title: Cranial dystonia, blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: clinical features and treatment, including the use of botulinum toxin.
abstract: Blepharospasm, the most frequent feature of cranial dystonia, and hemifacial spasm are two involuntary movement disorders that affect facial muscles. The cause of blepharospasm and other forms of cranial dystonia is not known. Hemifacial spasm is usually due to compression of the seventh cranial nerve at its exit from the brain stem. Cranial dystonia may result in severe disability. Hemifacial spasm tends to be much less disabling but may cause considerable distress and embarrassment. Patients affected with these disorders are often mistakenly considered to have psychiatric problems. Although the two disorders are quite distinct pathophysiologically, therapy with botulinum toxin has proven very effective in both. We review the clinical features, proposed pathophysiologic features, differential diagnosis and treatment, including the use of botulinum toxin, of cranial dystonia and hemifacial spasm.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005152:Facial Muscles; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008538:Meige Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D013035:Spasm / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins