title: NADPH and "cocktails" containing polyarginine reactivate superoxide generation in leukocytes lysed by membrane-damaging agents.
abstract: Human blood leukocytes generated large amounts of superoxide (O2-) following stimulation by certain "cocktails" of soluble agents consisting of poly-L-arginine (PARG), phytohemagglutinin, the chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and polyanethole sulfanote (liquoid). A variety of cytochalasins, which markedly boosted O2- generation by the soluble cocktails, markedly depressed luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LDCL) which had been induced either by opsonized streptococci or by soluble agents. Glutathione, which totally reversed the inhibition of LDCL induced by cytochalasin A, failed to reverse the inhibition of LDCL induced by cytochalasin B. Generation of O2- by all the soluble agents employed, except PMA, was strongly inhibited either by the omission of extracellular calcium and magnesium or by treatment with the calcium blocker TMB-8. Generation of O2- was enhanced following stimulation of leukocytes with soluble agents if the cells had been exposed to slightly hypotonic buffers. Leukocytes, which had been preincubated for short periods (5 min) with PARG, saponin, digitonin, or lysolecithin (LL) and which lost their viability, and their O2- and LDCL-generating capacities following stimulation by soluble agents containing cytochalasin B, nevertheless regained these activities by the addition of NADPH. It is suggested that the lytic agents induced the leakage out of NADPH rather than acting as inactivators of the oxidase in the leukocyte membranes. Prolonged incubation of leukocytes with lytic agents failed to allow restoration, by NADPH, of the generation of SOD-inhibitable O2- generation. Since PARG acted both as a cytolytic agent and as a inducer of O2- generation, we postulate that lytic agents might also act as "primers" of the nascent membrane oxidase which could, however, be further potentiated and activated by soluble agents acting in "multiple hits," PARG could be totally replaced either by LL or by digitonin in the generation of O2- provided that both PHA and cytochalasin B were present in the reaction mixtures. We suggest that the various ingredients of the soluble "cocktails" may help to assemble components of the NADPH oxidase. Such an assembly and regulations are prerequisite for stimulation of the NADPH oxidase and the generation of oxygen radicals in leukocytes.
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000201:enzymology; D003572:Cytochalasins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004072:Digitonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012503:Saponins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003572:Cytochalasins; D008024:Ligands; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines; D010455:Peptides; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D012503:Saponins; D013481:Superoxides; C015462:polyarginine; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D004072:Digitonin