title: Field studies on health effects from the application of two organophosphorus insecticide formulations by hand-held ULV to cotton.
abstract: Two field studies to assess the health implications for farmers applying two different formulations containing organophosphorus (OP) pesticides to cotton by hand-held ULV are described. The first study, carried out in the Ivory Coast, involved the application of an endrin/DDT/methylparathion (MEP) formulation in an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. The second study took place in Indonesia with a 20% monocrotophos formulation in a mixture of a glycol and a glycol ether. Both studies were carried out under actual field conditions. The purpose of the studies was to get a good assessment of the health hazards of the particular formulation, used under the specific circumstances and agronomic requirements of the area of application and taking into account all local, climatic and cultural conditions that could be of possible influence. The results showed that in both studies skin exposures took place during application and especially during handling, filling and cleaning, and that inhalation of spray mist was negligible. Absorption was confirmed by the presence in urine of metabolites of endrin and methylparathion in the Ivory Coast study, and of dimethyl phosphate in the Indonesia study. No clinical signs or symptoms of intoxication were discovered in either study, nor were inhibitions of cholinesterase (ChE) activity of health significance established under the conditions of the studies. In addition, various practical aspects such as choice of apparatus, of formulation, the application procedures etc. are discussed.
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000097:blood; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire; D003634:DDT / Q000378:metabolism / Q000506:poisoning*; D004732:Endrin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000506:poisoning*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D008297:Male; D008743:Methyl Parathion / Q000378:metabolism / Q000506:poisoning*; D008999:Monocrotophos / Q000378:metabolism; D010278:Parathion / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D012306:Risk; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D008743:Methyl Parathion; D010278:Parathion; D008999:Monocrotophos; D003634:DDT; D002802:Cholinesterases; D004732:Endrin