title: Classification of congenital abnormalities of the sacrum. Patterns of associated dysfunctions.
abstract: Fifty-eight patients with a congenital abnormality of the sacrum were studied; a modified classification is suggested. Type 1a is characterized by an abrupt termination of the sacrum with an otherwise normal spinal column. Type 1b shows a similar sacral deficit, but with abnormalities evident higher in the spine. In Type 2 the terminal spine is malformed, and in Type 3 there is posterior sacral dysraphism. A high incidence of concomitant congenital abnormalities was found in Types 1 b and 2. Bladder dysfunction in the absence of typical clinical signs was often found in Types 1a and 1b.
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000145:classification*; D001006:Anus, Imperforate / Q000150:complications; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000002:abnormalities; D012447:Sacrum / Q000002:abnormalities*; D016136:Spina Bifida Occulta / Q000150:complications; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000002:abnormalities