title: Histochemical procedures for the simultaneous visualization of neutral sugars and either sialic acid and its side chain O-acyl variants or O-sulphate ester. I. Methods based upon the selective periodate oxidation of sialic acids.
abstract: Five new methods, based upon the selective oxidation of sialic acid residues with 0.4 mM periodic acid in approximately 1 M hydrochloric acid at 4 degree C for 1 h (PA), have been devised for the simultaneous visualization of neutral sugars and either sialic acid and its side chain O-acyl variants or O-sulphate ester. In the first of these, the selective periodate oxidation-borohydride reduction-saponification-selective periodate oxidation-Thionin Schiff-saponification-borohydride reduction-periodic acid-Schiff (PA-Bh-KOH-PA-T-KOH-Bh-PAS) technique, sialic acids with O-acyl substituents at C7, C8 or C9 (or which have two of three side chain O-acyl substituents) stain blue while neutral sugars with periodate-sensitive vicinal diols (hexose, 6-deoxyhexose, and N-acetylhexosamine) stain magenta. The second method, the saponification-selective periodate oxidation-Thionin Schiff-saponification-borohydride reduction-periodic acid-Schiff (KOH-PA-T-KOH-Bh-PAS), stains all sialic acids blue and neutral sugars magenta. In the third procedure, the selective periodate oxidation-Thionin Schiff-borohydride reduction-periodic acid-Schiff-saponification (PA-T-Bh-PAS-KOH) method, sialic acids without side chain substituents (or which have an O-acyl substituent at C7) stain blue and neutral sugars stain magenta. In the fourth method, the saponification-selective periodate oxidation-borohydride reduction-Alcian Blue pH 1.0-periodic acid-Schiff (KOH-PA-Bh-AB1.0-PAS) technique, O-sulphate esters stain aquamarine blue and neutral sugars stain magenta. In all of these techniques mixtures of the components stain in various shades of purple.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis*; D006651:Histocytochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010504:Periodic Acid; D051381:Rats; D012794:Sialic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D004952:Esters; D012794:Sialic Acids; D013431:Sulfates; D010504:Periodic Acid; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid