title: Transmembrane signaling during interleukin 1-dependent T cell activation. Interactions of signal 1- and signal 2-type mediators with the phosphoinositide-dependent signal transduction mechanism.
abstract: The murine T lymphoma line, LBRM-33 1A5, requires synergistic signals delivered by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and interleukin 1 (IL1) for activation to high level interleukin 2 production. The activation signals provided by PHA and IL1 were replaced by the Ca2+ ionophore, ionomycin, and the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), respectively. These observations supported a two-signal model for T cell activation involving increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) (signal 1) and activation of protein kinase C (signal 2) as necessary and sufficient events. However, biochemical analyses revealed that additional signals were involved in the activation of LBRM-33 cells by both receptor-dependent and -independent mediators. Both signal 1-type mediators, PHA and ionomycin, exerted pleiotropic effects at the concentrations required for synergy with signal 2-type mediators (IL1, TPA). Within 1-2 min of addition, PHA stimulated phospholipid turnover, including hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, Ca2+ mobilization, and protein kinase C activation. The [Ca2+]i increase induced by PHA was due to influx from both intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ pools. Similarly, ionomycin increased phospholipid turnover, [Ca2+]i, and directly affected protein kinase C activity in LBRM-33 cells. In contrast, the signal 2-type mediators, TPA and IL1, appeared to act by distinct intracellular mechanisms. TPA induced a protracted association of cellular protein kinase C with the plasma membrane, consistent with the two-signal activation model. Furthermore, acute TPA treatment inhibited PHA-stimulated inositol phosphate release and Ca2+ mobilization, suggesting that this mediator partially antagonized signal 1 delivery. IL1, in contrast, neither activated protein kinase C directly nor did it positively modulate the coupling of signal 1-type mediators to [Ca2+]i or protein kinase C via the phosphoinositide pathway. The intracellular signal delivered by IL1 is, therefore, generated through a mechanism distinct from or distal to the activation of protein kinase C. These studies indicate that the two-signal hypothesis, in its simplest form, is inadequate to explain the signals required for the initiation of IL1-dependent T cell activation.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004987:Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology; D007295:Inositol Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015759:Ionomycin; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols / Q000378:metabolism*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004987:Ethers; D007295:Inositol Phosphates; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007376:Interleukin-2; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols; D015759:Ionomycin; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D002118:Calcium