title: DNA topoisomerase II as a potential factor in drug resistance of human malignancies.
abstract: The stabilization of the cleavable complex between DNA topoisomerase II and DNA by adriamycin (ADR), as well as by other topoisomerase II-targeted drugs, is an essential step in a process associated with drug cytotoxicity. Unlike many other cell types, ADR does not produce DNA cleavage in the lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The CLL lymphocytes have been identified as quiescent cells with an extremely low level of topoisomerase II. The low level of this enzyme could constitute a basis for a new mechanism of drug resistance operating not only in CLL, but perhaps in any slow growing cancer with a large population of quiescent cells. Other factors contributing to drug resistance could include changes in enzyme regulation or processing of the cleavable complex, or the presence of a "mutant" enzyme which renders cancer cells unresponsive to topoisomerase II-targeted drugs. Suggested strategies in drug development, aimed at the topoisomerase II-related drug resistance, could include 1) the selection of topoisomerase I as an alternative target for cancer chemotherapy, 2) the development of ADR analogs which, unlike ADR, stabilize the topoisomerase II-DNA complex with high efficiency, and 3) the search for agents enhancing the SOS-like repair response, presumably triggered by DNA topoisomerase-targeted drugs.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000201:enzymology*; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II