Role of metabolism and oxidation-reduction cycling in the cytotoxicity of antitumor quinoneimines and quinonediimines.
Quinone(di)imines are nitrogen analogues of quinones in which one or both quinone oxygens are replaced by an imino group. A series of quinone(di)imines with antitumor activity has been studied for its in vitro chemical reactivity, metabolism, acute toxicity to primary cultured rat hepatocytes, and growth-inhibitory activity with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The quinone(di)imines exhibited a wide range of activity as substrates for metabolism by hepatic microsomal flavoenzymes. The maximum rate of quinone(di)imine metabolism was more than 7.5-fold greater than reported for metabolism of quinones. Some quinone(di)imines formed free radicals that could be detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. 2-Amino-1,4-naphthoquinoneimine gave a short-lived electron spin resonance signal that could be detected only under aerobic conditions. 2,3',6-Trichloroindophenol gave an electron spin resonance signal in air that was stable for 24 h. Most quinone(di)imines underwent oxidation-reduction cycling to form the superoxide anion radical, but some quinone(di)imines, although rapidly metabolized, formed little or no superoxide anion radical. Quinone(di)imines were relatively toxic to hepatocytes and CHO cells, and some quinone(di)imines were more toxic to one cell type than the other. The log 1-octanol/water partition coefficient showed an optimal value of 2.61 for toxicity against both cell types. In hepatocytes the more toxic quinone(di)imines were the most rapidly metabolized. For a subgroup of quinone(di)imines toxicity to hepatocytes and CHO cells appeared to be related to the ability to form a semiquinone(di)imine free radical. Toxicity of quinone(di)imines to hepatocytes and CHO cells was not related to superoxide anion radical formation, and toxicity to CHO cells was not affected by exclusion of oxygen during exposure of the cells to the compounds. The rate of chemical addition of quinone(di)imines to reduced glutathione did not correlate with toxicity. An understanding of the mechanisms of acute toxicity and growth-inhibitory activity of quinone(di)imines could lead to the design of more selective quinonoid antitumor agents.
D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide; D007097:Imines / Q000378:metabolism*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D010053:Ovary / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011809:Quinones / Q000378:metabolism*
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007097:Imines; D011809:Quinones; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide