title: A 48 kDa protein arrests cGMP phosphodiesterase activation in retinal rod disk membranes.
abstract: Photolyzed rhodopsin (R) catalyzes GTP-binding to alpha-transducins (T alpha); T alpha X GTPs then activate cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE). PDE activation is arrested by ATP in two ways: (i) initial velocity is suppressed, and (ii) PDE velocity rapidly returns to preactivation levels (turnoff). Arrestin (a 48 kDa protein) markedly enhances turnoff while not affecting initial velocity. Arrestin in the presence of ATP achieves rapid turnoff by directly inhibiting activated PDE, as indicated by its ability to inhibit the direct activation of PDE by T alpha X GMP--PNP (guanylyl-imidodiphosphate). Double reciprocal plots reveal a competition between arrestins and activated transducins for sites on PDE. Blocking R phosphorylation blocks initial velocity suppression but does not disturb rapid turnoff. Our data suggest a 2-fold mechanism for PDE deactivation: (i) formation of T alpha X GTPs is suppressed by R phosphorylation, while (ii) activation of PDE by T alpha X GTPs is competitively inhibited by arrestins when ATP is present.
mesh_terms: D015106:3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019393:Arrestin; D002417:Cattle; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006165:Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010782:Photolysis; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000201:enzymology*; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000378:metabolism; D015293:Transducin
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D019393:Arrestin; D005136:Eye Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D006165:Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D012243:Rhodopsin; D015106:3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D015293:Transducin