title: Spontaneous release of transmitter from the growth cones of Xenopus neurons in vitro: the influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions.
abstract: To determine whether spontaneous release of transmitter from the growth cones of neurons exhibits properties similar to the spontaneous release which occurs from the neurons at the neuromuscular junction, release of transmitter from the growth cones of Xenopus neurons in culture was monitored in salines containing varying calcium and magnesium concentrations. Release was monitored by use of an outside-out piece of muscle membrane attached to a patch clamp electrode. Spontaneous release of transmitter from the growth cones in standard saline (2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2) produces clusters of single-channel openings in the muscle membrane. Clusters are seen to consist of two types: a series of high-frequency channel openings, called "bursts," and clusters of low-frequency channel openings called "singles." The bursts were identified and examined for their possible relationship to MEPP-producing release, and the singles were identified and examined for their possible relationship to "leak" release of the neuromuscular junction. When the external saline contains high calcium (10 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2) or high magnesium (2 mM CaCl2, 9 mM MgCl2), the frequencies of both "bursts" and "singles" was greatly reduced. This reduction in release persists if the neurons are grown in the high-calcium or high-magnesium solutions. When the saline is a low-calcium solution (0 mM CaCl2, 3 mM MgCl2) the growth cones release transmitter at rates similar to those from standard saline. These results indicate that although the spontaneous release from the growth cone shares one characteristic with the leak release, neither the burst nor the singles release from the growth cones share exact relationship with either the MEPP producing release or the leak release. This suggests that further development of the mechanisms for spontaneous release of neurotransmitter occurs after nerve-muscle contact.
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000502:physiology; D008274:Magnesium / Q000502:physiology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D008274:Magnesium; D000109:Acetylcholine; D002118:Calcium