title: Apparatus for the measurement of total body nitrogen using prompt neutron activation analysis with californium-252.
abstract: Details of clinical apparatus designed for the measurement of total body nitrogen (as an indicator of body protein), suitable for the critically ill, intensive-care patient are presented. Californium-252 radio-isotopic neutron sources are used, enabling a nitrogen measurement by prompt neutron activation analysis to be made in 40 min with a precision of +/- 3.2% for a whole body dose equivalent of 0.145 mSv. The advantages of Californium-252 over alternative neutron sources are discussed. A comparison between two irradiation/detection geometries is made, leading to an explanation of the geometry adopted for the apparatus. The choice of construction and shielding materials to reduce the count rate at the detectors and consequently to reduce the pile-up contribution to the nitrogen background is discussed. Salient features of the gamma ray spectroscopy system to reduce spectral distortion from pulse pile-up are presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics & Medical Engineering, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hannan
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tothill
mesh_terms: D000201:Activation Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002142:Californium; D004867:Equipment Design; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D009501:Neutron Activation Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012016:Reference Values; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D002142:Californium; D009584:Nitrogen