title: An ancient provirus has imposed androgen regulation on the adjacent mouse sex-limited protein gene.
abstract: The mouse sex-limited protein (Slp) gene is dependent on androgen for expression, unlike its homologous neighbor, which encodes the fourth component of complement (C4). We have found that the extensive identity of Slp and C4 is disrupted by an endogenous provirus inserted 2 kb upstream of Slp. The 5' LTR of this element corresponds to the previously characterized hormone-responsive enhancer associated with Slp regulation, leading to the conclusion that the provirus has conferred androgen response on the adjacent Slp gene. The provirus is extremely old, based on LTR sequence divergence, the accumulation of mutations in former retroviral-like coding regions, and its stability within the mouse genome. The association of this transposable element with Slp regulation thus provides a long-sought example of an insertional mutation that has been maintained in evolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Stavenhagen
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Robins
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D003181:Complement C4; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011533:Proviruses; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D001798:Blood Proteins; C018386:C4a protein, mouse; D003181:Complement C4