title: Pregnancy outcome associated with natural family planning (NFP): scientific basis and experimental design for an international cohort study.
abstract: Although natural family planning (NFP) is a form of contraception without ostensible maternal risks (other than pregnancy), potential fetal risks could exist if aging gametes are involved in inadvertent fertilization. In the following report, we first review animal studies firmly establishing that aging sperm and aging oocytes (delayed fertilization) cause chromosomal abnormalities in mammals and other species. We next review human studies associating decreased coital frequency with trisomy and studies of NFP populations that generally show no increased frequency of anomalous offspring or spontaneous abortions. Our rationale for initiating an international cohort study is presented, along with the experimental design selected. Preliminary findings indicate that the experimental design chosen will indeed provide information allowing NFP safety to be assessed definitively.
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee, Memphis.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Queenan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mena
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Kambic
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tagliabue
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbato
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000473:pathology; D025063:Chromosome Disorders; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D010063:Ovum / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012107:Research Design; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology