title: Haemodynamic changes under emotional stress following a minor surgical procedure under local anaesthesia.
abstract: The influence of 4 ml lidocaine 2% without vasoconstrictor, and with epinephrine 0.001%, or with norepinephrine 0.005% on the heart rate and blood pressure was investigated in one group of patients (n = 30) during a minor surgical procedure (tooth extraction) and in an age-matched group of volunteers (n = 30) with injection only and without any intervention. The difference between the 2 groups underlines the presence of emotional stress. Lidocaine without and with a vasoconstrictor changes the heart rate and blood pressure differently. These haemodynamic changes are superposed by alterations caused by emotional stress and are similar in all test series. The so-called epinephrine-collapse often seems to have its cause in an abrupt relative deficiency of epinephrine after stress. It is possible to significantly influence the cardiovascular system in connection with a local anaesthesia with the choice of vasoconstrictor.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013511:Minor Surgical Procedures; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine