title: Circulatory effects of short-term hypercapnia during high thoracic epidural anaesthesia in elderly patients.
abstract: Circulatory changes and the degree of sympathetic block were evaluated in 15 elderly patients with high thoracic epidural anaesthesia (T1-T5). Bupivacaine 5-6 ml 0.5% was injected via an epidural catheter at the T3-level. The quality of the sympathetic block was determined with the Valsalva manoeuvre. Induced hypercapnia was used to quantify the degree of sympathetic block. Following thoracic epidural anaesthesia (TEA), cardiac output, stroke volume and arterial blood pressure decreased. During hypercapnia, heart rate and arterial blood pressure increased both before and after established TEA. Thus the block of the sympathetic innervation to the heart with a high TEA using 0.5% bupivacaine was not sufficient to prevent mobilization of circulatory reserves during sympathetic stimulation. The most likely explanation is considered to be the lack of neural block of the efferent nerves leading to the adrenal medulla and the peripheral vascular bed.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002045:Bupivacaine; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002045:Bupivacaine