title: Spiro hydantoin aldose reductase inhibitors.
abstract: Sorbitol formation from glucose, catalyzed by the enzyme aldose reductase, is believed to play a role in the development of certain chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Spiro hydantoins derived from five- and six-membered ketones fused to an aromatic ring or ring system inhibit aldose reductase isolated from calf lens. In vivo these compounds are potent inhibitors of sorbitol formation in sciatic nerves of streptozotocinized rats. Optimum in vivo activity is reached in spiro hydantoins derived from 6-halogenated 2,3-dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-ones (4-chromanones). In 2,4-dihydro-6-fluorospiro[4H-1-benzopyran-4,4'-imidazolidine]-2',5 '-dione, the activity resides exclusively in the 4S isomer, compound 115 (CP-45,634, USAN: sorbinil). This compound is currently being used to test, in humans, the value of aldose reductase inhibitors in the therapy of diabetic complications.
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology; D006827:Hydantoins / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000201:enzymology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D051381:Rats; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D013012:Sorbitol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013401:Sugar Alcohol Dehydrogenases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D006827:Hydantoins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D013141:Spiro Compounds; D013012:Sorbitol; D013401:Sugar Alcohol Dehydrogenases; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase