Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The importance of the site and the extent of hypertrophy. A review.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a diverse clinical and pathophysiologic entity that involves principally the left ventricle and is caused by asymmetric or concentric hypertrophy of unknown cause. If asymmetric, the hypertrophy is usually greatest in the ventricular septum, but variations occur in which the hypertrophy may be maximal at the apex, at the midventricular level, or, rarely, in the free wall of the left ventricle. Right ventricular involvement is usually less evident. The principal abnormality in systole is the obstruction to left ventricular outflow caused by upper septal hypertrophy narrowing the outflow tract and setting the stage for Venturi forces to cause systolic anterior motion of the anterior or posterior mitral leaflets. The time of onset and duration of mitral leaflet-septal contact determine the magnitude of the pressure gradient. Mitral regurgitation invariably accompanies the obstruction to outflow. Ventriculomyotomy-myectomy surgery, by thinning the septum and widening the outflow tract, abolishes the abnormal mitral leaflet motion and, consequently, the obstruction to outflow and the mitral regurgitation. This form of surgery more dramatically relieves the systolic abnormalities and the accompanying symptoms than any form of medical therapy available today. The extent of hypertrophy is believed to be the principal determinant of the impaired left ventricular relaxation and increased chambers stiffness (decreased compliance) that characterize diastole in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Relaxation is impaired by the contraction load (the obstruction), by a decrease in the principal relaxation loads, by a pathologic degree of nonuniformity of contraction and relaxation, and in all likelihood, by impaired inactivation of the biochemical processes responsible for contraction (? due to primary or ischemia-induced calcium overload). Calcium channel-blocking agents may dramatically improve left ventricular relaxation by speeding up the inactivation process, by decreasing the degree of nonuniformity, or by altering the contraction and relaxation loads in a favorable manner. Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias are responsible for a significant proportion of the morbidity and mortality, and their occurrence also appears to depend on the extent of hypertrophy. Thus, the major manifestations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in systole and diastole as well as the disturbances of rhythm appear to be related to the site and/or extent of the hypertrophic process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Wigle
E D
ED
Sasson
Z
Z
Henderson
M A
MA
Ruddy
T D
TD
Fulop
J
J
Rakowski
H
H
Williams
W G
WG
D000792:Angiography; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000150:complications; D003971:Diastole; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000150:complications; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D009040:Motion Pictures; D010496:Pericardium / Q000503:physiopathology; D013599:Systole; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000150:complications