title: Impact of site of inseminate deposition and environmental factors that influence reproduction of dairy cattle.
abstract: Uterine body and cornual inseminations (n = 2127) were evaluated over a 3-yr period in Holstein and Jersey cattle. For cornual insemination one-half of each semen dose was deposited approximately 2.5 cm into each uterine horn. Conception rate was lower for cervical insemination (39.4%) than uterine body (48.1%) or cornual (49.3%) inseminations. Pregnancy site distribution was equal for both insemination techniques but cervical insemination resulted in 60% right horn pregnancies. Primary housing, service number, inseminator, lactation number, and sire affected conception rate. Older cows were least fertile (31.4%), second service conception rate was lowest (42.6%), and barn housed cattle had a 39.7% conception rate. Days open was affected by primary housing, service number, sire, site of semen placement, and twinning. Twinning increased days open by 10 d. Optimum time for insemination of lactating cows was between 6 and 12 h after the initial observation of estrus. From this study we conclude that shallow cornual insemination is as effective as uterine body insemination, and conception rate is optimized when estrus is positively assessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Gwazdauskas
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Whittier
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nebel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology*; D014599:Uterus / Q000502:physiology