title: Activation of chloroform and related trihalomethanes to free radical intermediates in isolated hepatocytes and in the rat in vivo as detected by the ESR-spin trapping technique.
abstract: When hepatocytes isolated from phenobarbital-induced rats were incubated with chloroform and the spin trap phenyl-t-butyl nitrone (PBN) under anaerobic conditions, a free radical-spin trap adduct was detectable by ESR spectroscopy. A similar incubation of hepatocytes in the presence of air resulted in an ESR signal that was eight times less intense than that seen under anaerobic conditions; incubation mixtures exposed to pure oxygen had no detectable adduct signal. A significant reduction in the signal intensity was also produced by the addition of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors such as SKF-525A, metyrapone and carbon monoxide, indicating that free radical formation depended upon the reductive metabolism of chloroform mediated by the mixed oxidase system. The origin of the CHCl3-derived free radical has been confirmed by using [13C]CHCl3, while the comparison between the ESR spectra obtained in the presence of deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) and bromodichloro-methane (CHBrCl2) suggests that the free radical derived from CHCl3 may be CHCl2. Free radical intermediates were also detected during the aerobic and anaerobic incubation of isolated hepatocytes with bromoform (CHBr3), and iodoform (CHI3). The intensity of the ESR signal obtained with the various trihalomethanes increases in the order CHCl3 less than CHBrCl2 less than CHBr3 less than CHI3. The formation of PBN-free radical adducts has also been observed in phenobarbital-induced rats in vivo when intoxicated with chloroform, bromoform or iodoform, suggesting that the reductive metabolism of trihalomethanes might be of relevance to their established toxicity in the whole animal.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002725:Chloroform / Q000378:metabolism*; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005609:Free Radicals; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000378:metabolism*; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000378:metabolism*; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013113:Spin Labels; D022882:Trihalomethanes
chemical_list: D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D005609:Free Radicals; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D013113:Spin Labels; D022882:Trihalomethanes; C029217:phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone; C025191:bromodichloromethane; D002725:Chloroform; C010473:iodoform; C015044:bromoform