title: Decreased bone density in severely handicapped children and adults, with reference to the influence of limited mobility and anticonvulsant medication.
abstract: Bone density and related biochemical parameters were investigated in institutionalised children and adults with severe handicaps, who were classified according to the degree of limited mobility (group 1, bed-ridden; group 2, capable of crawling; group 3, capable of walking) and according to whether or not they were receiving anticonvulsants. As determined by microdensitometric analysis of radiograms of the second metacarpal bone, bone width (D), bone pattern area (sigma GS) and bone salt density (sigma GS/D) were decreased in the patients, the decreases being most prominent in group 1, followed by groups 2 and 3, in that order. Significant decreases of sigma GS and sigma GS/D, but not of D, were found in patients on anticonvulsant treatment in comparison to patients without therapy. Serum alkaline phosphatase (Al-p) and parathyroid hormone (iPTH) as well as urinary calcium and cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) excretion were significantly increased in group 1. In comparison to patients without therapy, anticonvulsant-treated children showed significantly decreased levels of serum calcium (Ca), ionised Ca (Ca2+), 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 and urinary phosphate (PO4) excretion, and elevated levels of Al-p, iPTH and calcitonin (iCT). It is suggested that limited physical activity results in a mild hyperparathyroid state, which is aggravated in patients on anticonvulsant treatment.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001835:Body Weight; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000652:urine; D003720:Densitometry; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010710:Phosphates / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010710:Phosphates; D002116:Calcitonin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002112:Calcifediol; D002118:Calcium