title: Testicular cancer: prognostic implications of vascular invasion.
abstract: In a retrospective study the primary tumors of 33 patients with seminomas and 53 with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors were re-evaluated for vascular invasion. The significance of vascular invasion was analyzed in respect to the appearance of visceral metastases and the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy. Vascular invasion was demonstrated in 27 per cent of the patients with seminomas and 53 per cent with nonseminomatous germ cell testis tumors, while visceral metastases appeared in 9 and 32 per cent, respectively. Without adjuvant chemotherapy all 13 patients with nonseminomatous germ cell testis tumors and vascular invasion had metastases, compared to only 3 of 13 without vascular invasion (p less than 0.0005). Of 9 patients with seminoma and vascular invasion 3 had tumor progression, compared to 1 of 24 without vascular invasion (p greater than 0.05). With adjuvant chemotherapy only 1 of 15 patients (7 per cent) with nonseminomatous germ cell testis tumors and vascular invasion had metastases, compared to 100 per cent of 13 without this treatment. No significant correlation was noted between pT stage versus vascular invasion and pT stage versus tumor progression. The results demonstrate the importance of vascular invasion in the staging of and choice of treatment for early nonseminomatous germ cell testis tumors.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D004407:Dysgerminoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*