title: An effect of CO2 on the maximum safe direct decompression to 1 bar from oxygen-nitrogen saturation.
abstract: An investigation into the maximum safe decompression step from oxygen nitrogen saturation to 1 bar was carried out with and without the presence of 0.02 bar carbon dioxide. The series, Islander 1, involved 13 teams of 5, fully informed, male volunteers carrying out simulated dives. One group of 6 teams carried out dives in an atmosphere of 0.4 bar oxygen, balance nitrogen (O2-N2); another group of 7 teams used an atmosphere of 0.38 bar oxygen, 0.02 bar carbon dioxide, balance nitrogen (O2-N2-CO2). The dives consisted of a 48-h stay at 1.7 or 1.8 bar to saturate the tissues, followed by decompression to 1 bar air at 0.5 bar/min. Two decompression parameters were studied; the incidence of decompression sickness (DCS) in the 24 h postdecompression, and the incidence and grade of venous gas emboli (VGE) in the first 6 h postdecompression. The grade of VGE was assessed using the Kisman-Masurel scoring system which produces a bubble grade with the subject at rest and after movement. No significant difference was found in the incidence of DCS between the two groups. Twenty subjects were decompressed from 1.7 bar using each mixture, without signs or symptoms of DCS. However, after decompression from 1.8 bar there were 2 cases of DCS in 10 subjects in the O2-N2 group and 2 cases in 15 subjects in the O2-N2-CO2 group. The incidence of detectable VGE was always lower in the O2-N2-CO2 group at both saturation pressures; at 1.7 bar the VGE incidence was lower by 40% (P less than 0.05) at rest and by 55% (P less than 0.001) after movement. At 1.8 bar the reduction was 3% (NS) at rest and 30% (NS) after movement. The results indicate that decompression from 1.8 bar to 1 bar, with or without the presence of 0.02 bar carbon dioxide, is likely to produce more than 5% DCS.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003664:Decompression; D006801:Humans; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen; D012449:Safety; D013366:Submarine Medicine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen