium cyanoborohydride, whereas attachment of lipid-derived aliphatic aldehydes was not readily reversible in the absence of the reducing agent. The benzaldehyde group provides a convenient method of controlling and delaying permanent attachment to integral membrane proteins until after the reconstitution steps. This ensures that the lipid analogues are located properly to identify amine groups at the lipid-protein interface rather than reacting indiscriminately with amines of the hydrophilic domains of the protein. The benzaldehyde lipid labels attach to cytochrome c oxidase with high efficiency. Typically, 20% of the amount of lipid label present was covalently attached to the protein, and the number of moles of label incorporated per mole of protein ranged from 1 to 6, depending on the molar ratios of label, lipid, and protein. The efficiency of labeling by the water-soluble benzaldehyde was much less than that observed for any of the lipid labels because of dilution effects, but equivalent levels of incorporation were achieved by increasing the label concentration. Electron spin resonance spectra of a nitroxide-containing phospholipid analogue covalently attached to reconstituted cytochrome c oxidase exhibited a large motion-restricted component, which is characteristic of spin-labeled lipids in contact with the hydrophobic surfaces of membrane proteins. The line shape and splittings were similar for covalently attached label and label free to diffuse and contact the protein molecules in the bilayer, providing independent evidence that the coupling occurs at the protein-lipid interface. The distribution of the benzaldehyde reagents attached to the polypeptide components of cytochrome c oxidase was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The labeling pattern observed for the lipid analogues was not affected by the presence of the nitroxide moiety on the acyl chains but was dependent on the molar ratio of labeling reagent to protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D000818:Animals; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D002417:Cattle; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000378:metabolism*; D004589:Electrophoresis, Disc; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000201:enzymology; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010743:Phospholipids; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D000079:Acetaldehyde