title: A review of surgical rehabilitation of the upper limb in quadriplegia.
abstract: The options for surgical reconstruction of the quadriplegic upper limb are clarified by a new international classification of each limb independently, based upon the lowest functioning key muscle and residual sensation. Surgical restoration of active elbow extension, of pinch, and of grasp is now an accepted part of rehabilitation. This additional function may be achieved by transfer of a non-essential muscle, by tenodesis, or occasionally by arthrodesis. The techniques available for each group of the new international classification are described.
authors.affiliation: Spinal Injuries Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Buntine
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D009132:Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000379:methods