title: [Perspectives on atypical routes of insulin administration. Oral, rectal, and nasal routes].
abstract: The present review concerns the current possibilities of insulin administration through the oral, rectal or nasal routes. The use of vehicle such as liposomes or various polymers protecting the hormone against the digestive enzymes allowed to improve the absorption of insulin after its oral administration. Moreover, the use of various surfactants favours the resorption of insulin through the intestinal, rectal and nasal mucosae. However until now, none of these routes has sufficient reliability and reproducibility to be considered for routine treatment of diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Belgique.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Scheen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Paquot
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lefebvre
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000285:Administration, Rectal; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008081:Liposomes; D009666:Nose
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D008081:Liposomes
vernacular_title: Perspectives concernant les voies d'administration inhabituelles de l'insuline. Les voies orale, rectale et nasale.