title: A fundamental distinction in the analysis and interpretation of behavior.
abstract: In 1935 the editor of this journal called attention to limitations inherent in the presentation of grouped or average data (Dunlap, 1935/1982). Because of contemporary misconceptions analogous to those Dunlap discussed, we clarify and emphasize the important distinction between the use of grouped data to demonstrate learning in a species and the reliable measurement of learning in identified individuals, as well as how best to assess the outcome of selective breeding with conditioning as the phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Champiagn 61820.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holliday
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D007858:Learning; D013045:Species Specificity