title: Variability of the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament in panoramic radiographs.
abstract: This article deals with the incidence of anatomic variations in the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament as found in panoramic radiographs. Also, the accuracy was determined for measuring the length of styloid processes from panoramic radiographs, the variation in length of the styloid process with age, and the relationship of elongated styloid processes and ossified stylohyoid ligaments to symptoms of styloid-stylohyoid syndrome. Variations in styloid process and stylohyoid ligaments are not uncommon, especially segmentation of the process in young subjects. The apparent length of the styloid process was magnified approximately 1.37 times and was never diminished by panoramic radiographs. A steady increase in styloid process length was observed to age 30 years, with another slight increase starting at age 60 years. Subjects with elongated styloid processes (greater than 40 mm) had the highest incidence of discomfort on swallowing, whereas subjects with ossification of the stylohyoid ligament had the highest incidence of discomfort on turning the head from side to side.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging