title: Protection of the hypertrophied pig myocardium. A comparison of crystalloid, blood, and Fluosol-DA cardioplegia during prolonged aortic clamping.
abstract: The myocardial protective effects of crystalloid, blood, and Fluosol-DA-20% cardioplegia were compared by subjecting hypertrophied pig hearts to 3 hours of hypothermic (10 degrees to 15 degrees C), hyperkalemic (20 mEq/L) cardioplegic arrest and 1 hour of normothermic reperfusion. Left ventricular hypertrophy was created in piglets by banding of the ascending aorta, with increase of the left ventricular weight-body weight ratio from 3.01 +/- 0.2 gm/kg (control adult pigs) to 5.50 +/- 0.2 gm/kg (p less than 0.001). An in vivo isolated heart preparation was established in 39 grown banded pigs, which were divided into three groups to receive aerated crystalloid (oxygen tension 141 +/- 4 mm Hg), oxygenated blood (oxygen tension 584 +/- 41 mm Hg), or oxygenated Fluosol-DA-20% (oxygen tension 586 +/- 25 mm Hg) cardioplegic solutions. The use of crystalloid cardioplegia was associated with the following: a low cardioplegia-coronary sinus oxygen content difference (0.6 +/- 0.1 vol%), progressive depletion of myocardial creatine phosphate and adenosine triphosphate during cardioplegic arrest, minimal recovery of developed pressure (16% +/- 8%) and its first derivative (12% +/- 7%), and marked structural deterioration during reperfusion. Enhanced oxygen uptake during cardioplegic infusions was observed with blood cardioplegia (5.0 +/- 0.3 vol%), along with excellent preservation of high-energy phosphate stores and significantly improved postischemic left ventricular performance (developed pressure, 54% +/- 4%; first derivative of left ventricular pressure, 50% +/- 5%). The best results were obtained with Fluosol-DA-20% cardioplegia. This produced a high cardioplegia-coronary sinus oxygen content difference (5.8 +/- 0.1 vol%), effectively sustained myocardial creatine phosphate and adenosine triphosphate concentrations during the extended interval of arrest, and ensured the greatest hemodynamic recovery (developed pressure, 81% +/- 6%, first derivative of left ventricular pressure, 80% +/- 10%) and the least adverse morphologic alterations during reperfusion. It is concluded that oxygenated Fluosol-DA-20% cardioplegia is superior to oxygenated blood and especially aerated crystalloid cardioplegia in protecting the hypertrophied pig myocardium during prolonged aortic clamping.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Novick
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Stefaniszyn
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Burdon
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Salerno
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D001769:Blood; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003250:Constriction; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D010725:Phosphocreatine; C017323:glucose, glycerol, hydroxyethyl starch, perfluorodecalin, perfluorotripropylamine, pluronic F-68, salts, yolk phospholipids drug combination; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate