title: Role of keto acids and reduced-oxygen-scavenging enzymes in the growth of Legionella species.
abstract: Keto acids and reduced-oxygen-scavenging enzymes were examined for their roles in supporting the growth of Legionella species and for their potential reactions between the chemical components of the media. When grown in an experimental ACES (2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-amino] ethanesulfonic acid)-buffered chemically defined (ABCD) broth, the presence of keto acids shortened the lag periods, increased the rates of growth, and gave maximum cell yields. In addition, keto acids affected the specific activities of reduced-oxygen-scavenging enzymes determined during growth. The specific activities of superoxide dismutase of Legionella pneumophila (Knoxville) and L. dumoffii (TEX-KL) were increased three- to eightfold, while that of L. bozemanii (WIGA) was not affected. All strains appeared to be equally sensitive to the effects of superoxide anion (O2-) generated by light-activated riboflavin, and all were equally protected by the presence of keto acids in the ABCD broth. Production of trace amounts of acetate and succinate in pyruvate- and alpha-ketoglutarate-containing media exposed to light suggested that hydrogen peroxide was formed. Pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate were products of growth on amino acids, and there was no quantitative evidence that these keto acids were metabolized when they were added to the medium. The rate of cysteine oxidation in ABCD broth was increased by the presence of ferric ion or by exposure to light or by both, and keto acids reduced the rate of this oxidation. ACES buffer was a substrate for the production of O2- in the presence of light, and the combined addition of Fe2+ ions, cysteine, and either keto acid to the medium strongly inhibited the production of O2-. Thus, keto acids inhibited the rate of cysteine oxidation, they stimulated rapid growth by an unknown process, and, in combination with added Fe2+ ions and cysteine, they reversed the toxic effects of light by inhibiting O2- production.
mesh_terms: D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003470:Culture Media; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007651:Keto Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D007875:Legionella / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development*; D008027:Light; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D009195:Peroxidase; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000378:metabolism; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D013045:Species Specificity; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007651:Keto Acids; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; D011773:Pyruvates; D013481:Superoxides; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D010544:Peroxidases; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D003545:Cysteine