title: Regulation of glucose carrier activity by AlCl3 and phospholipase C in fat-cells.
abstract: Recently it was speculated that activation of GTP-binding proteins and of phospholipase is involved in the transmission of a signal from the insulin-receptor kinase to effector systems in the cell. To confirm this hypothesis, we have tested the effect of AlCl3, which has been recently used as an experimental tool to activate GTP-binding proteins, on glucose transport in fat-cells. We found that AlCl3 has a partial insulin-like effect on glucose transport activity (3-O-methylglucose uptake, expressed as % of equilibrium value per 4 s: basal 9.6 +/- 2, AlCl3 29.6 +/- 4, insulin 74.0 +/- 3). The AlCl3 effect is totally blocked by pertussis toxin, whereas the insulin effect was not altered. The effect starts at [AlCl3] greater than 1 fM and reaches its maximum at 0.1 nM. Addition of phospholipase C (PLC; 50 munits/ml) also stimulated glucose transport (maximal 53.0 +/- 5%). Both substances acted faster than insulin itself (maximal values within 1 min for PLC, 2 min for AlCl3 and 5-10 min for insulin). Using the cytochalasin-B-binding assay to determine the effects of AlCl3 and PLC on the distribution of glucose carrier sites in subcellular fractions, we found that their glucose-transport-stimulating effect does not occur through an increase in glucose carrier sites in the plasma-membrane fraction. When PLC was combined with the phorbol ester TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate), which increases glucose carrier sites in the plasma membrane, an additive effect on glucose transport was found [PLC (50 munits/ml), 53.0 +/- 5%, TPA (1 nM), 17.3 +/- 2%; PLC + TPA, 68.0 +/- 3%].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) the data show that AlCl3, probably through activation of a pertussis-toxin-inhibitable G protein, and PLC are able to modulate the intrinsic glucose carrier activity; (2) as pertussis toxin did not modify the effect of insulin, it seems unlikely that the insulin signal on glucose transport involves activation of this specific G protein.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Diabetes Research, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Obermaier-Kusser
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mühlbacher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mushack
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rattenhuber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fehlmann
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Haring
mesh_terms: D019325:3-O-Methylglucose; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000535:Aluminum / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077410:Aluminum Chloride; D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology; D003571:Cytochalasin B / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008757:Methylglucosides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008759:Methylglycosides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D051381:Rats; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002712:Chlorides; D007328:Insulin; D008757:Methylglucosides; D008759:Methylglycosides; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella; D019325:3-O-Methylglucose; D003571:Cytochalasin B; D000077410:Aluminum Chloride; D000535:Aluminum; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate