title: Urinary concentrations of ovarian steroid hormone metabolites and bioactive follicle-stimulating hormone in killer whales (Orcinus orchus) during ovarian cycles and pregnancy.
abstract: Reproductive hormone profiles of six captive killer whales (Orcinu orcus) from three Sea World aquaria were studied for intervals up to 2 yr. Daily urine samples and bimonthly blood samples were collected and analyzed for hormone concentration. Immunoreactive estrone conjugates, pregnanediol-3-glucoruonide, 20-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone as well as bioactive follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured in urine samples and indexed by creatinine concentrations of the same sample. In selected cases, serum progesterone concentrations were also measured. Three of the animals in the study became pregnant during the study period and two of these animals were evaluated during the time of conception and throughout most of gestation. From the data of the three animals that conceived, hormone profiles of the complete ovarian cycle, early pregnancy, and mid- to late gestation are described. The remaining three animals did not conceive and only one of these demonstrated hormone changes that indicated regular ovarian activity. The female reproductive pattern of the killer whale is characterized by a gestation of 17 mo and an ovarian cycle of 6-7 wk in duration. The hormone changes associated with the ovarian cycle of the killer whale are similar to those of most other mammalian species. A bimodal pattern of bioactive FSH with a pronounced rise of estrogen predominates the preovulatory hormone profile. After ovulation, increased progesterone production is observed for approximately 4 wk in the nonconceptive ovarian cycle. During the luteal phase and early pregnancy, when progesterone metabolites are elevated, estrogen metabolite excretion remains low. These data extend the application of urine collections for longitudinal studies involving hormone changes, particularly those involving nondomesticated species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: San Diego Zoo Research Department, California 92112.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cornell
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Czekala
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dargen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hsueh
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lasley
mesh_terms: D004092:20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D002591:Cetacea / Q000652:urine*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000652:urine*; D004971:Estrus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000652:urine; D011276:Pregnanediol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D011374:Progesterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014907:Whales / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D004092:20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone; C022270:pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide; D011374:Progesterone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D011276:Pregnanediol