title: Evaluation of propanil and its N-oxidized derivatives for genotoxicity in the Salmonella typhimurium reversion, Chinese hamster ovary/hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, and rat hepatocyte/DNA repair assays.
abstract: Since the herbicide propanil (3,4-dichloropropionanilide) is an aromatic amide and many other aromatic amides are genotoxic via N-hydroxy (N-OH) metabolites, N-oxidized derivatives of propanil and 3,4-dichloroaniline were synthesized and tested for genotoxicity. Propanil 3,4-dichloroaniline, and their N-OH derivatives were not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay using tester strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA104, in both the presence and absence of exogenous metabolic activation (S9). In addition, the test compounds were not mutagenic in the Chinese hamster ovary/hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (CHO/HGPRT) assay, in both the presence and absence of S9. 3,3',4,4'-Tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) and its azoxy derivative (TCAOB), which are synthetic contaminants and/or degradation products of propanil, were also inactive in the S. typhimurium reversion and CHO/HGPRT assays (+/- S9). Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assays were performed to determine if propanil derivatives were able to induce DNA damage in primary rat hepatocytes. Although TCAB was the only derivative tested which induced an elevation in DNA repair, the extent was not statistically significant. Hepatocyte toxicity, as measured by the release of lactate dehydrogenase 24 hr after exposure, was induced by all the test compounds in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubations of [14C]N-OH-3,4-dichloroaniline with DNA in vitro resulted in only a low level of binding that was not affected by pH. This observation may partially explained the lack of mutagenicity observed in genotoxicity assays with propanil derivatives.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: McMillan
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Shaddock
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Heflich
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Casciano
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hinson
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011411:Propanil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000813:Anilides; D009153:Mutagens; D011411:Propanil; D004247:DNA; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase