title: Nonselective inhibition of neutrophil functions by sphinganine.
abstract: Sphinganine has been proposed to be a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C. In the present study we have evaluated whether sphinganine is a convenient tool to probe for the role of protein kinase C in neutrophil function. Human neutrophils were loaded with the fluorescent probe quin2 and then tested in parallel for cytosolic free Ca2+, [Ca2+]i, membrane potential changes, O2- production, and exocytosis of primary granules (containing beta-glucuronidase) in response to various stimuli. In addition to inhibiting O2- production and exocytosis in a dose-dependent manner, sphinganine also blocked formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced [Ca2+]i, transients. Furthermore, sphinganine inhibited exocytosis elicited by the calcium ionophore ionomycin. Although sphinganine blocked O2- production due to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, the most striking finding was that the drug rendered the cells leaky. Thus, at similar concentrations as those inhibiting cellular functions, sphinganine was shown to lead to cell permeabilization, as assessed by release of quin2 and cytoplasmic markers into the extracellular medium, and changes in plasma membrane potential. We conclude, therefore, that sphinganine does not appear to be a suitable compound for the evaluation of the involvement of protein kinase C in neutrophil activation.
mesh_terms: D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000378:metabolism; D005089:Exocytosis; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects*; D004369:Pentetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D013481:Superoxides; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D005966:Glucuronidase; D013110:Sphingosine; C035739:Quin2; C005682:safingol; D002118:Calcium; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide