title: Observations of vitamin A toxicity in three patients with renal failure receiving parenteral alimentation.
abstract: Elevated serum retinol concentrations have been previously reported in patients with renal failure, although overt clinical toxicity has been described only rarely. We present three patients with renal failure receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) who developed biochemical and clinical findings of hypervitaminosis A. Improvement followed deletion of vitamin A from the TPN. These cases demonstrate that patients with renal failure may be at risk for symptomatic vitamin A toxicity if given TPN with standard retinol supplementation. Such patients should be carefully observed clinically and biochemically if supplementation is given.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D012306:Risk; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A