title: Respiratory physiology and pathological anxiety.
abstract: There has been comparatively little attention paid to the respiratory derangements in anxiety disorders. Some authorities contend, however, that indices of respiratory function may be the best objective marker of anxiety state. Furthermore, an understanding of the ventilatory status of patients with anxiety disorder has shed light on the basic pathophysiology of abnormal anxiety. For example, it is now clear that patients with a wide variety of anxiety disorders hyperventilate both chronically and acutely. Therefore, we present an explanation of the physiological changes produced by hyperventilation. In order to further study ventilatory physiology in patients with anxiety disorder, our group and others have used the carbon dioxide challenge test. The data from these experiments suggest that patients with panic disorder are hypersensitive to carbon dioxide and that carbon dioxide inhalation induces panic attacks in susceptible patients. Hyperventilation appears to be a secondary, but pathophysiologically important, event in the generation of acute panic. The implications of work in respiratory physiology for clinical management of patients with anxiety disorder are discussed.
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010200:Panic / Q000187:drug effects; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide