title: 5',5'''-P1, P4 diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A): a putative initiator of DNA replication.
abstract: The proposal that Ap4A acts as an inducer of DNA replication is based primarily on two pieces of evidence (7). The intracellular levels of Ap4A increase ten- to 1000-fold as cells progress into S phase and the introduction of Ap4A into nonproliferating cells stimulated DNA synthesis. There is also some additional suggestive evidence such as the binding of Ap4A to a protein that is associated with multiprotein forms of the replicative DNA polymerase alpha and the ability of this enzyme to use Ap4A as a primer for DNA synthesis in vitro with single-stranded DNA templates. These observations have stimulated interest in the cellular metabolism of Ap4A. This is well since there is a great need for additional experimentation in order to clearly establish Ap4A as an inducer of DNA replication. Microinjection experiments of Ap4A into quiescent cells are needed in order to ascertain if Ap4A will stimulate DNA replication and possibly cell division in intact cells. Studies of the effects of nonhydrolyzable analogs of Ap4A on DNA replication in intact quiescent cells could also prove valuable. Although Ap4A can function as a primer for in vitro DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase alpha this may not be relevant in regard to its in vivo role in DNA replication. Ap4A in vivo could interact with key protein(s) in DNA replication and in this way act as an effector molecule in the initiation of DNA replication. In this regard the interaction of Ap4A with a protein associated with a multiprotein form of DNA polymerase alpha isolated from S-phase cells is of interest. More experiments are required to determine if there is a specific target protein(s) for Ap4A in vivo and what its role in DNA replication is. The cofractionation of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase with the replicative DNA polymerase alpha from animal and plant cells is of interest. The DNA polymerase alpha from synchronized animal cells also interacted with Ap4A. Although the plant cell alpha-like DNA polymerase did not interact with Ap4A this DNA polymerase was not a multiprotein form of polymerase alpha and the synchrony of the wheat germ embryos was not known. A possible tie between protein-synthesizing systems and the regulation of proteins involved in DNA replication may exist. The requirement of protein synthesis for the initiation of DNA replication has long been known. Also, it is well established that many temperature-sensitive mutants for tRNA synthetases are also DNA-synthesizing mutants. More investigation in this area may be warranted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D017766:Acid Anhydride Hydrolases; D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004257:DNA Polymerase II / Q000378:metabolism; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007399:Interphase; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D010944:Plants; D014369:Tryptophan-tRNA Ligase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C032578:AP4A binding protein, human; D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; C020733:diadenosine tetraphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D004247:DNA; D004257:DNA Polymerase II; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D017766:Acid Anhydride Hydrolases; C020023:bis(5'-nucleosyl)tetraphosphatase (asymmetrical); D014369:Tryptophan-tRNA Ligase