title: The effect of manipulating maternal behavior during an interaction on three- and six-month-olds' affect and attention.
abstract: 3 studies were designed to examine the "still-face" paradigm, in which mothers stared at their 3- or 6-month-olds for a brief, still-face period interposed between 2 periods of normal face-to-face interaction. 6-month-olds decreased smiling and gazing at their mothers and grimaced more during the still-face period relative to the other periods; no period effects occurred in a no-change control group (Studies 1 and 2). Similar results were obtained when mothers and their infants observed and interacted with each other over closed-circuit color television monitors (Study 3). Moreover, the same relative decline in the infants' visual attention and positive affect during the still-face period occurred to a change in mothers' facial display (a televised, prerecorded, still face vs. a televised, live, interacting face) regardless of the presence or absence of their interactive voices (sound on the infants' monitor turned on or off). 3-month-olds exhibited a significant still-face effect, but only when maternal touch was a part of the manipulation (Study 1 vs. 2); therefore, the televised procedure was not conducted. The still-face effect is a robust phenomenon, produced with either "live" or "televised" procedures, both of which offer promising techniques for examining models of socioemotional perception/understanding of infants.
authors.affiliation: Queen's University, Halifax, N.S., Canada.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gusella
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: E Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Tronick
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D001288:Attention; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012938:Social Perception; D013690:Television; D014110:Touch