Early immune response in healthy and immunocompromised subjects with primary varicella-zoster virus infection.
Events in pathogenesis and immunity during primary varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection were examined in 64 healthy subjects and 21 immunocompromised patients. Activation of the interferon system and activation of circulating T lymphocytes were early immune responses that occurred during the incubation period in some healthy subjects. Elevated levels of 2-5A synthetase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and detection of serum alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) were present in the majority of healthy subjects who had acute primary VZV infection. Expression of HLA-DR antigen occurred on circulating T lymphocytes from subjects with acute VZV infection. The early production of VZV-specific IgG or IgM antibodies did not correlate with the severity of the clinical infection, but the detection of T lymphocyte proliferation to VZV antigen within three days after the appearance of the varicella exanthem was associated with milder illness. The mean VZV-specific lymphocyte transformation for subjects with less than 100 lesions/m2 was 7.5 +/- 10.43 SD compared with 1.4 +/- 1.85 SD for those with greater than 400 lesions/m2 (P less than .05). Only one (7.7%) of 13 immunocompromised patients had early VZV-specific lymphocyte transformation compared with 19 (42%) of 45 healthy subjects (P less than .05). The rapid host response to primary VZV infection was associated with rapid termination of viremia in healthy subjects; VZV was isolated from only 11% of peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples cultured within 48 hr after the appearance of the exanthem.
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D000917:Antibody Formation; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000032:analysis; D002644:Chickenpox / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D014645:Herpesvirus 3, Human / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000276:immunology; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000097:blood; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D007370:Interferon Type I