title: Twinning rate in Scandinavia, Germany and The Netherlands during years of privation.
abstract: Twinning rates were studied in Swedes, Aland Islanders, Finns, Germans, and Dutch during years of starvation when death rates were two to three times higher than average. In contrast to the situation among some animals, this study suggests that nutrition above a certain threshold is unimportant for human reproduction, including twinning. The twinning rates for these different populations display marked temporal differences, but low values in the twinning rate are not consistently associated with periods of epidemics, famine, or similar nutritional stress. After years of privation and/or separation of spouses, a rapid "catch-up effect" can often be seen in the twinning rates, as well as marriage and birth rates. Psychoendocrine factors and interparental immunological conditions that may be involved in this phenomenon are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Bressers
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kostense
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Pitkänen
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Mielke
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Jorde
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Tas
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Fellman
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D005508:Food Deprivation; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009426:Netherlands; D011247:Pregnancy; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors