title: Tardive dyskinesia rating scales.
abstract: The authors review the history of the introduction of the concept of tardive dyskinesia (TD). They discuss the various ranges of prevalence of TD and also of senile dyskinesias and point out that these are two different entities. They critically discuss the use of various rating scales for measuring TD and then review the literature on the use of various other tools used for measuring TD. The issue of practical difficulties and flaws encountered in the assessment of TD is also addressed. Lastly, they suggest that various electromyographic or other gadgetry may very well identify neuromuscular abnormalities at an earlier point in time and this could lead to earlier detection and intervention as well as further the information about pathophysiology of this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Pennsylvania/EPPI, Philadelphia 19129.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D012720:Severity of Illness Index