title: How much is an icon worth?
abstract: We report a new technique for assessing the amount of information extracted from the icon that follows a briefly presented picture. The problem of how to measure such information was formulated in terms of how much physical exposure of a picture an icon is worth. Consider two types of stimulus presentations, each with a base duration of d ms. The first is a d-ms picture followed by an icon, and the second is a d + a-ms picture not followed by an icon. How large does a have to be so that equivalent amounts of information are extracted in the two cases? To answer this question, we showed people pictures and later tested their memory for the pictures. We found that the physical exposure duration needed to reach a particular level of performance was approximately 100 ms longer when an icon was not permitted versus when the icon was permitted. This value was independent of the base duration and the luminance of the picture. Moreover, the same value was obtained using three different kinds of memory test and four different sets of pictures. We conclude that an icon is worth approximately 100 ms of additional physical exposure duration. A reasonable explanation for this robust equivalence between icon and stimulus is that the same encoding processes are responsible for extracting information from the icon and from the physical stimulus. Therefore, any variable that affects these encoding processes must affect extraction of information from the icon and the physical stimulus in an identical manner. This prediction was confirmed for one such variable, picture luminance.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Loftus
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Shimamura
mesh_terms: D005366:Figural Aftereffect; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting; D008568:Memory; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D013997:Time Factors; D014796:Visual Perception