title: Opioid action of the intestine: the importance of the intestinal mucosa.
abstract: Drug effects on the intestine are traditionally explained in terms of action on the muscle layers and the nerves that control them. This is particularly true in the case of the opioids but research starting two decades ago has identified the intestinal mucosa as the site of action of the antidiarrhoeal opioids. Continued research using the intestinal mucosa offers a fresh approach to solving some old problems. For example it could lead to more confident predictions to be made about the wanted and unwanted effects of opioid drugs on the intestine and may help to find better drug treatments for alleviating withdrawal diarrhoea in addicts. Eventually it may help to explain how the general process of opioid dependence occurs at a cellular level.
mesh_terms: D000930:Antidiarrheals / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000188:drug therapy; D004157:Diphenoxylate / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation; D008139:Loperamide / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000187:drug effects; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000930:Antidiarrheals; D009294:Narcotics; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D008139:Loperamide; D004157:Diphenoxylate; D009638:Norepinephrine