title: Differentiation of cardiac murmurs by dynamic auscultation.
abstract: The techniques described in this monograph will aid in the accurate identification of the origin of a cardiac murmur or abnormal heart sound. They do not necessarily reveal the presence or severity of cardiac disease. No maneuver is 100% accurate in elucidation of cardiac abnormalities, and a given maneuver's effectiveness varies in its application. The systematic application of a combination of maneuvers improves the accuracy of diagnosis. Auscultatory findings must be interpreted with consideration of the total clinical examination including history, other physical findings, ECG, chest x-ray, and possibly an echocardiogram. Thus, the careful physiological approach to the physical examination represents a powerful noninvasive tool that can be used in combination with other information to accurately diagnose cardiac disease in many patients and efficiently direct further evaluation when necessary.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grewe
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: O'Rourke
mesh_terms: D002302:Cardiac Output; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006326:Heart Auscultation / Q000379:methods*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006337:Heart Murmurs / Q000379:methods*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans