title: Teratological research using in vitro systems. V. Nonmammalian model systems.
abstract: In this review of alternative tests to whole-animal rodent studies, the use of sub-mammalian and sub-vertebrate systems is investigated. The history, methodology, known limitations, end points, dose response, and requirements of virus, hydra, planarian, cricket, fish, amphibia, Drosophila, and chicken embryo systems are discussed.
mesh_terms: D000663:Amphibians; D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D005399:Fishes; D006135:Gryllidae / Q000187:drug effects; D006829:Hydra / Q000187:drug effects; D010932:Planarians / Q000187:drug effects; D013723:Teratogens
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens