title: New concepts on treatment of the upper limb in the tetraplegic. Surgical restoration and functional neuromuscular stimulation.
abstract: Today, many tetraplegics benefit from surgical restoration of hand function. New concepts of functional neuromuscular stimulation are impacting the care of those patients who are more severely paralyzed and are unable to benefit from surgery alone. Grasp, pinch, wrist extension, and elbow extension restoration are now possible.
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Cuyahoga County Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Freehafer
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peckham
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Keith
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000601:surgery; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D006225:Hand / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D013709:Tendon Transfer