title: Regulation of crab Y-organ steroidogenesis in vitro: evidence that ecdysteroid production increases through activation of cAMP-phosphodiesterase by calcium-calmodulin.
abstract: In decapod crustaceans steroidogenic glands (Y-organs) produce the molting hormone, ecdysone. A putative neuropeptide, molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), released from eyestalk neurosecretory cells, directly regulates Y-organs by suppressing steroidogenesis; the effect is mediated by an increase in cAMP. We explored calcium-cAMP interactions in the regulation of Y-organs in vitro of the crab, Cancer antennarius. Basal ecdysteroid production was enhanced by extracellular calcium (EC). MIH suppression did not require EC but its action was blocked by high EC. The inhibitors of Ca2+ flux, lanthanum and ruthenium red, mimicked and enhanced MIH action. Calcium ionophore A23187 raised basal steroidogenesis dose-dependently (10(-6) to 10(-4) M) and with time course (effect evident after 2 h) similar to that of suppression by MIH. Low EC enhanced the suppressive effects on steroidogenesis of forskolin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP ((Bu)2cAMP) but not of MIH, lysine vasopressin (LVP), or 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX); basal Y-organ cAMP levels were elevated by low EC and reduced by A23187. A23187 reduced the steroidogenic-suppressive effects of MIH, LVP, forskolin and (Bu)2cAMP but not of IBMX; rises in cAMP induced by MIH, LVP, and forskolin but not by IBMX were blunted by A23187. These findings suggested a stimulatory action of calcium on phosphodiesterase (PDE). The calmodulin (CM) inhibitor trifluoperazine (TFP; 10(-5) to 10(-4) M) reduced basal and A23187-stimulated steroidogenesis, enhanced the inhibitory effects of MIH and (Bu)2cAMP on ecdysteroid production, enhanced the stimulatory effects of MIH and forskolin on cAMP, and blocked the inhibition of cAMP by A23187. Y-organ PDE activity was enhanced by increasing free Ca2+ (10(-7) to 10(-5) M) and inhibited by TFP (10(-5) to 10(-4) M). Adenylate cyclase activity of Y-organ cell particulate fraction was unaffected by Ca2+ or TFP. Calcium stimulates steroidogenesis, apparently by activating a calcium-CM-dependent cAMP-PDE: the action is counter to the cAMP-mediated MIH-inhibitory system. Ca2+ fluxes were measured with dispersed Y-organ cells, in the presence and absence of agents that alter cAMP levels. The ionophore A23187, but not MIH or forskolin, increased 45Ca2+ entry by 45% over untreated control cells. Efflux from 45Ca2+-preloaded cells was increased 30% by MIH and forskolin, but not A23187. These data, together with those further above, suggest that MIH suppresses steroidogenesis in part by fostering Ca2+ depletion, and that the effect is mediated by cAMP.
mesh_terms: D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D003386:Brachyura / Q000502:physiology*; D003994:Bucladesine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004440:Ecdysone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004702:Endocrine Glands / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D007447:Invertebrate Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D007700:Kinetics; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D014268:Trifluoperazine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D007447:Invertebrate Hormones; C012445:molt-inhibiting hormone; D005576:Colforsin; D014268:Trifluoperazine; D004440:Ecdysone; D000001:Calcimycin; D003994:Bucladesine; D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; D002118:Calcium