title: The current status of typhoid vaccine development and clinical trials with typhoid vaccines.
abstract: The killed whole cell typhoid vaccines, although protective, have limited usefulness because of the adverse reactions they evoke. In contrast, new typhoid vaccines protect without reactogenicity. Attenuated oral vaccine Ty2la has been evaluated in field trials of efficacy in Santiago, Chile. Three doses of Ty2la in an enteric-coated formulation given within one week provided 69% efficacy for at least four years. Ty2la has reached the stage of being a practical public health tool. Two double auxotrophic (Aro-, Pur-) mutant strains of S. typhi (541Ty and 543Ty) were well-tolerated and stimulated cell-mediated immune responses but evoked little serological response. Parenteral purified Vi polysaccharide of S. typhi (single 25 mcg dose) was safe and immunogenic and provided 64-72% protection (for at least 17-21 months) in controlled field trials in Nepal and South Africa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Tacket
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herrington
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Losonsky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferreccio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011897:Random Allocation; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000276:immunology*; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated