title: Cytosolic adenylates and adenosine release in perfused working heart. Comparison of whole tissue with cytosolic non-aqueous fractionation analyses.
abstract: Free cytosolic adenylates were examined in relation to adenosine plus inosine released from perfused working guinea-pig hearts. Whole-tissue adenylate data from freeze-clamped hearts were quantitatively compared with corresponding values obtained by subcellular fractionation of homogenized myocardium in non-aqueous media. Adenosine and inosine in venous cardiac effluents were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Hearts, perfused at their natural flows, were subjected to various workloads, substrates and catecholamines to alter myocardial energy metabolism and respiration over a wide physiological range. Non-aqueous cytosolic ATP and creatine phosphate (CrP) accounted for more than 80% of the respective total myocardium content. The cytosolic CrP/Pi ratio was in near-quantitative agreement with the overall tissue CrP/Pi ratio when the latter parameter was corrected for extracellular Pi. This was conclusive evidence that ATP, CrP and Pi were predominantly located in the cytosol of the well-oxygenated cardiomyocyte. Measured myocardial oxygen uptake (MVO2) was reciprocally related to the phosphorylation state of CrP [( CrP]/[Cr] X [Pi]) and hence that of ATP [( ATP]/[ADP] X [Pi]) assuming the creatine kinase at near-equilibrium at a near-constant pH of 7.2. On the other hand, calculated mean free cytosolic ADP concentrations increased essentially linearly up to threefold with increasing MVO2 in the presence of virtually unchanged or only slightly decreased ATP levels; this was found both according to the whole tissue and the special subcellular fractionation data. Employing the myokinase mass-action ratio and substituting total cardiac ADP by the mean free cytosolic ADP concentrations, the mean free cytosolic AMP concentrations proved to be in the nanomolar range, i.e. up to three orders of magnitude lower than the overall tissue AMP content. We propose, therefore, that in the normoxic heart, AMP is located predominantly in the mitochondrial compartment. Nevertheless, both free cytosolic AMP concentration and release of adenosine plus inosine were apparently square or even higher-power functions of the rate of cardiac respiration. On the other hand, the mean purine nucleoside release seemed linearly correlated (r = 0.920) with the calculated free cytosolic AMP concentration. Our observations seem to suggest that the concentrations of free ADP and AMP in the cytosol are major determinants of the production of inosine and coronary vasodilator adenosine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007288:Inosine / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D010710:Phosphates; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007288:Inosine; D000241:Adenosine